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Appointed by the president, to investigate activities of trusts. The goal would be to stop trade practices deemed unfair such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.

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An act passed in 1914 that legalized a US financial system that involved 12 federally operated district banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board.

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A foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.

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Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party, which led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson.

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Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries.

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John Muir founded the Sierra Club and opposed businesses taking land for economic gains. He got the government to set aside 35 million acres for a national forest.

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Roosevelt promised Americans that everyone from farmers to consumers to workers to owners would have the same opportunity to succeed.

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Prohibited the sale of Alcohol.
It's the only amendment to be repealed from the constitution. It was meant by activist to make a better society by outlawing alcohol.

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Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the effects of alcohol on society. They supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol.

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sent women missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

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A female social reformer who founded the Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the America. The goal of was to assist the poor, fight juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. The house inspired many other settlements across the country. Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.

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A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.

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A book written by Andrew Carnegie in support of the social order. He thought the rich should donate to and govern the poor, this reflected Social Darwinist views.

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A former slave was encouraged blacks to keep to themselves. He believed that getting money and educational was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

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African American who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on fighting Jim Crow. He called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

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An African American journalist who published statistics about lynching and begged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores.

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Popular journalists who used publicity to expose corruption and attack abuses of power in business and government.

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Upton published a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but was based on the things Sinclair had seen.

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An industrial disaster in NYC that caused the death of 146 garment workers who died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. This led to the government improving in the safety standards adding outside fire escapes.

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A department added to the department of labor to protect children & women in the work place.

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Sherman- A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions, because courts tended to side with companies in legal cases.
Clayton- Added to Sherman's by forbidding price discrimination and interlocking directorates. It also legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.

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In 1920 Women received the right to vote. This was important because all of the fighting that women did to get the dame rights as men has finally come to pass.

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Alice Paul and the National Women's Party

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Alice Paul and the National Women's Party

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A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the 19th Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination.

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National American Women Suffrage Association

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National American Women Suffrage Association

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A group of women who fought for the woman's right to vote.

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This amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

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Initiative- People have the right to propose a new law.
Referendum- A law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval or veto.
Recall- The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office.

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Authorized the collection of income tax. This made the rich pay their fair share to the government as well as allowing the Underwood-Simmons Tariff to lower many tariffs.

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Required railroads to publicize their rate schedules and file them with the government.
It also gave the government the means to regulate business.

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William Jennings Bryan and the cross of Gold Speech

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William Jennings Bryan and the cross of Gold Speech

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Bryan was an american lawyer, statesman, and politician. The speech advocated bimetallism. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars.

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The silver Vs. gold issue was a central point in the elections of 1896 and 1900. Supporters of the Gold Standard wanted bimetallism, which would see gold and silver used as currency. Silver was cheaper, economists warned more people would mint it, and thus cause inflation.

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Populist/People's Party + Omaha Platform

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Populist/People's Party + Omaha Platform

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the first labor party; goals included the gold standard, abolition of national banks, a treasury, income tax, paper money, and reform of immigration regulations

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The first national farmers organization, which led to the populist party.

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National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

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National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

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An organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They were against corrupt business practices and monopolies.A group of farmers helping farmers.

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Goals: Protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency, and working conditions. Important because it was an era that promoted change and helped to make the world a better place.

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Mail-order catalogues and department stores

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Mail-order catalogues and department stores

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Chain stores were hard to reach in rural areas but kept customers interested by giving them catalogues to look through.
Transformed buying habits & turned shopping into a more luring & fun activity. It brought together products that would generally be sold at different stores in one store.

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Women's magazine promoting an independent and athletic woman. The idealized American girl pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big, created by Charles Dana Gibson.

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A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company and must remain or they'll be fired.

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A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs and was ended by President Cleveland

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One of the most violent strikes in the U.S. The strike was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts.

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"Demands for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among American laborers in the 1880's. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd ofabout 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. When policemen attempted to disperse the meeting, a bomb exploded and the police opened fire on the crowd."

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Provoked by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's decision to cut wages for the third time in the year. This strike aralyzed the nation's commerce for 45 days;
forced governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia to reopen rail traffic.

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Led by "Mother" Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs. This organization was one that was like a combination of AFL and KOL. They strove to create "One Big Union".

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Led by Samuel Gompers"The purpose of the AFL was to organize skilled workers into national unions. Their purpose was not political, and aimed simply at shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions."

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Began as a secret society of workers in philidelphia, then became a movement. They peaked because of their welcoming of all people including: blacks, women, unskilled, and semi-skilled workers, even immigrants. The goal of this group promotthe organization of working people.

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads during the depression, insurance companies, and banks. Bought out Carnegie and in 1901, started the United States Steel Corporation.

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Brought up a poor Scottish boy, then flipped the script and founded Carnegie Steel. He epitomized the Gilded Age ideal of the self-made man and became a major philanthropist.

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Started from humble beginnings and built an Oil empire. Seven years after he stated, he controlled 95% of all refineries in the U.S. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Integration.

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He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. "This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just". Vanderbilt built a railway that connected New York to Chicago in 1873. Offered great service at low rates

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An industrialist who got their wealth by the demise of other people."any businessman who used questionable practices to become wealthy. It combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and aristocracy ("baron")."

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Monopolies, Trust, and holding Companies

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Monopolies, Trust, and holding Companies

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Trust- (Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller)The purpose of a trust is to eliminate competition in business, allowing one powerful company to have control of the stocks of many smaller companies in the same line of business.
Monopolies- When a company gains control of an entire market.
Holding Companies- A company that owns the stock of companies that produce goods, but doesn't produce anything itself.

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Vertical integration- when a company owns the supplier and distributor (different companies).
Horizontal integration- The purchase of competing individual companies

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Survival of the fittest. Charles Darwin's biological theory that encouraged human competition. And justified the rich being a result of natural selection.

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Henry Ford made the first assembly line which allowed workers to stay in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output.(like scientific management)

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A system of organizing work designed to rec maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs.

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Industrially - Exploitation of Southern resources in an attempt to catch up to Northern industry, hence the expansion of railroads.
Politically - Power base of Southern Democrats was the wealthy former confederates who wanted segregation and disenfranchisement.

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Government keep hands off businesses. "It is the separation of economy and state."

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Denied any additional Chinese workers to enter the country. All immigrants had to be examined.

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A cartoonist who relentlessly attacked political corruption

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Tammany Hall, William "Boss" Tweed, and George W. Plunkitt

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Tammany Hall, William "Boss" Tweed, and George W. Plunkitt

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Tammany was a powerful political organization in New York that helped people(mainly immigrants) in return for their votes.
Boos Tweed used bribes and rigged elections to get money and ensure the power for himself.
Plunkitt

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Immigrants adapted their old cultures to the realities of life in America. It was important because it forced people to assimilate to a totally different culture. Americans were passing laws and acts due to fear of foreigners taking over

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Organization made by nativist to restrict immigration

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Publicly documented squalid living conditions for immigrants in New York City slums in the 1880's to help living conditions.

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Neighborhoods where most of the people there are of the same ethnicity, such as Chinatown. "Enclave networks offer access to a unique type of social capital and act as large kinship networks. Within enclave networks, social capital commonly exists both as a private and public good."

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Immigration station for European immigrants located in the New York Harbor. Many European immigrants passed through Ellis Island, while many Asian immigrants passed through Angel Island. New arrivals had to pass rigorous examinations and pay entry before being allowed into the U.S.

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Immigrants from from southern and eastern Europe. Many native born Americans responded with nativist views and campaigns. Some brought in reforms to help immigrants assimilate.

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African Americans who left the Southern states for Kansas because of racial oppression and rumors of the re-institution of slavery.

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After the Reconstruction the South became Democratic. The Democrats cut back on expenses, wiped out social programs, lowered taxes, and limited the rights of tenants and sharecroppers.

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A movement of republicans who supported the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland because they didn't have faith in James Blaine

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Civil service exam must be taken to get a government job and banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party.

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Stalwarts- Led by "Lord Roscoe" favored machine politics; opposed all civil reform
Half-Breeds: Led by James Blaine favored reform; supported civil service reform

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Withdrawing greenbacks from circulation

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Included the 2nd industrial revolution, urbanization, immigration, reforms, and corruption. During this time businesses and money were more important. it was the most competitive political time in U.S. history.

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The U.S. government forced thousands of Native American children to attend “assimilation” Boarding Schools in the late 19th century. They were forbidden from speaking their Native tongue

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In a flawed attempt to assimilate Native Americans, President Grover Cleveland signed an act to end tribal control of reservations and divide their land into individual holdings. The land that wasn't given to NA's was used to educated and "civilize" The Native's. "Kill the Indian , save the man".

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This act gave the Indians tribal ownership of reservation lands. It ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government.

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The U.S. government relocated Native Americans onto reservations. An example of this would be the Indian Removal Act, which pushed the Native Americans onto the Trail of Tears. After gold was discovered in California, miners and settlers soon reached the Pacific. The federal government "protected" the white settlers with sending troops to remove and relocate local Indians.

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A series of wars between Indians and white settlers. The wars were a result of resistance by native tribes who did not want to be removed from their homelands.

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The argument by historian Frederick Turner in 1893 that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American frontier was the line of most rapid "Americanization".

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A railroad that stretches across the continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it easier to transport mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper.

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A way to transfer messages across long distances electronically through a wire.
It connected the continents, allowing for more communication between people.

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Known as hellroad, Towns with a lot of miners in search of gold and silver. When town ran out of gold, it became a ghost town.

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A name given to the black soldiers in the U.S. Army who fought against the Native Americans.

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A group of Native Americans performed the ghost dance trying to preserve their way of life and bring back the buffalo. The Ghost Dances terrified white settlers who saw this as abnormal.