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Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812)

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Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812)

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What/Who: Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812) by Benjamin Rush.

When: Published in 1812, this work laid the groundwork for research in CNS disease at the time. Its information, based in empirical observation, was unrivaled during Rush's era in science.

Where: Pennsylvania, USA

Context: Rush is known as a father of modern day psychiatry. He was a fierce advocate for humane treatment for insane patients. He believed that "mental disorders were as subject to healing arts as physical ones" and that "insanity often proceeded from physical causes." This was a novel concept at the time and challenged the standards set in the scientific community, who still believed largely that lunatics were possessed by devils.

Sources and Citations:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Rush#ref252713

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What/Who: Benjamin Rush, a prolific neuroscientist and doctor who is credited for work in mental illness and humane treatment for cognitively afflicted patients.

When: January 4, 1746-April 19, 1813. His scientific work, however, outlives him in the legacy of research on CNS disorders and hospital ethics.

Where: Rush was mainly active in Pennsylvania but studied and mentored in Europe.

Context: Dr. Benjamin Rush, the "father of American psychiatry," was the first to believe that mental illness is a disease of the mind and not a "possession of demons." His classic work, Observations and Inquiries upon the Diseases of the Mind, published in 1812, was the first psychiatric textbook printed in the United States. His work in the field of what would become neuroscience revolutionized our understanding of mental health.

Sources and Citations:
https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/643764214/rush-the-other-founding-father-from-philadelphia-named-benjamin
https://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/brush.html

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What/Who: Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol's Des Maladies Mentales (1838), the first modern work to analyze  mental disorders based on empirical experimentation.

When: This work was published in 1838. It was revolutionary in its impact on the scientific community and aspects of its text are still relevant today.

Where: Paris, France

Context: Esquirol was a pioneer in his belief that the origin of mental illness can be found in the passions of the soul and was convinced that madness does not fully and irremediably affect a patient's reason. In this way he can be considered one of the founders of psychiatry in his belief that mental disorders can be treated with medication and therapy. One of his most poignant quotes is that "The physician must be, in some matter, the vital principal of a lunatic hospital. It is he who should set everything in motion… The physician should be invested with an authority from which no one is exempt."

Sources and Citations:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Etienne-Dominique-Esquirol

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The Localization of Cerebral Disease (1876)

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The Localization of Cerebral Disease (1876)

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What/Who: The Localization of Cerebral Disease (1876) by David Ferrier.

When: Published in 1876, Ferrier's ideas were paramount at the time, but the text's accuracy is less relevant today.

Where: University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Context: Ferrier's experimental results on Localization and Disease became very influential in the succeeding years, considered one of the classics of neuroscience. He is credited as one of the first to consider the clinical applications of cortical localization and how this interacts  with both experimental and clinical neurology.

Sources and Citations:
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/6/787

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What/Who: David Ferrier, a pioneering Scottish neurologist and psychologist known most for his work in animal neuroscience.

When: 13 January 1843 – 19 March 1928. His accomplishments in researching and founding associative psychology are still referenced today.

Where: Scotland, Germany, and England.

Context: His works are considered among the classics of neuroscience. Ferrier's greatest accomplishment was showing that stimulating the cortex in animal species mapped motor functions to a level of precision never seen  before. When he lesioned these same areas, he found a loss of the functions which he had previously turned on by stimulation. He is also known as one of the founders of  associative psychology.

Sources and Citations:
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/6/787

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Connections between CNS Diesases and COVID-19

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Connections between CNS Diesases and COVID-19

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What/Who: How central nervous system disorders are

related to the pathophysiology of NeuroCOVID

When: April 2022, this is very relevant to today's neuroscience research topics.

Where: Information from this study was almost immediately incorporated into COVID relief efforts around the globe, especially in public health hubs at WHO and the CDC.

HOW: The presence of low quantities of COVID-19 virus in the CNS have been observed in fatal cases of the pandemic. This could perhaps be due to viremia, with the virus then attacking the endothelial cells of the brain vasculature. It's been speculated that this could account for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the brain, overcoming the BBB. Understanding how NeuroCOVID occurs is of utmost importance as we begin to tackle the long term effects of the pandemic!

Sources and Citations:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8026389/

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What/Who: Charcot was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He's known as the father of modern neurology for his pioneering work in psychiatry and animal hysteria.

When: 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893. He was involved in neurological research related to CNS diseases in the mid 17th century.

HOW: Jean Martin-Charcot will be best to guide you through this exhibit. For a little background, Charcot was a French researcher in the 1700's best known for his work in neurology. He named and was the first to describe multiple sclerosis and work in clinical and pathological psychiatry.

Charcot pioneered work in hypnosis and hysteria, which were novel cases of CNS disorders at his time. He is also well-regarded for his research in gender differences in hysteria, a novel approach in neurology that had not been prioritized until his research was published. Charcot's published work of History of Psychiatry is also considered one of the founding texts of psychiatry, still referenced in CNS research to this day.

For these reasons I believe he would be the best docent for this exhibit.

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