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Herbivory usually refers to animals eating plants; fungi, bacteria and protists that feed on living plants are usually termed plant pathogens (plant diseases), and microbes that feed on dead plants are saprotrophs. Flowering plants that obtain nutrition from other living plants are usually termed parasitic plants.

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A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism.

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Ecological extinction is defined as "the reduction of a species to such low abundance that, although it is still present in the community, it no longer interacts significantly with other species".

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the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that straddles biology, geography, and Earth science.

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Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework.

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Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition.

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Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

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Consumers are organisms of an ecological food chain that receive energy by consuming other organisms

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Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed.

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a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.

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an animal that feeds on flesh.

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relating to or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations.

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the action or process of adapting or being adapted.

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physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.