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Joseph priestly, who made groundbreaking discoveries in the 18th century, used an oxygen-isolating apparatus, above, in his efforts to trace the components of air.

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He experimented using thermal gases, and found out about atoms. He is the one who first discovered atoms. He combined oxygen with nitric oxide.

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In 1897 JJ Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of the atom. He used cathode-ray tubes. Using these tubes he showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles.

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max Planck discovered that different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrete quantities only. Planck studied by using blackbody radiation. he found out that black bodies always radiated an amount of energy that was proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves they absorbed. Plank changed the understanding in many ways but his fame focused o his role as the originator of quantum theory. this theory revolutionized the atomic and subatomic processes.

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Ernest Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment 1908

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Ernest Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment 1908

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In the gold foil experiment he showed that in a atom there is mostly empty space and proved what was recently thought wrong. He did it by shooting a laser into a gold foil and it mostly went right though because its mostly empty. They thought that it would bounce off but it went through, it was proved wrong.

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Henry Moseley’s atomic theory discovery was in 1913 and he called it Moseley’s law. Henry conducted experiments that collected X-ray spectra of many elements and discovered that the frequency of X-ray radiation has an exact mathematical relationship to an elements atomic number. Henry used X-rays to make his discovery. X-rays are used to examine areas that people can’t see. X-rays work by a machine emitting a tin amount of ionizing radiation. The radiation will go through the object and then captured on a device to produce an image. Moseley’s discovery added to our understanding of atoms. Before Moseley’s law organizing elements weren’t as accurate. Now with Moseley’s law scientists have a more accurate way of organizing the elements. His method was so accurate that it predicated elements that people didn’t know of yet.

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He discovered that the energy levels of electrons are discrete and that electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level to another. Bohr used an incandescent light to see the light of the different wavelengths. His discovery helped the understanding of atoms by showing how atoms had different levels, and how the electrons move trough the energy of these levels.

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In 1927 Werner Heisenberg proposed uncertainty theory. He uses math and found that the momentum and location of an atom could not be calculated. In February 23, 1927, Heisenberg summited a 14 page letter about uncertainty theory.

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In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron. He did this by using a neutron detector and proving that Alpha Particles consisted of a neutral particle with about the same mass as a proton. This changed our picture of the atom because beforehand people thought that atoms where only made up of protons.