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Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)

A: To investigate the existence of STM and LTM as 2 separate memory stores

M: Asked to read a series of 20 words then recall them in any order, and in another variation a distraction task was performed before they had to recall the words.

R: Participants remembered the first and last words the best, the results reliability fall into a pattern known as the “social position curve”

C: First few words: encoded in LTM bc they had more time for rehearsal. Last few words: still in STM store. IN variation, last words not remembered bc of loss through decay. Provides evidence for multi-store memory model

E: low in ecological validity (lab ex.), ignored participants UNDERSTANDING of the words, only 1 culture tested

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McCloskey et al. (1988)

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Aim: To investigate the relationships between memory, technology, and ease of access to information.

Conclusion: The researchers interpreted these findings as the 'Google Effect' (Wilmer et al. 2017), but it has also been called digital amnesia. The idea is that the expectation of access to information, such as is experienced with having continual access to internet search engines, has a negative effect on recall. There's no need to encode the information if it is possible to just look it up later.

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Aim: To investigate the relationship of media multitasking in adolescents not only to cognitive processing, working memory in particular, but also to the more real-world measure of academic achievement.

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Aim: To investigate how easily people can be made to remember false events happening, as manipulated through the spread of fake news.
Conclusion: There are two main conclusions about the effects of digital media on the reliability of cognitive processing: (1) False memory can be implanted through fabricated photographs depicting false events. (2) Social groups and individual factors influence which fabricated photographs are remembered.

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Aim: To investigate how collective memories might be shaped through conversation.
Conclusion: Social network structure has an influence on memory convergence.

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Aim: To investigate if emotion-evoking information is shared more than other information, and that high-arousal emotions lead to more sharing than low-arousal emotions.

Conclusion: Emotionally-arousing content is more likely to be shared via social media and thereby influence memory.

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Aim: To investigate the convergence of emotion over the micro-blogging service Weibo, which has millions of users in China.

Conclusion: Emotion plays a role in the transmission of information over social networks.

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Aim: To investigate factors which lead to a news article going viral.
Conclusion: High-arousal emotion is a significant factor in the repetition of information online.

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HL Psych Loftus and Pickrell 1995 JFraser.key

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Aim: To investigate the potential influence of the cultural dimension of time orientation on the strategic behaviour of hotel managers.

Conclusion: Time orientation is a relevant cultural dimension for explaining the differences between managers from these two countries.

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Stereotypes and Conformity

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Aim: To investigate the minimal conditions under which discrimination between social groups could be brought about.

Conclusion: This is evidence of blatant discrimination associated with the categorisation of the boys into apparently meaningless social groups.  It forms the basis of Tajfel's minimal group paradigm.

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Aim: To investigate whether children in St. Helena would exhibit more aggressive behaviour after the introduction of television to the island in 1955.
Method:

Natural experiment, children aged 3-8 observed before and after the intro of television through cameras set up in the playgrounds of two primary schools. The level of aggression on tv matched the level of aggresion that children in the UK were exposed to

Also conducted interviews w teachers parents & some school kids

Results: No increase in aggressive or antisocial behaviour, still the case after 5 years

Conclusion:
Antisocial behaviour wasn't accepted on the island.

Social and cultural factors also play a role into what behaviours are acceptable, so even though the children had no doubt learn aggressive behaviour, they did not show it.

Evaluation:

High ecological validity

Does not question SLT but questions results of Bandura et al (1961)

results confirm people must be motivated to imitate behaviour.

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Aim: To investigate conformity in an ambiguous (unclear) situation

Conclusion: In an ambiguous situation, a person will look to others for guidance and will adopt the group norm. They want to do the right thing but may lack the appropriate information. Observing others can provide this information.

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Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment (1961)

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Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment (1961)

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Aim: To demonstrate that learning can occur through observation of role models

Method:

36 boys 36 girls ages 3 to 6 divided into 3 groups

group 1: exposed to adult models (G&B) beating up a bobo doll

group 2: observed adult models w no aggression

group 3: control group w no model

then placed into room w bobo doll after 10 minutes of watching the model

Results: Children shown the aggressive model were more aggressive verbally (more girls) and physically (more boys).

Conclusion: Social learning theory was demonstrated bc this experiment showed signs of observational learning

Evaluation:

ethics: induced aggression

low ecological validity (lab experiment)

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influence of globalization on psychology:

Aim: To investigate how bicultural identity integration (BII) was related to psychological adjustment in globalised cultural environments.

Method: The researchers sampled 3 individuals from three different bicultural populations from Hong Kong:

Mainland Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong.

Filipino sojourners employed as domestic workers in Hong Kong.

Bilingual college students in both Hong Kong and Mainland China.

A questionnaire was administered, which assessed the following things:

cultural identification

a bicultural identity integration scale

an acculturation stress inventory

depression and anxiety checklists

scales for loneliness, happiness, satisfaction with life, self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Results: bicultural identity integration (BII) was correlated with higher psychological adjustment, in the Chinese immigrant and college student samples particularly. Those who scored higher on the BII also scored higher psychological indices.
Conclusion: The integration of bicultural identities is important for positive psychological outcomes.

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Norenzayan et al. (2002) tested whether info given to Korean and American participants would influence their attributions. When participants only received information about individuals, both groups made dispositional attributions. When situational info was given, Koreans included this in their answer much more than Americans did. Therefore available info influences attributions. **key evidence for fundamental attribution error (in Americans)

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Lau and Russel (1980) used content analysis (of reportage of major sports) & found that American football coaches and players were more likely to attribute success to dispositional factors (ie talent/hardwork) and failure to situational factors (ie injuries/bad weather). **self-serving bias as an attribution error