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Leaders must seek information and advice from individualsMust see that their decisions generate are carried out properly.

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1. Decision makers set goals
2. Evaluate their relative importance
3. Calculate the benefits of each possible course of action
4. Choose the one with the highest benefits

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- Realist believe that every leader’s goals and corresponding approach to making FP choices are the same

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Impediments to Rational Choice
Eight step process:
1. Agreeing on the facts
2. Agreeing on the overall policy objective
3. Precisely defining the problems
4. Canvassing all possible solutions
5. Listing the consequences that flow from each solution
6. Recommending one option
7. Communicate option selected
8. Providing for its execution

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Seek to promote its interest power

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Foreign Policy making of international actor adjusting of anarchy global system

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Rational decision making invovle:
1. Problem recognition and definition
2. Goal selection
3. Identification of alternatives
4. Choice

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Can increase efficiency and rationality by assigning responsibility for different tasks to different people

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Involving participating of several agencies which involves bargaining process which can avoid non rational decisions by the executive leaders. The results are positive due respect to the interaction among several agencies which can enhanced the decision to be based on common good

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Involving participating of several agencies which involves bargaining process which can avoid non rational decisions by the executive leaders. The results are positive due respect to the interaction among several agencies which can enhanced the decision to be based on common good

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SUSHI CASE IN JAPAN 🍣🍣🍣🍣🍣🍣
Hanafi

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The leader and his leadership style influence the behaviour of other actors in the international system. They also shape the foreign policy.

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bureaucratic decision making emphasize that the foregoing propositions tells us how the decision making should occur but not how does it occur. its also emphasizes how large-scale bureaucratic organization contribute to the policy-making process.

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Take others responsibility and power, normally will do this is want to use influence relate to other agency

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Take others responsibility and power, normally will do this is want to use influence relate to other agency

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The policy makers ignore all the information that will overthrow their policy and just show their prediction or good evidence to convince their citizens to agree their policy.

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bureaucratic decision making model emphasize that the foregoing propositions tells us how bureaucratic decision making should occur but not how does it occur. its also emphasize how large scale bureaucratic organization contribute to the policy making process.

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The leaders, in some regards, create world history by making changes to the world. For example Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of the Cold War. He initiated political and economic transformation in Russia. He set the trail for democracy and privatization.

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Perestroika and Glasnost - Cold War - HISTORY.com

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Find out more about the history of Perestroika and Glasnost, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com

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Some of the barriers that make errors in foreign policy decision so common are human

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The actors will only pursue policy that benefits the organization they represent rather than national or collective interest.

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Individual leadership was constraint by law, history. Example, constraint by the constitutional system. Us president have limited powers of the presidency especially relative to the congress, courts and states. The limited presidential power influence by the established separated system.

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Bereaucrats are able to consider the future as well as the present.

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o Personality traits
-          Extraversion (sociability)

-          Agreeableness (agreeability)

-          Conscientiousness (personalities)

-          Emotional stability

-          Openness
o   Leader’s personality can tell us how he/she deal with the uncertainty decision making

o   Leaders who are risk-acceptance will do anything in order to get what they want

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJZ0pAoxksE

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1. Leader's self image (political efficacy)
2. Leader's gender
3.  National crisis
4. Leader's personal characteristic

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Chapter 3: Foreign Policy Decision Making