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This was a time where racial segregation was permitted by law. This meant "separate but equal". There were also consequences to these laws.

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Plessy v. Ferguson Summary | quimbee.com

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This act made it so that to become a naturalized citizen, one was required to learn English.

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According to the 14th amendment, it was not constitutional for Nebraska to not allow teaching in languages other than English.

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At this point in time, many started to question whether separate was equal. Eventually, it was ruled that by the U.S. supreme court that this was not constitutional.

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Separate Is NOT Equal

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Bon, S. C. (n.d.). Lau V. Nichols. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lau-v-Nichols

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This act recognized that there were needs of students who were limited with English, which then lead to federal funds being available for these needs.

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1978 (ESEA- Elementary and Secondary Education Act re-authorized)

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1978 (ESEA- Elementary and Secondary Education Act re-authorized)

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Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

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A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and events in the United States: 1982: Plyler v. Doe. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/plyler-v-doe

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Nordquist, R. (2019, April 19). What is the English-only movement? Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/english-only-movement-language-1690601

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1998 (Proposition 227 passed in California)

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1998 (Proposition 227 passed in California)

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Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

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2000 (Proposition 203 passed in Arizona)

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2000 (Proposition 203 passed in Arizona)

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This proposition allowed for getting rid of bilingual education laws. Schools were to only teach in English or English immersion programs. There were legal consequences to anyone who went against this proposition.

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Bilingual Education, Arizona Prop-203 (Spanish)

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This act is meant to close achievement gaps by giving students equal opportunities in education. For states to continue receiving federal funding they were to follow the requirements.

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This act is program that grants funding to reform education. This was meant to push for standards and teachers.