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Plataforma de almacenamiento personal en la nube y uso compartido de archivos - Google

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Descubre Google Drive, la plataforma para compartir archivos que puedes usar como espacio de almacenamiento personal y seguro en la nube para compartir contenido con otros usuarios.

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Elizabethan Age, in British history, the time period (1558-1603) during which Queen Elizabeth I ruled England. Popularly referred to as a "golden age," it was a span of time characterized by relative peace and prosperity and by a flowering of artistic, literary, and intellectual culture to such a degree that it (along with the succeeding reign of James I) is sometimes designated as the "English Renaissance."

Religious conflict and social relations

The Elizabethan Age began with Elizabeth Tudor's accession to the throne, in 1558, and her institution of the Elizabethan religious Settlement (effected with the Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity) in 1559. In the decades since her father, Henry VIII, had broken with the Roman Catholic Church, conflicts between Protestants and Catholics created chaos in England. The attempt by Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I, to return England to Catholicism intensified this conflict. Elizabeth's goal was to create a stable peaceful situation by ending direct religious persecution. She would be the "supreme head" of a state church, the Church of England, but (partly because England wished to maintain good relations with powerful Catholic countries, particularly Spain) Catholics would not be targets of state violence. Moreover, they would have some amount of religious freedom. Nonetheless, failure to attend Sunday service in an Anglican church was to be fined by the government under the Act of Uniformity, which would stoke resentment and dissent.

This relatively tolerant attitude toward Catholicism eroded significantly in the ensuing years. At that time, there was no division in Europe between spiritual and governmental authority, and merely being Protestant or Catholic was often taken to be a form of political action. There were several organized attempts by Catholics to undermine, overthrow, or assassinate Elizabeth, explicitly in order to return England to the Catholic church. Pope St. Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570, declaring that her subjects owed her no loyalty and fueling plots against her. Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth's Catholic cousin, was eventually executed for conspiring to unseat Elizabeth. In the mid-1580s, war broke out between Protestant England and Catholic Spain, during which the Spanish Armada suffered destruction (1588). Even after the war ended in 1604, Spain supported attempts by Irish Catholic groups to undermine English power in Ireland.

Throughout this period, Catholics in England were increasingly persecuted. Persuading someone to convert to Catholicism was declared an act of treason (and was therefore an executable offense), as was questioning the legitimacy of Elizabeth's position as queen. About the time that war broke out with Spain, Catholic priests were expelled from England, and any who remained or returned there were subject to execution. Nonetheless, compared with the upheaval of England under Henry VIII and Mary I, and the tumultuous decades following Elizabeth's reign, the Elizabethan Age was a time of calm. The population rose from about three million to more than four million, and urbanization accelerated significantly. Educational levels improved rapidly, in part because of the Protestant emphasis on being able to read and interpret the Bible for oneself.

There was increasing ethnic diversity in London, including the emergence of small Jewish and Black populations. The middle class also expanded during Elizabeth's reign, driven by mercantilism and trade. This presented something of a challenge to the traditional medieval view of the world as a strict hierarchy put in place by God. In this worldview, called the Great Chain of Being, a ruler was put on earth to rule the people by divine right, and each social class and profession was arranged below the monarch in a linear order. One manifestation of this worldview was the preponderance of sumptuary laws, which dictated the food, drink, and dress allowed to people of various classes and professions.

Artistic achievements

The main reason that Elizabeth's rule is sometimes called the English Renaissance was the innovative, creative, and enduring artistic achievements of the age. Elizabeth herself had a reputation as a lover of the arts, especially music and theatre, and patronage from her and members of her court was the foundation of many English writers' careers. The most famous of these writers is of course playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Other writers who rose to prominence under Elizabeth included Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe, Roger Ascham, Richard Hooker, John Lyly, and Edmund Spenser. During Elizabeth's time there were also significant developments in music, including compositions for the Anglican church by Thomas Tallis and William Byrd (both of whom were Catholic), and in architecture, notably the rise of "prodigy houses" (large ostentatious homes built by the newly "landed" nobility) in rural regions of England, the most influential of which were designed by Robert Smythson.

Artistic creations at this time were considered to be political. Writers had a duty to honour and glorify the queen, and failing to do so could damage their standing or even provoke a backlash. Thus, Elizabethan artists contributed through their work to the "cult of Gloriana," the cult of personality that Elizabeth constructed around herself. Symbolically invoking the Virgin Mary and old Catholic practices, Elizabeth's image was disseminated among her subjects through miniature portraits, and she herself appeared in full regalia on yearly progresses around the kingdom. Official propaganda presented her as the God-anointed protector of England.

Exploration and the slave trade

Elizabeth's reign is also considered a golden age of English exploration. English sailors traveled around the world (often serving as privateers, or state-funded pirates), searching for treasure and claiming lands new to them. In 1583 Newfoundland was claimed for England by Humphrey Gilbert, and in 1584 Walter Raleigh took the first steps toward founding the ill-fated Roanoke colony. The most famous English explorer and privateer of the age was Francis Drake, who became in 1580 the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe (for which the queen knighted him on the deck of his ship several months after he returned to England).

Another Elizabethan subject, John Hawkins was one of the first Englishmen to transport enslaved people from Africa to the Americas. Hawkins was effectively a forerunner of the so-called triangular trade of the colonial age, as he shipped goods from Europe to western Africa, where he traded them for enslaved people, whom he shipped to the Americas and sold for a variety of goods from Spanish colonies, which he then shipped to Europe. Queen Elizabeth cosponsored some of his voyages.

The Elizabethan Age ended with the burial of the queen on April 28, 1603, roughly a month after her death. She was succeeded by her cousin James I.

Rebecca M. Kulik

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Elizabethan Age | Definition, Facts, In England, & Literature

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Elizabethan Age, in British history, the time period (1558-1603) during which Queen Elizabeth I ruled England. Popularly referred to as a "golden age," it was a span of time characterized by relative peace and prosperity and by a flowering of artistic, literary, and intellectual culture to such a

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waste recycling

Renewable energy

Reducing plastic use

Single-use plastics and their pollution of our seas is a huge problem.
Up to 12m tonnes of plastic finds its way into our oceans every year, including over 70m plastic straws. We are committed to reducing the amount we use.
PAPER STRAWS AND SUSTAINABLE STIRRERS
Plastic straws can take more than 200 years to break down and are one of the top 10 items found in beach clean-ups. We serve over 165,000 cold drinks every year in our bars, cafes and restaurant, and we stopped using plastic straws in November 2017, replacing them with paper.

Each of the cocktails we serve in our Rooftop Restaurant needs a stirrer for mixing, which used to be made from black plastic but are now stainless steel. These are reused rather than thrown away after just one drink.
CUPS AND BOTTLES
To serve our visitors cold drinks and tap water, we order over 300,000 cups every year. We've switched to cups made from plant-based material. These are light, strong and perfect for cold drinks.

Our cafes sell over 15 different types of bottled soft drinks. We streamlined our range, replacing plastic bottles with glass, and became plastic bottle free in our bars and restaurants in summer 2018. We also provide free water at all our food and drink outlets.

We sell reusable cups and welcome visitors bringing their reusable cups to our bars and cafes. If you buy a reusable cup from us you get a free hot drink. If you bring a reusable cup to one of our cafes and bars, there's a 20p discount on your hot drink.

We have also signed up to the Refill campaign, so people can refill their bottles at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.

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Whenever we can, we look for new ways to power our buildings in a more sustainable way.
We have purchased electricity through a green energy tariff for our main sites since 2014 and in 2021, moved to our electricity supplies for all of our sites to suppliers who only supply 100% renewable energy (from solar, wind and biomass). The gas supply for our main sites is carbon offset by the energy supplier.

Solar panels at The Other Place convert the energy in sunlight to electricity, which we use to power the building. Since the solar panels have been in operation, the system has generated 147,460 kWh (kilowatt-hours) reducing our carbon emissions by 41.8 tonnes of CO2. That's the equivalent of powering 37 average-sized houses for a year or making 5.75 million cups of tea. Any extra electricity generated by our panels is fed straight back to the National Grid, so it can be used elsewhere. No power generated by our panels is wasted.

We also installed solar panels as part of the 2020 Costume Workshop redevelopment. The power generated is used by the workshop and also feeds into the main theatre building.

The Costume Workshop building has been designed in line with BREEAM 2014, New Construction, which is used to assess the environmental life cycle impacts of new non-domestic buildings at the design and construction stages. It incorporates several features to reduce its environmental impact, such as solar shading and high-performance building fabric with airtight construction techniques. It uses renewable technology, with photovoltaic panels to decrease the amount of electricity used in the building, particularly during the summer months. The new development should reduce our predicted carbon dioxide emissions by 26.2%.

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All of the waste that comes from the bins in our restaurants and theatres is either recycled or turned into energy.
None of the rubbish generated by our day-to-day activities goes to landfill, and waste accounts for less than 1% of our carbon footprint. However, it is estimated that we produce around 500 tonnes of waste a year and recognise the importance of reducing this. For the first time, in 2021 we started capturing real waste weight data for all our sites. This will enable us to monitor and better manage our waste production and disposal.

We separate out most of our recycling at source, so we can be confident that anything we can recycle, we do recycle. Any non-food waste that can't be reused or recycled is used to generate electricity at a nearby Energy from Waste plant, which helps to power the local area.

All our food waste is either converted into energy and used locally or turned into nutrient-rich fertiliser by a nearby facility. This fertiliser is used in local gardening and agriculture. Garden waste is composted onsite.

We use Vegware's plant-based compostable food service packaging for items like cups and wooden cutlery, and our cooking oil is sent to be used to create high quality biofuels for transport.

We also donate leftover costume fabrics and make some of our costumes available for hire, so that the pieces get a second life after their time on stage.

We are always looking for new ways to reuse or recycle materials; for example, green waste from our gardens is composted onsite and timber from our scenic workshop is reused or recycled by The Wood Shack.
WORKING WITH OUR COMMUNITY
We have been working with local community group Rubbish Friends to support our sustainable production of The Tempest, through collecting local litter for use in the making of set, props, and costumes. Rubbish Friends volunteers organise regular litter picks to keep Stratford-upon-Avon a pleasant and tidy place to live and work.

Through this partnership, a map of all the recycling points in Stratford-upon-Avon was created:

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Sustainability | Our environmental impact | Royal Shakespeare Company

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With over a million visitors every year, we know our work has an environmental impact. Find out about the steps we're taking to minimise this.

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For those of you who think recycling is something that just came about within the last few decades, think again!

The first recorded use of recycled paper was in 9 th century Japan . Ancient Japanese people began recycling paper almost as soon as they learned how to produce it and recycling became part of paper production and consumption. Japanese culture generally treats recycled paper as being more precious than new and the recycled paper was often used in paintings and poetry. In the 12 century, a case was recorded of an emperor's wife: after the emperor died, she recycled all the poems and letters she received from him and wrote a sutra on the recycled paper to wish peace upon his soul.
US Recycling Start
Finally, in 1690, recycling reaches the New World. The Rittenhouse Mill in Philadelphia opens and begins recycling linen and cotton rags. The paper produced from these materials was sold to printers for use in Bibles and newspapers.
World War II
World War II sees massive, universal collection campaigns for tin, rubber, steel, paper and more. More than 400,000 volunteer in the effort and tens of thousands of tons of material are recycled in order to save money for the war efforts. This was a national campaign. Posters and newsreels detailing the materials needed (and why) are abounding. All Americans were on board, and most were excited to help aid the troops by conserving and recycling.
1960s
The first curbside collections of yard waste, metals, and paper start popping up around the county. Separate waste streams collected at the curb become common place.
1970s

Greater emphasis on green movements through government backed initiatives generates public awareness of conservation efforts.

Concept of the flower child emerges. Earth Day is celebrated for the first time on April 22, 1970.

The 'chasing arrows' recycling symbol is created by a Southern California architecture student who was trying to win a contest. He has been quoted to say that he never could have imagined the logo he designed would be so widely recognized.

The first curbside-recycling bin "The Tree Saver" is used in Missouri for the collection of paper in 1974.

In 1976, Massachusetts secures the first ever EPA recycling grants. With the grant money, they implement weekly multi-material curbside collection programs in two cities and use the first ever residential recycling truck. It costs $20,000.

By the end of the decade approximately 220 curbside collection programs are under way in the US, about which 60 are multi-material collection.

1980s

In 1987, The Mobro 4000 (nicknamed "The Garbage Barge") spends months on the ocean, searching for a location to dispose of its garbage cargo. This saga was widely covered in the media and has been credited with awakening Americans in regard to solid waste and the importance of recycling.

In that same year, New Jersey enacts the nation's first universal mandatory recycling law, which requires all residents to separate recyclables from their trash.

By 1985 America is at 10% nationwide recycling participation.

1990s

The first ever-statewide ban on landfilling recyclable materials goes into effect, in Wisconsin in 1993. The ban initially prohibits yard wastes in landfills. Later, in 1995, other items (such as tires, aluminum containers, corrugated paper, foam polystyrene, plastic containers and newspapers) are banned as well.

By 1995 America is at 20% nationwide recycling participation; double what it had been 10 years ago in 1985 and only 3 years later, in 1998, it tops 30%.

2000-Today

In the early 2000s, organic waste collection at the curb begins on the West Coast (San Francisco).

Currently, goal setting for ambitious West Coast cities reaches up to 80% recycling participation in some areas.

In 2011, lawmakers in California adopt a goal to get the state's recycling rate to 75% by 2020.

In 2012, McDonalds finally replace their Styrofoam cups with paper ones.

In 2011, the state of California had set the goal for 75% by 2020. Only one year later, in 2012, San Francisco announces it has achieved an 80% diversion rate for it's waste....This puts San Francisco 8 years ahead of schedule on that goal, and with 5% MORE waste diverted!

Although this is a condensed list, you can see how far the recycling process has come and it is only becoming MORE accessible and widespread as time goes on!

Imagine where we could be in 10 years if we all just Think Before We Throw!
Disclaimer: Guest blogs represent the opinion of the writers and may not reflect the policy or position of the Northeast Recycling Council, Inc.

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The Northeast Recycling Council, Inc. (NERC) is a multi-state non-profit organization committed to environmental and economic sustainability through responsible solid waste management. Its programs emphasize source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP), and decreasing the toxicity of the solid waste stream in the 10-state region comprised of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.