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WHO: Mexico, Venezuela, and Brazil

Cause: Mexico: because of Spanish tax pressure rule

Venezeuela: wanted to break away from spain and rule themselves

Brazil:

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Who: slaves against Haiti government

Cause- slaves in Haiti were being treated under very hard conditions and they grew sick of it so they saw people in France use violence so they decided to revolt

Effect: they revolted against their government and became the most successful slave revolt that resulted in freedom for slaves

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WHO: french against french monarchy

Cause: people were unhappy with the failing feudal system>> monarchy wouldn't deal with the continuous problems

Effect: Napoleon won wars, became the First Consul and returned to semi normal life after the church lands seized and wrote a new constitution

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Who: United States of America>> New World  VS Britain >> Old World

Cause: Britain is taxing high prices on everyday items which the Americans buy from them

Effect: America starts to revolt and boycott their products; went on strike to show what they wanted; Americans got their freedom from the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and complete freedom after the Revolutionary War was over

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missionaries were persistent in spreading faith across the world>> went to Chinese hierarchy to get rest of China to convert

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where missionary work was most successful

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·       Huguenots- protestant minority in France

o   Holy Roman Empire is where the Catholics and Protestants began to fight but it spread to the rest of Europe

·       15-30% of Germans died by violence, famine, and disease

·       1517- the year the Counter Reformation began

·       Holy Roman Empire- largest division between Lutheran and Catholic Church

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·       a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still die for sins after absolution if you pay certain amount of money to the church p

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·       German Priest who went against the needing authority of the Church- he thought you only needed the Bible

·       Created 95 theses

·       Said the pope was the Antichrist and the people who followed him were going to hell

Challenged the Catholic church and caused a massive schism (division

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some European countries soon began trade with Asia and soon certain cities began major centers for international commerce

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Spain was able to conquer the Philippine Islands because of gunpowder weapons, bribes, and then they charged a tax to the Spanish empire

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operated in a region of weak political authorities

british were less financed and less commercially

Dutch traded in Indonesia and British traded in India

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finished products from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas to Europe

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Raw material: cotton, gold, wood

Finished products: cotton textiles, clock, a shoe

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fur spread throughout the world around 1450-1750

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silver was the next big item that followed the spice trade> it came from Bolivia and was shipped to S. America

chineese, portugeese, and dutch people would trade goods for silver

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more men than women > racial mixing

mixing between Portuguese and African person> mulattoe

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was in between Asia and Europe so it didn't know which way to rule country

Russia> had huge era of expanding thanks to Peter the Great

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their success does not have to do with their intelligence, merely just a chance of their location and ability to use resources

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guns, better weapons > more power

germs- Europeans brought disease to the new world>> american population was dramatically affected >

steel: stronger than iron, will not rust, cheaper, lighter,

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Four things exchanged:
diseases, animals, plants, and humans

disease> small pox, chicken pox, measles
carried both ways> mostly old world to new world; new world didn't know how to respond to massive deaths

animals>> they brought horses, pigs, and oxen for transportation and farming

plants/food: old world to new world: wheat and grapes not a huge difference
new world to old world: corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes >> massive effect lead to higher nutrition which led to people living longer lives

humans:
movement of people led to the slave trade

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Igbo: lived on the east of the Niger River and did not live in isolation> they traded cotton, fish, and copper

Iroquois: began in NY; began growing corn and beans, had values of limited government, equality, and personal freedom

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lived mostly along Australia, Sibera, Artic coastlands

because there was an absense of agriculure in Australia, they were h/g until the 18th century

hunters> men who would hunt animals for food

gatherers> women who gathered nuts and berries

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some see him as a "slave trader and thief" others see him as the one who began the great achievements of the American life!

his expedition was the most important event in the 15th century

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had defined gender roles in religion>> also people got to choose what type of religion

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bureaucratic empire- state officials decide, still had emperor

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15th Century

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saw it as a sign to give back to the gods what they gave to them>> life

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busy city with canals, bridges, temples, and pyramids

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Chapter 12: The Worlds of the 15th Century

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Chapter 12: The Worlds of the 15th Century