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Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Background of the Study

3.0 Problem Statement

4.0 Research Objectives

5.0 Research Questions

6.0 Significance of Research

7.0 Limitations and Delimitations

8.0 Operational Definitions

9.0 Conclusion

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Shafiqah Zaman Shah (2017174673)                           Significance : The significance of this project is to help secondary school teachers in Malaysia identifying the weaknesses of their students in certain area of Algebra topic. It is as an important information or data for the teacher to focus on area which students often get wrong. With this research, they will be more wise on planning learning method or strategic which can be use to apply right techniques and methods in learning Algebra topic. Teachers’ efforts in identifying students’ problems while learning this Algebra topic will help them in improving teaching and learning process. . Other than that, it is to ensure the teachers can observe the common mistakes that their students do in Algebra topic.       Limitation n delimitation:  The research has been limited to specific regulation and specification. One of the limitations is collecting information or data from Form 4 secondary school students in Selangor area. This research also limits for only one school which is near UITM Puncak Alam. The respondents have been chosen randomly from Form 4 students in a secondary school to be source collection of the data information. The end of the results for this research does not represent or generalize for other secondary school students in Selangor area as the sample size for this data research is small which the data only been collected from only one secondary school students in Selangor. Other than that, the research has a limit which only focuses on content that needs to be evaluated based on the objective and problem statement of the research. The research will also be limited to methods and strategies that teachers in selected school used in the process of teaching and learning.  Therefore, the teachers need to have good strategies and methods to make students understand the information and teaching contents that they have prepared beforehand. Lastly, the limitation that confronted while conducting this research is the time limitation to prepare and conduct the methodology of the research. It requires a long time to collect the data information for the research which will affect the reliability of the data information.

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Nur Azani binti Kamarudin
(2017586445)

1. Significance of Research

The significance of research is for the study of the causes and the contributing factors in existing that lead to the gap of education between urban and rural areas. This part of the research contains the beneficiaries among the administration, the teacher and the student in rural area. It could help them to find a solution to bridge the gap of education between urban and rural area.

2.Limitations and Delimitations

This research study about the problem that lead towards the gap of education among student who live in urban and rural area. This study could give a big impact towards a groups who stay in rural area. This because, there are some problems in that area that contribute towards this problem. The limitation of the population who involves in this research are the people who ever had an experience studied in the situation. Mostly, the students from Sabah and Sarawak were the majority had the experience. The sampling method of this study by collecting data from the student in UiTM Puncak Alam that have the experienced study in rural area. And it will cause the time limitation because it will take a long time to get the respondents because there are less number of student who ever study in the situation which is the rural area.

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Nur sabrina binti mansor (2017944279)
Significance of Research

The outcome of the study will be helpful to pupils, teachers, policy makers and parent. It will improve pupils’ performance in mathematics and its ripple effect will be felt in other subjects. The outcome will enable teachers to employ appropriate teaching technique and also strengthen a good pupil-teacher relationship to ease unnecessary tension on students in their lesson delivery. Next, will build confidence in students and make them love the subject they dreaded most so that they can advance to higher academic level of education.
Lastly, this study will be beneficial to the policy maker and curriculum developers in preparation curriculum materials and implementation of policies for the basic schools of the country.

Limitations
Adequate time was difficult to come by in obtaining relevant information for this project. I have really come to notice that the process of gathering information from the basic school in the area of Puncak Alam schools needs time.
Some colleague teachers were reluctant to open up to me for reasons best known to them. Truancy also had its fair share on the problem encountered especially among those from the coastal towns. Moreover, combining the research work with teaching which involves preparation of lesson notes, weekly one-on-one to and from the course center coupled with preparation of learning materials was a hectic task.

Delimitation

I would have wished to cover all schools in Puncak Alam but due to time, financial and other constraints, the researcher concentrated on only one school in Puncak Alam even within this the scope of the researcher it again limited to form one class  from which only 12 pupils were sampled.

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Significance of study
The findings of this study will serve as a guide for the education policymakers in Malaysia because medium of instruction is an integral part of teaching and learning. Using English as the medium of instruction (EMI) to improve English language proficiency in rural schools can be done if the schools are well equipped not only in terms of facilities but also the teacher’s skills and qualification. Thus, the results of this study will guide school administrators and teachers in rural areas towards providing a better experience to students in using EMI. This will in turn motivate the students to use EMI and thus producing school graduates who are proficient in English.

Limitation
The research is limited to only certain rural schools in Sarawak. Therefore the results drawn from this research may not depict all the perceptions of teachers, parents and students in rural schools in Malaysia. Furthermore, participants that the researcher picks for the study might withdraw, or be reluctant to share their views and opinions on using EMI in rural schools. Finally, as the study is conducted in rural areas, physical constraint may exist as to the means of transportation to get to the schools.

Delimitations
One of the delimitations of the study is the sample size. The researcher has decided to choose teachers, students and parents from one rural area in Sarawak. Time constraint is the main reason for this delimitation as the researcher cannot conduct the study in all rural schools in Sarawak in the given time. Another delimitation is the method to collect data which is through surveys and interviews. The researcher feels that this  is the quickest method to collect data from the participants in the given time frame.

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Najah binti Rozali
(2017909167)

Significance of Research
The finding of this research will redound to the disadvantages of exam-oriented in educational system in Malaysia. It will expose that students' excellence on paper is not comparable to their excellence when applying their understanding in real life. It also prompted the government to restructure the education system which is now used exam-oriented system. Not only that, teachers will also be refine their teaching methods so that students will be more focus on applying their understanding in real life. while, parents will not be overly pressuring their children to pursue high marks in the exam, instead encouraging their children to try what they have learned.

Limitations and Delimitations
The limitation of this finding is each student have different background of family. It may affect the finding since higher educated parents have more knowledge to share with their children. Besides, favoritism toward student is one of limitation in this finding. Some teachers more choose to give more attention the students who are more excellent in exam. Not only that, the attitude of students who are do not care about their education.

I decide to choose the students that study around Selangor and the students are in Form 4 and Form 5 as my respondent since these students will take Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) before they left secondary school and to further their studies.

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Beviana Justin (2017360179)

Significance of Research
The result of this study will hopefully bring consciousness to Malaysian citizen that students have different learning styles. This will raise an awareness and acceptance of students’ different abilities and skills.

The abolishment of class streaming as a new change in the curriculum justifies the need for more effective teaching and learning instruction in the classroom. This is due to students having different abilities and learning styles placed in the same classroom. This study will be a significant endeavor in promoting the importance of differentiated instruction to teach literacy and reading to L2 students in Malaysia. Hopefully, the findings of this study will lead to an education where no child is left behind and different abilities are embraced.      Differentiated instructions encourage self-studying and collaborative learning. This finding will aid in producing quality students and citizens who are responsible to their own learning.

Moreover, the findings in this study will be helpful to teachers as it provides research data that proves the effectiveness of differentiated instruction. Hopefully, it will help the teachers in modifying their curriculum and instruction based on strategies that suits the students most. By using differentiated instruction in the classroom, teachers will have more flexibility in delivering the content to the students. Teachers will have more control in the teaching and learning session as they will be responsible in delivering content suitable to the students’ level of ability.  Next, the findings of this research will also be useful to future teachers as a preparation to give the best possible instruction in the classroom.

This research will also serve as a future reference for research that can be explored related to this topic.

Furthermore, this research will help the country to realize the National Education Philosophy (NEP) to develop the potential of individuals holistically. By using differentiated instruction in the classroom, teachers can focus more on developing students holistically rather than just focusing on academic achievements.

Limitations
This study has potential limitations. The first one is limited access to data. This study involves data collection of classroom observation, interviews and surveys. Due to the current situation where the world is facing COVID-19 pandemic and schools are temporarily shut down, the researcher have limited access to these respondents. One possible way to overcome this limitation in the future is to conduct a small scale data collection process where only a few respondents are being surveyed at a time. The researcher can survey a few group of respondents at different time.

Another potential limitation for this study is time constraints. This research has time limitation where the researcher only has one semester or four months to finish the research. The findings of this research must be submitted before the deadline. This will affect the depth of the research and the data collection process as the researcher will have limited time to collect data and generate the findings. But, this study will only be focusing on the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in English language classroom. One possible way to improve this situation is for researcher to begin early in data collecting process and allocate more time to do more in-depth research.

Other than that, a potential limitation for this study is sample bias. This research will be sampling on school which have abolished class streaming and have mixed-ability classroom. But, a few schools in Malaysia have yet to abolish class streaming thoroughly. Some schools might still stream students according to their academic abilities. Thus, the findings of this research might not reflect the general student population. For future studies, researchers might want to do background studies of the implementation of mixed-ability classroom first.

Delimitations
This study is a descriptive research which focuses on secondary school students. The research sample is composed of ninety (90) from Form 1 students and three (3) teachers from SMK Saujana Utama, Selangor. The data gathering method used was classroom observation, surveys and interviews. This research uses simple random sampling and convenience sampling in which an equal representation for gender, social background and ability level among the respondents was applied.

The primary data gathering method was classroom observation to determine students’ performance and participation rate with differentiated instruction used by the teachers in the classroom. Interviews and surveys were used to gather students’ and teachers’ opinions and experiences on differentiated instruction in the classroom.

The study was delimited to Form 1 students from SMK Saujana Utama. SMK Saujana Utama is picked as the sample frame because it is located in the sub-urban area where the background of the students does not vary much between students from the rural and urban area. This factor will make the data more generalized.

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Zulfarhan Hasbullah
(2017710081) MATHS

Significance of the research:
This study will be a valuable assistance to the students, teachers, education planners, government and society at large. As for students, it will encourage and shoot up their preparedness to attend school and help improve the level of performance in trigonometry topics in school. To the teachers, it will help ameliorate the capabilities of the secondary teachers to monitor the weaknesses of the students in trigonometry topics. It can assist teachers to plan a sage learning strategy that can apply in teaching methods and techniques. Next, to the education planners it will be a guiding material to enable them to check the population of students in relation to the available schools to accommodate them. Moreover, to the government it will aid as a guide to identify the need to revamp the infrastructure available for teaching and learning. This study will be of great significance to the society at large as it will help to build qualified citizens that will positively contribute to the society’s growth and it will also serve as a resource and reference to future students.

Limitations:
The main constraint that affected this research is uncontrolled factors such as COVID-19. This can affect the research since all schools in Malaysia are closed and it is hard to reach the students. Moreover, the reliability and validity of measuring instruments can be the limitation in the research. Based on the current situation it is difficult to conduct surveys because the students are not allowed to attend school and need to stay at their home. Then, if an online survey is used, it can affect the reliability and validity of the research since we do not know who answers the survey. Furthermore, if the school is open, extraneous variables can be one of the limitations of the research such as noisy class and teachers do not want to cooperate in conducting the research. The reason why teachers do not want to cooperate is because teachers are busy with teaching and also most of them were assigned to perform administrative work. Lastly, the findings of the study cannot be generalized to all schools nationwide since the research will be conducted in one area only.

Delimitations:
This research paper focused on upper secondary school students in a school in the Puncak Alam area. The primary data gathering method used was collecting students’ feedback before conducting interviews, based on their experiences on learning trigonometry topics. This was done to determine the students’ perspective on the effectiveness of the mathematical education in their school. The gathered data were analyzed using the suitable methods in finding the reasonings. The study is delimited to groups of Form 4 students (upper secondary level) with dissimilar level of ability in the numbering field.

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Nur Sakinah binti Mohamed Razi (2017782171)

6.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

This study will be beneficial to all parents out there as it is mainly focusing on the significance of parental involvement to encourage children’s academic achievement. Other than that, it is important to society in general as children at an early age needs social development. It is a process by which a child learns to interact and imitate the actions of others around them. As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to communicate and learn with other people. Children will process their actions and that can lead to a better cognitive thinking to boost academic achievement in the future.

7.0 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS
The study has two notable limitations that may constrain its generalizability. First, due to the world’s current situation because of the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has undoubtedly put forth a remarkably bad effect on the day to day life of the entire human society and also on the world economy. It is impossible to collect the needed data during the pandemic as everyone were stuck at home as directed by the government.  But it is for the best, collecting data can be continue once the world has succeed in fighting it. Secondly, theoretically, global measures of parents’ home-based practices may contain indicators that are unrelated, as they represent many different facets of the home-environment. It is crucial for parents to provide their children an environment that positively influences their thoughts, stimulates their interest in various tasks and encourage learning in different settings. Even our attitude speaks volume. Our language skills, manners, and actions – every single thing we do is taken in by the child’s developing brain. As people say, ‘Home is the very first school’. Parents need to do their best to offer productive experiences at home.

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Zulfarhan Hasbullah
(2017710081) MATHS

8.0   Operational Definitions

The definitions used in this study are as follows:

Trigonometry:

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2015), trigonometry is defined as the type of mathematics that deals with the relationship between the sides and angles of the triangles . For the purpose of the term trigonometry it refers to the students performance in trigonometry topics.

Class size:

According to The Glossary of Education Reform (2015), class size is defined to the number of students in a given course or classroom, specially either (1) the number of students being taught by individual teachers in a course or classroom or (2) the average number of students being taught by teachers in a school, district, or education system. For the purpose of the term class size it refers to how the class size affects the students mathematics performance.

Upper secondary:

According to the Ministry of Education (MOE), upper secondary refers to Form 4 and Form 5 students who age between 16 - 17. For the purpose of the term upper secondary it refers to the target population of this research.

Performance:

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2015), performance is defined as the act or process of performing a task, an action. For the purpose of the term performance it refers to the performance of students in overcrowded class.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, trigonometry is based on the study of right-angle triangles. It is also concerned with the relationship between the side and angles of the triangles and their measurement. Trigonometry is also known to be an essential component in mathematics subject, although its laws and formulas, the plural form of the equation, are applicable to areas ranging from architecture to navigation. For instance, trigonometry is being used for architecture and Egyptians use it to build The Pyramid. However, the decline performance in the trigonometry topic becomes the problem that most of the students face in schools. This is because trigonometry is a mathematics topic that students claim to be difficult to learn and score. Moreover, this research will focus to investigate the level of students motivation towards learning trigonometry, the impact of students' population in their performance and also the steps or ways to enhance students motivation toward learning trigonometry. This is important in determining the causes that affect students' performance towards their learning in trigonometry topics so that it can assist several groups especially to students as they can improve themselves in learning trigonometry, to teachers as they can enhance the method or strategy to tackle students attention in the class, to educational planner and also to the government as well as the society at large.. Thus, this research will describe more on factors affecting the declining of student performance in trigonometry topics among secondary school students. The literature review of the topics related to this study will explain the scientific outlook on the students’ performance in trigonometry in the next chapter.

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NUR SYAHIRAH BT AHMAD KHAIRI (2017539069)

Significance of Research

Data that produced from this research will give a contribution to society as Mathematics subject is an important subject in the education field. There is a higher demand for Mathematics teacher which indicates the need for more effective, life-changing approaches. Thus, a school that apply the cooperative learning method will be able to train students better. Teacher in the school can guide the administrators on what should be emphasized in the school curriculum to improve students’ performance in mathematics. For the researcher, the research can help them improve the critical areas in the educational process that many researchers were not able to explore.

Limitations and delimitations.

The limitation of this study is that it takes some time to collect the data. We need to at least a few times time to do cooperative learning method in a class because Mathematics class has three class a week. Each class has a one-hour duration, so it is not enough to apply this method because observation is needed in this study. Students need to be able to apply the method efficiently since this method is effective to improve their academic result. Another limitation is to find a teacher that agree to do this method because it might disturb her teaching and class time. Every teacher has their own style, but they are mostly in a traditional style which is teacher-centred style. Since this method is focused on student-centred style, it can be uncomfortable for the teacher to act as a facilitator in the class. Moreover, this study is limited only in Puncak Alam schools because of the time constraint and financial problem. The researcher cannot afford to go a further school as it costs more time and money to go back and forth to the school to collect the data.

This research focuses on secondary school students in Puncak Alam schools. The delimitation in this study is a sample size where the study is conducted at Saujana Utama school since it is nearer to UiTM Puncak Alam. The sample of this research consists of one class of Form 4 students and one Mathematics teacher. The data is collected first with observation in the class then followed by surveys and interviews. This is to determine students’ participation in the class and their reaction to the method before interviewing students’ perspective learning using a cooperative method.

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IZZA SYAHIRA BINTI BAHARUDIN
(2017346797)

Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is to see how important mathematics is in order to ensure the development of economic of a country. This research will be very helpful for the students, teachers, education planner, government and also for the society. This is helpful for the students, as a citizens of Malaysia to aware of the importance of learning mathematics from the young age for their future and for their country’s development. Next, it is also a good assistance to encourage the teachers to play their big role in developing their students’ interest towards mathematics and deliver the importance of mathematics to their students. As for the education planner, this research will help them to plan the syllabus for Mathematics subject by relating the subject with economics’s related topics and at the same time to emphasize the use of mathematics in the Economic subject. Furthermore, this study will be a help for the government in which for producing competitive and intellectual citizens, mathematics knowledge can be a very useful material in producing that type of citizens which can help to develop the country to be specific, in term of the economy. Last but not least, this research can give a major contribution for the society where it can help the society to build awareness of the mathematics’ contribution towards the economy of their country as a well developed economy can produce good and harmony society.

Limitations
The limitation for this research to be conducted is the limited number of respondents for gathering the data. Next, the limitation of time to collect the data and the lack of cooperation from the respondents to spend their time to give feedback and respond for this research paper. Furthermore, the uncontrolled factor which is Covid-19 makes it harder to collect data from the respondents.

Delimitation
This study is focusing on the Mathematics Education students from UiTM Puncak Alam, who will be a Mathematics teacher in the future. The method of collecting the data are giving questionnaire and asking for opinion from the respondents. In addition, interviewing method is also conducted to gather the data regarding the respondents’ feedback, experiences and opinion on the research topic which is how mathematics knowledge helps in developing the economy of a country.

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POST 1

Nur Azri Izzati binti Ariffin (2017561605)

Significance

The findings of this study will lead to several ways of teaching Mathematics in class. As more creativity is needed from students, it is necessary for the school to develop some arts in the Mathematics class. It is nearly impossible for each school to change their guideline for teachers in teaching Mathematics, but actually, it is not harmful for school to try out this new method of teaching Mathematics that can be achieved from this study. As for the researcher, this study will guide them to explore more on pedagogical of Mathematics.

Limitations and Delimitations

The limitations in this study is the observation may lack of good explanation, the wrong choice of sample size and also the deadline of the research. This research probably needs the researcher to observe the way of teaching Mathematics in class. This is where the researcher needs to choose wisely on the sample size. It has higher possibility to fail the research if the sample size chosen is from the students with higher marks in Mathematics. The researcher also will have the chance to fabricate the observatikn or not having a good observation. The timing of the research also will challenge the researcher to finish the study on time. The delimitation of the study is the lower secondary students with lower understanding in Mathematics. It only focuses on Mathematics subjecr and the method of the teachers' handling the Mathematics class.

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Nur Hidayahtul Azwa binti Mohd Ayob
(2017562361)

Significance of Research

The outcome of this research will contribute to the society in getting deep information on the issue of declining results of Mathematics subject among students in Malaysia.  This research will expose the reason of declining results in Mathematics subject, the effect, and how to overcome this issue. The main targeted group in this research is absolutely for students. This is because this issue is running around students in Malaysia and this research is wanting them to take advantage of this opportunity to improve themselves. Next, this research is aiming the teachers and parents so that they are able to know the causes on why Mathematics is struggling their students and children in which it give impact to students. Thus, they can find a better strategies to give a new light and hope for students to gain high achievement in Mathematics.

Limitations and Delimitations

The limitation in the research is time consumption. As we know that schools’ standards in Malaysia held the lecture from the beginning towards the end of the year. Then, the students will take the examination at the end of the year. This research is time consuming as it is using backward approach in which it need to wait for students to have their examination first, then the results of the examination will be collect and being observed. From the observation of the results, we will investigate back the problem while they are studying Mathematics in class. Not only that, the pandemic attack in all around the world including Malaysia is affecting examination schedule. The Ministry of Education has announced that several examination like UPSR and PT3 are cancelled due to the Covid-19 outbreak and will find an alternative method. This will affect the process of collecting data and observation of students in school.

This research is focusing on student in secondary school in Selangor whose taking a Form Three's Assessment (PT3) examination. This is because the researcher wants to observe their Mathematics’ result and investigate the cause of the declining results, hence the researcher can recommending ways to overcome the factor that they can carry forward for the preparation for Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination.

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Nur Fatin Hidayah binti Nasrudin (2017703859)

SIGNIFICANCE

This study is significant to the students, parents, teachers, and society. The students can improve their understanding and motivation in learning Mathematics and can keep on track for what they learn in class with other students despite their disabilities. Then, the parents can be more aware on their children disability and always be prepared to serve children with dyscalculia on their educational tools in learning Mathematics. Besides, the teachers can less worry about the student’s achievement in examination and their participation during Mathematics learning in class because their parents have boosted the students’ confident level by encouraging them in answering questions. Lastly, the society whom have the power in mind setting can contribute in spreading positive thinking towards the students with dyscalculia that they are not stupid and lazy but they just need support and encouragement in their learning.

LIMITATIONS

One of the main constraints to this study is the uncontrolled current situation of the world with the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. This will greatly influence the interpretation of the findings of my research. All schools and institutions in Malaysia had to close along the Restricted Movement Order (RMO) period restricted by the government to curb the movement of people in view of the Covid-19 spike. So directly, I cannot access the schools to get the sample of the students to complete the surveys for my research. Next, the cooperation level from the parents to share their encounter of having children with dyscalculia and how they cope with their learning. They will get through selective memory to remember past events along their engagement to the children learning. Hence this will contain several potential sources of bias and lead to incongruent with data from other sources.

DELIMITATIONS

This research is focusing on the standard 4, 5 and 6 students of a school in Puncak Alam who are experiencing dyscalculia in learning. To identify the students with dyscalculia, screening test will be done first to the standard 4, 5 and 6 students before the research is held. Since delimitation has to narrow the population to the sample, so the research has delimited to the parents of the standard 4, 5 and 6 students in a school in Puncak Alam with dyscalculia. Then, interview sessions will be conducted with the parents to know how they cope with the student’s disability at home.

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Nur Izzati Atiqah Binti Mt Sariman (2017118415)

Significance
The significance of this research is to express how students’ seating partner in classroom can affects students’ performance in learning mathematics. Since our ministry of education stress on how important is the classroom seating arrangement as stated in PAK-21 which is stands for “Pendidikan Abad ke-21”, this is the golden opportunity for this research to be done. Despite of the stress on how important classroom seating arrangement is, this research also centered the importance of their seating partner which can boost the effectiveness of classroom seating arrangement in improving students’ achievement which never being discussed before and not stated in PAK-21. This research combine the element of classroom seating arrangement and classroom activities that are stated in PAK-21 which the students can do cooperative and collaborative learning with their seating partner which is more effective and standardized.

Limitations

There are some limitations for this research to be conducted. This research might not be generalized well as this research only covered secondary schools in Selangor area. It is limited to only one school in Puncak Alam area and only one class to be tested as sample.  Even though todays education are stressed on classroom seating arrangement which lead to great opportunity to conduct this research but it requires more time to observe the students’ performance in mathematics which normally opposes a few schools’ permission  that let the research be conducted in very limited time.

Delimitation

This research will be conducted in secondary school in Puncak Alam area. The students need to be examine by giving them a set of mathematics questions to identify their current level of understanding in mathematics before the seating plan changes. After obtain the result, students need to change their seating position according to their rank of the previous test score as the highest need to be seated with the lowest, second highest need to be seated with second lowest and so on and they need to seat with their new partner until the second test is conducted. The students need to be tested twice to see the difference before and after the seating plan changes whether there is an improvement in their understanding or not. This research engage students to do cooperative and collaborative learning as stated under classroom activities in PAK-21 as the students with higher score need to be the mentor for the lower score students.