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Overcapacity means that more fish are being evicted from the ocean each day, and that the technology used are over complicated and destroying the ocean's ecosystem faster than ever before.

Overfishing is caused by the use of nets, fishing with nets can catch more fish then necessary. It can even catch other species that weren't intended to be caught like dolphins.

The population has grown exponentially over the past century and with that the food requirements have increased hence the need to overfish.

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This is how many mining areas there are in Aussie

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This is how many mining areas there are in Aussie

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Cause:  Desire for resources to sustain our current linear system

Effect: Ecosystems are ruined

Solution: Create a sustainable system

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Australia, being the world's largest exporter of coal, exports 35% internationally

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Ranging from large cities to small regional areas. With white representing the remote aspects of Australia, you can clearly see what parts of Australia are more inhabited than others.

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SETTLEMENT STATS AUS

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European Settlement had a large impact on Australia in the late 18th century. The colonisation of Australia lead to the majority of the Indigenous people to be segregated, discriminated and disrespected. The European people also brought over many diseases with them that caused the indigenous population to decrease rapidly.

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High and low overfishing hotspots of the world

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In the image below it presents us with a breakdown of how much mining is costing d us in each state.

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Map showing 6,000 years of Urban Settlements

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Map showing 6,000 years of Urban Settlements

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Fruit picker sorts apples in a Tasmanian orchard, 

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Fruit picker sorts apples in a Tasmanian orchard, 

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Mining has mutiple long term effects to our environment, not only effecting our lands but simultaneously our oceans and air with pollution and waste

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Settlements areas that are inhabited by people. For a settlement to be made the area has to be cleared.

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Impacts
- land clearing (deforestation)
- pollution of air and water
- Habitats destroyed
- Animals killed
- Potential overpop

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- forcing them from their homes and lands
- preventing them from accessing clean land and water
- impacting on their health and livelihoods
- causing divisions in communities over who benefits from the mine and who doesn't
- changing the social dynamics of the community
- exposing them to harassment by mine or government security

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Recycling materials can reduce the abundance of mining as more materials could be reused and therefore less new materials would be dug out

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Pyramid depicting the range of Settlement sizes

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Pyramid depicting the range of Settlement sizes

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF URANIUM MINING IN AUSTRALIA

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF URANIUM MINING IN AUSTRALIA

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Metals from the waste rock was the main contributor of these environmental impacts, including pollution from copper, magnese, zinc and sulfate

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Whilst fishing for a certain species of fish it is common for fishing trawlers to catch other larger fish or marine species unintentionally. Such as these fisherman who caught a 20ft (5ish meters) mantaray

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With settlements varying in different sizes, a city, town or even a house can be considered a settlement.

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Recycle and reuse your items until they can no longer be used again

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Water pollution from mining

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The environment can be affected in many ways from mining, including erosion, lists of biodiversity, acid mine drainage and increased sediment levels.

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Murray darling basin supplies 1/3 of Aussie food

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Yeah I'm just wondering why you don't want me this year or I don't want you back from the start.

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Agriculture has a significant and detrimental impact on the health of the an environment, and is a big concern for governments and the public alike. In order to create a space for the agriculture- pesticides, livestock and other species are often introduced, this in turn ruins the food web and can even lead to the extinction of the environments native species. In instances where the land is used for farming- the soil becomes unable to nurture plant life and therefore destroys an integral part of the ecosystem.

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Mining has a negative effect on our environment in multiple ways, not only are our lands are crub

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Definition: a place, typically one which has previously been uninhabited, where then established

Humans visit newly developed areas causing pollution, trampling, and erosion.
All these factors affect the native species by disorientating them and interfering with their natural habits

National geographic shows satellite images of human impact on the environment

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Settlement - Settlement has a large harmful impact on our natural environment as it includes many requirements such as suitable land, fresh water supply, food and an appropriate climate. Settlement is the main cause of deforestation as overtime we develop as a society which means we need to clear trees to build more infrastructure.

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When clearing an area for a settlement, the native land, animals and plants are forcefully removed.

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Many fishing industries have huge vessels and equipment and are able to stay at sea for weeks at a time.
Unsuitable fishing involves nets and other methods of fishing in order to catch masses of fish at one time. As well as fish, many other marine animals are caught in the overfishing process.

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The Murray-Darling basin is Australia's most important agriculture region.

It accounts for 20% of Australia's total agricultural land area and produces 1/3 of Australia's food supplies.

In 2012/13 the Murray darling basin was worth $6.7B and accounted for 50% of Australia's irrigated produce, Including,

-100% of Australia's rice
-96% of Australia's cotton
-66% of Australia's grapes
-52% of Australia's livestock
-27% of Australia's milk
-80% of Australias plums, pears, peaches and nectarines
-90% of Australias table grapes(Not used for wine) apricots and plums

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A settlement is a place inhabited by a human population, this could be as small as a house or as large as a city, etc.

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Environmental Impacts of Mining in Australia

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Environmental Impacts of Mining in Australia

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The environmental impacts of mining in Australia includes the constant pollution. This includes chemical pollution and the leaking on heavy metals in the water flow. The communities around the mining area are also severely affected. They are removed from their homeland, their food resources are limited, also the women of the area are also affect in terms of social status.

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Tar creek in Oklahoma - Nearby mining sites has made water undrinkable because traces of lead and zinc have been found in the water making it acidic

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Cause:
Harvesting materials to gain other resources, such as fuel, food and plastics
Space gained provides farming areas

Effect:
Species of indigenous flora and fauna go extinct
Less trees to create oxygen
Machinery used for deforestation releases carbon dioxide

Solutions:
Use different products instead of ones that are harvested by deforestation (e.g. Palm oil)
Planting more trees in spaces cleared by deforestation
Using space provided for agriculturally beneficial aims

Regional examples:
Australia is one of the highest in the world in the case of clearing and deforestation
Land clearing in Australia leads to erosion and bad water quality
Deforestation also leads to the loss of millions of plants and animals annually

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“Pollution is a serious one. Water pollution, air pollution, and then solid hazardous waste pollution. And then beyond that, we also have the resource issue. Not just water resources but other natural resources, the mining resources being consumed, and the destruction of our ecosystem.” Ma Jun

“Oil drilling and coal mining are killing endangered wildlife, polluting rivers, creating smog over wilderness areas and blocking wildlife corridors in americas most treasured landscapes.”

Lydia Millet

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In Peru, anchovies were fished in huge numbers.  In 1970, over 12 million tonnes of fish were harvested.  However, by 1972, anchovy population had plummeted and less than 2 million tonnes were caught.  It took the population over two decades to recover.

On the Dogger Bank, off the east coast of England near Great Yarmouth, overfishing caused the annual catch of herring to fall 30-fold in just 15 years. By 1966, only 10,000 tonnes of the fish were caught in the whole year. Further north, a ban was placed on herring fishing, and in 1977, a total ban was placed on herring fishing, throughout the North Sea. The ban lasted for six years. According to the IUCN, after the severe drop in numbers in the 1970s herring have recovered and are now classified as Least Concern.

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- open pit mining
- underground mining
- heap leeching
- brine mining
- In situ leach (ISL) mining

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This shows just how many fish are caught by one ship. There are thousands of ships doing fishing to a much bigger extent on the daily, so imagine how fast species of fish are depleting

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Overcapacity. All over the world, many fishing industries have huge vessels, equipment and technology that they can deploy deep into the oceans. They can stay on the oceans for weeks and months and even process the fish before they come back ashore. Experts believe that all the world’s equipment combined is enough to fish on 4 earth-like planets.

Unsustainable Fishing involves using nets, fishing methods and other equipment that catch too much fish to a degree that they are endangered. It also involves catching other sea animals other than fish in the process.

Economics and food needs. The amount of fishes that fishing industries bring ashore depends on the market and needs of consumers. In the past century, humans have multiplied in many folds and the need for food and fish has also multiplied.

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Sea floor trawling decreases production of benthic species

Without coral, oysters or sponges to filter the sea water, it can suffer from eutrophici

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Money loss and unintended catches, how this effects and has an impact on the environment

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The environmental impacts of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity and contamination of soil. Water pollution problems caused by mining include acid mine drainage metal contamination and increased sediment levels in streams. Strip mining is used for coal mines and it is highly destructive. Strip mining clears trees, plants and topsoil. Mining companies scrape away earth and rocks to get coal beneath the surface.

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- when land is cleared for settlements the native animals and flora suffer from a loss of land and/or nutrients.
- when we clear land in LEDNs this leads to slash and burn farming when the area has a furtile forest with mass population under the poverty line
- we should be helping the LEDNs to develop and encourage them to enforce proper farming techniques to get better long term results.

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Settlements

A settlement is defined as a place where people inhabit, a settlement may be as small as a single house in rural land or as large as a mega city ( a metropolis with over 10 million residents ).

The European Settlement

An example of an impactful settlement in Australia would be the beginning of European colonization in 1788. The European settlement had a vast impact on the Australia flora and fauna. Throughout the 18th and 19th and 19th centuries Europeans constantly introduced new species that in their minds would improve the aesthetic appearance of Australia’s ‘barren’ land. Australia is renowned for its unique collection of native flora and fauna. The isolation of Australia has played a large role in the development of many plant and animal species which cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Prior to European settlement, the only inhabitants were the Indigenous people. While they solely relied on native plants and animals to provide them with their daily needs, the Aboriginal people did not damage or deprive the land in any way. Despite hunting native species,  Aboriginal people only ever took what they needed and varied their diet to ensure that no single food source was completely depleted.

The Outcome

Upon arriving in Sydney Cove, convicts were ordered to clear the surrounding land in order to ensure survival of the colony. The early land clearing was the beginning of a devasting trend. One of the main repercussions of the settlers clearing their land was that the habitats of many native animals began to decline.

Without homes and food sources, extinction for these animals were imminent. It is said that the European colonization caused the extinction of 17 different species. Introduced horses, cats and pigs, also became feral pests in Australia. Aside from preying on native animals and competing with them for food, feral animals also have a reputation for spreading disease. These diseases do not only destroy native wildlife, but also spread amongst humans.

Darling Downs Hopping Mouse, last recorded in 1840 was a rodent species native to Queensland. This species of rodent was wiped out due to the introduction of new species caused by European settlement.

Bennetts Seaweed was an extinct red algae once native to Australia. This species of plant was subjected to extinction because of the introduction of new species caused by the European settlement.

Disease brought alongside the Europeans was also a significant contributive factor in flora and fauna dying off and eventually becoming extinct.

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Overfishing can causes near extinction of aquatic species

'Metal scoops' churn up sediments along sea floor, decreasing water quality. Burrowing worms are also dug up, reducing contact between sediments and water

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- mineral exploration
- mining operation
- acid mine damage
- heavy metal contamination and leeching
- use of energy and water
- processing chemical pollution
- erosion and sedimentation
- rate of mineral source use
- use of energy and water by the mining industry

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GOLD COAST OVERFISHING -->
- there are three areas where you are not allowed to fish on the Gold Coast and they're Jumpinpin, Pimpima and Coombahah
- the fine for fishing in these areas range from $440-$110,000

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EFFECTS -->
- poor coral reef health
- threat to local food sources
- unintended catches
- financial losses

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Mining: Impacts on Environment in Australia

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Mining: Impacts on Environment in Australia

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SOLUTIONS -->
- you can make an area a marine park making people forced to not fish in that area
- impose a trawling ban
- putting labels on food so people know what they're buying and where it is coming from

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Agriculture causes and effects by human impact

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Agriculture causes and effects by human impact

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Causes
- pesticides and fertilisers
- contaminated water
- soil and sediment erosion
- livestock
- pests and weeds
Effects
- Health related issues
- Effects on aquatic animals: fertilisers, manure, waste and ammonia turns into nitrate that reduces the amount of oxygen present which resulted in the death of many aquatic animals

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Experienced fishermen and bait shop operators say visitors to the Gold Coast are complaining they cannot catch a fish, hurting the city’s reputation as Queensland’s best marine playground.

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There are six declared fish habitat areas (FHA) on the Gold Coast – Jumpinpin, Pimpama, Coomera, Tallebudgera and Coombabah.

Three of these areas – Jumpinpin, Pimpama and Coombabah – have areas within their boundaries that are declared closed waters which mean they are no fishing zones. To prevent over fishing.

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CAUSE -->
- fishers modify the fish so they're easier to catch
- some fishers use explosives that destroy the habitats
- there are no rules regarding fishing practices (meaning people can catch as many fish as they want)
- there's unreported fishing (meaning the government can see what people are catching)

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Recycling resources can save a lot of environments from being destroyed as less mining would need to be done and the industry's could focus on re-using the resources.

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