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KHADIJA AKTER 12HC

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can not upload my copy of 5.4 Tasks. If anyone wants it email me.
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Khadija Akter

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How is population Changed by inward migration?

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How is population Changed by inward migration?

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During the decade to mid-2015, net inward migration was directly responsible for around 54% of total population growth in the UK; although a part of the natural change during this period was due to the children of women born abroad, so natural change would have been smaller with zero net migration.

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Employment structures can also change over time within the same country.

In the UK in 1,800 most people would have been employed in the primary sector. Many people worked on the land, and made their living from agriculture and related products.

During the industrial revolution, more people were needed to build ships, work in steel making and with textiles. All of these jobs are found in the secondary sector. By 1900 over half of the workers in the UK were employed in secondary industries.

Since 1900 mechanisation meant that less people were required to work on the land and in industry, as machines could carry out most of the work that people previously did.

Foreign industries also became more competitive and imports such as coal became more affordable. As the availability of coal declined in the UK, and also became more expensive to extract more coal was imported. This led to a further decline in primary sector employment in the UK.

The demand for work increased in schools, hospitals and retail industries. Many people left the rural areas in the search for jobs in the towns and cities. By the year 2000 over half of the UK workforce were employed in tertiary industries and only a small number were employed in primary industries. This has changed the work that people do, and also where they work. Quaternary industries are a relatively new concept, and it is only recently that they have been added to these figures. However it is becoming an important and growing sector in the UK as many firms want to carry out research and development for their products.

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Changing employment structures over time

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Employment structures can also change over time within the same country. In the UK in 1,800 most people would have been employed in the primary sector. Many people worked on the land, and made their living from agriculture and related products. During the industrial revolution, more people were needed to build ships, work in steel making and with textiles.

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So in Bethnal Green factors that helped Centripetal (bringing people together):

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So in Bethnal Green factors that helped Centripetal (bringing people together):

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- Nationalism—a strong belief in the greatness of the nation.

- Shared ideology, culture and/or religion.: in the 1950 the main religion was Christianity this allowed centripetal because everyone believed me GOD and the church as a divine right.

- Popular national hero or leader (Lincoln, Gandhi, Mandela).

- Common outside threat. :  it was only  5 yrs since the end of the world war 2 so people had the same threat of the Nazis which allowed a close nit community.

- Transportation  networks: the famous Bethnal green bombing in the station also ensured people to come together to help support the community and help the housing  crisis and rationing.

- Physical geography.
(ANSIA)

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Diagram to help you understand the key terms :) 

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Diagram to help you understand the key terms :) 

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How population is effected by employment change? 

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How population is effected by employment change? 

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DECREASE IN 1930'S- In most boroughs, employment was falling in inner London from 1951 onwards. During this period total employment fell from around 2.4 million to about 1.8 million. One of the major contributions to these falls was the closure of the docks in inner London. These were at their peak during the mid-1930s. At that time around 100,000 men were dependent on the Port of London for employment. The Port itself employed some 30,000 men. By 1971, this had fallen to 6,000 and by 1981 it had halved again to 3,000.

INCREASING AGAIN- The 1960s were a turning point as industrial employment declined and services became the main activity of the London economy. These trends were accelerated by the policies of the Thatcher government.  Employment there increased from 87,000 in 1981 to 124,000 in 1998, because the  LDDC had  an agreement with the Stock Exchange and the establishment  of the first enterprise zone in the Isle of Dogs in Docklands.
But this increase of employment in inner London  didn't have an effect on the residents of the traditionally poorer boroughs of the East End. In these boroughs, lower activity rates and higher unemployment claimant proportions have persisted during the 1990s.

(Anisa)

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2) How is population being affected by Globalisation?

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2) How is population being affected by Globalisation?

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Globalisation has decreased the population number because the East end of London was know for docking and manufacturing. But because manufactures realised they could produce cheaper goods by outsourcing then transporting by containers the employment level rapidly decreased.

Generally for a area to be booming the job opportunities are high, but this global shift of manufacturing caused the ports to close and increase of internal Migration.  As people left the area for work the population decreased and the area went into decline.

(Anisa)

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Bethnal Green North Demographics (Tower Hamlets, England)

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Bethnal Green North Local Stats - Get local statistics and demographic information for Bethnal Green North in Tower Hamlets, London, England - localstats.co.uk

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Factors that can caused Centrifugal (pulled people apart) in Bethnal Green since: 

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Factors that can caused Centrifugal (pulled people apart) in Bethnal Green since: 

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-Religion

-Language: Poor communication can lead to misunderstanding and conflict.

-Culture.

-Ethnic groups.

- ideological differences between the Shiite and Sunni Muslims, acting as a centrifugal force because their differences in ideology are polarising rather than unifying.

-Immigration:More white working class are moving out due to the influx of the Bangladeshi community migrating for work. This may cause problems because some people will think that their country is being taken over and jobs are being lost.

(Anisa)

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Find more on Cnetripetal and Centrifugal :) (Anisa)

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Countries today face a myriad of issues that threaten to divide its citizens. Religious differences, for example, can split people of the same culture. Differences in language can be a cause for unrest, and may require resolution by the central government. Cultural diversity in many countries is deeply rooted and can create powerful divisions within the population. Divisions are a reality in any country, but there are also forces that unite countries and strengthen the populace because of a strong love of and loyalty to their country. This AP Human Geography study guide will explore those forces that divide (centrifugal) or unify (centripetal) a country. We will define centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can originate in political, economic or cultural dimensions. We will also discuss why these two forces are vital to the survival of the state.

Both centrifugal and centripetal forces exist in the same dimensions, and examples are in the areas of religion, language, ethnicity, government, and physical geography. This study guide will help you understand the definition centrifugal and centripetal forces and give you examples of how each force can unite or divide a state.

What Makes a State a State?

The concepts of political geography and the state are important to understand when we discuss centripetal and centrifugal forces, because they may affect the future of a country. In the context of human geography, please note that term terms state and country are synonymous and are used interchangeably. Before we look at forces that can divide or unite a country, let's review the concepts of political geography and the state. Political geography is how humans define and control land and its resources through the establishment of states. Our planet is divided into political units called states or countries. Each country has defined borders, which have set boundaries, and are organized into a political unit, ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Countries occupy a defined territory and have a permanent population. A state has sovereignty, which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states. A nation is a group of unified people with a common culture. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states.

A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. States draw on unifying forces to rally its citizens behind forces common to its national identity. A federal state gives local political units like states or provinces within that country a measure of power. Conversely, unitary states are characterized by a strong central government. Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. They are also forces that unite and bind a country together like a common faith or a shared ideology. Let's look at what those forces are.

Centripetal vs Centrifugal Forces Defined

The theory of centripetal and centrifugal forces is associated with political geographer Richard Hartshorne. He argued that the integration of a state's geographical area involved two competing forces. Centrifugal forces that pull people apart, and centripetal forces that bring people together. These forces can limit interaction, producing regionalism and creating dissimilarity among people of a country. So, what stops a country from falling apart? That country must have centripetal forces of greater magnitude than the centrifugal forces. Countries are susceptible to forces that divide or unite them. Centripetal forces unite a country where centrifugal forces tend to divide. When the centripetal forces dominate a country, it will stand firm in the face of global challenges and struggles, as well as conflicts within their borders. When internal centrifugal forces threaten to divide the country, the central government may break down and fail. A strong and charismatic leader can mitigate this division. National institutions and symbols can also rally a country together in spite of division. Nationalism, or the strong love of and loyalty to one's country, is also a powerful centripetal force and can create solidarity among the populace.

What are Some Examples of Centripetal Forces?

We know that centripetal force is an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state. In other words, centripetal forces from within a state unite it and keep the country together. They stabilize and strengthen the country and create a sense of unity. Let's look at examples of centripetal forces and why they are important to the state.

National identity is a strong centripetal force in the political dimension. A popular way of showing national identity is through the use of icons and expressions, depicted in flags, national anthems, and sports teams. These symbols reinforce a national awareness and instill in the population a sense of pride and loyalty. An example of a centripetal force would be during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. Then president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela used the Springboks, the national rugby team, to help unite a divided nation. South Africa had just broken free from more than 400 years of racial inequality.

Centripetal forces in the economic dimension unite a country by ensuring the population that there are sufficient resources to support the long-term stability of the state. A first-class infrastructure would be a centripetal force in a state. When there is a good transportation system that is available to all citizens, all the resources of the country are accessible, making life easier for the everyone. The excellent railroad system in India is an example of a centripetal force in the economic dimension.

Centripetal forces in the cultural realm can be the most powerful unifying force all. Religion and language are tied closely with culture and emote strong, sometimes overpowering feelings of unity and are examples centripetal forces within in a state. Hinduism in Nepal and India brings people together as they feel a sense of unity. In Israel, Modern Hebrew was created to unify a wave of global immigrants looking for a new life in the Jewish homeland.

What are Some Examples of Centrifugal Forces?

Centrifugal forces, in contrast to centripetal forces, are forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state. Centrifugal forces originate in the same dimensions as centripetal forces, but the forces pull the population apart instead of bringing it together. Centrifugal forces can also include physical features that limit interaction between the people of the state. Human-made concepts like differences in religious beliefs, culture, and economic activity also act as centrifugal forces. As we learned, to survive, there must be centripetal forces of greater than the centrifugal force in a state. If these centrifugal forces reach a critical stage, it can lead to Balkanization , which is the process where a state breaks down through struggles among ethnic groups. Centrifugal forces alter and weaken a state by disrupting the internal order of the country.

Political forces can divide a country when its citizens do not trust the central government, disagree with its political ideology, or when minority groups are mistreated or underrepresented. This centrifugal force can lead to poor relationships between the majority and minority groups and even to armed conflict or civil war.

Centrifugal forces in the cultural dimension can be just as divisive as centripetal forces are unifying. Cultural diversity in many states creates powerful divisions among the people. Religious differences can be an overriding centrifugal force in a country. These divisions can lead to separatist movements like the Sikhs in India or the Kurds in Turkey. Another example is the ideological differences between the Shiite and Sunni Muslims, acting as a centrifugal force because their differences in ideology are polarizing rather than unifying. Language can also pull apart a nation as is the case in India where there are more than a dozen official languages. Poor communication can lead to misunderstanding and conflict.

Economic centrifugal forces can create feelings of inequality in a state. Poor regions of a country can feel disadvantaged by wealthier ones. Richer areas of the country can also feel put upon by having to provide subsidies to poorer ones. In Italy, the richer north pushed for autonomy from the poorer south. Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. In Brazil, wealthier provinces of the south argue that tax money is being misspent by the government for assistance to the Amazon Forest region.

Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces and the AP Human Geography Exam

The CollegeBoard places significance on centripetal and centrifugal forces when it comes to the AP Human Geography exam. The course description even dedicates a learning objective to these forces. You need to make sure you understand the differences between centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can unite and divide a country's population. Be sure you have a thorough understanding of both forces and can give examples and specific details based on the three dimensions of centrifugal and centripetal forces: political, cultural and economic.

You can expect a FRQ on this topic since it has been part of past AP Human Geography exams. Here is an example from the 2006 FRQ (question 3)
3. The viability of any state depends on a balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces.

1. Define the concepts "centripetal force" and "centrifugal force."

2. Give a specific example of and explain a centripetal force that affects the viability of any of the states shown on the map above.

3. With reference to a different specific example, explain a centrifugal force that affects the viability of any of the states shown on the map above.

For Part A of the question, make sure you reference the viability of the state in each definition. For example, centrifugal forces divide a state and can lead to a disruption of internal order or balkanization. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity.

For Parts B and C, make sure you give specific details for each example. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in India or Nepal, Islam in Pakistan or Bangladesh, or Buddhism in Bhutan. If you use cultural difference or separatist movements as a centrifugal force, you can discuss the Sikhs in India, the Muslims in Kashmir, or the Maoist rebels in Nepal.

Make sure you do not use the same force and country for both B and C. You may use the same country with different forces, or the same force with different countries.

Conclusion

We have learned that divisive forces are a reality in our world, but that there are also forces that unite countries and strengthen the state. Those forces that divide are centrifugal, and those that unify are called centripetal. We know that both types of forces can originate in the political, economic or cultural dimensions and are vital to the survival of the state. Examples of centrifugal and centripetal force are found in religion, language, ethnic culture, government, and physical geography. Hopefully, this AP Human Geography study guide has helped you understand this concept more clearly so you can apply what you have learned when you take the AP Human Geography E xam. For a comprehensive review of all of the concepts you may encounter on the exam, use the Ultimate Student's Guide to AP Human Geography .
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Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces: AP Human Geography Crash Course | Albert.io

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Countries today face a myriad of issues that threaten to divide its citizens. Religious differences, for example, can split people of the same culture. Differences in language can be a cause for unrest, and may require resolution by the central government. Cultural diversity in many countries is deeply rooted and can create powerful divisions within the population.

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Over to you.......                                                                 1)   What is Centrifugal and Centripetal?                                                                                                                           Centrifugal forces that pull people apart, and centripetal forces that bring people together. These forces can limit interaction, producing regionalism and creating dissimilarity among people of a country. So, what stops a country from falling apart? That country must have centripetal forces of greater magnitude than the centrifugal forces. Countries are susceptible to forces that divide or unite them. Centripetal forces unite a country where centrifugal forces tend to divide. When the centripetal forces dominate a country, it will stand firm in the face of global challenges and struggles, as well as conflicts within their borders. 

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Over to you.......                                                                 1)   What is Centrifugal and Centripetal?                                                                                                                           Centrifugal forces that pull people apart, and centripetal forces that bring people together. These forces can limit interaction, producing regionalism and creating dissimilarity among people of a country. So, what stops a country from falling apart? That country must have centripetal forces of greater magnitude than the centrifugal forces. Countries are susceptible to forces that divide or unite them. Centripetal forces unite a country where centrifugal forces tend to divide. When the centripetal forces dominate a country, it will stand firm in the face of global challenges and struggles, as well as conflicts within their borders. 

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(Anisa)

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what exactly is q1 asking
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Khadija Akter

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What ONS population estimates and internal migration statistics show about London's changing demographics

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Is this out of date. Can we offer some reasons for this?

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Tower Hamlets is suffering from the one of the highest levels of unemployment in the country.

Unemployment has reached 13.2 per cent in the borough, making it the third highest of all the London Boroughs and fifth out of 415 regions and local authorities in the UK.

According to a report released today by the Office for National Statistics unemployment in Britain has hit a 17-year high with approximately 2.68 million people currently unemployed.

Hackney is among the top 10 per cent of jobless local authorities in the country, while Lewisham falls just outside of this percentile.

The figures also carry bad news for Lewisham residents, showing the borough to have the worst job density in the whole country. This means that the borough has the least jobs per number of residents out of any area in the country.

Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Hackney and Croydon all recorded a slight rise in unemployment and numbers of people claiming Job Seekers Allowance on last year.

While unemployment in Croydon has risen to 8.8 per cent, an increase of one percentage point since last quarter, it still remains slightly below that of London as a whole - currently at 9.1 per cent.

As unemployment reached its highest level nationwide for seventeen years, analysis of figures by think tank IPPR showed Lewisham as one of the areas worst affected by a lack of jobs, with 16 job seekers chasing each vacancy. This is four times higher than the national average.

The statistics have elicited varied responses from local political and business figures.

Jim Fitzpatrick, Labour MP for Poplar and Limehouse in Tower Hamlets, released a statement laying the blame for the 'jobs crisis' at the feet of the government:

"These figures will only confirm what families in Poplar and Limehouse already know - we are facing an unemployment emergency. Complacent and out of touch Ministers need to wake up to the jobs crisis they're responsible for and take urgent action now".

Trade unions also rounded on the government. Arguing that public sector redundancies are far outweighing job creation in the private sector, Laurie Heselden of the Southern and Eastern TUC criticised the Coalition's austerity programme and slammed its belief that private sector investment and growth would offset job losses.

Speaking to EastLondonLines, he said: "Britain is in the midst of a full-on jobs crisis and this is acutely apparent in the labour market in East London. Look deeper and the data shows that desperate workers are being forced to accept part-time work and insecure self-employment, and that the unemployment rate for young Black men under 25 might be as high as 50 per cent. The Government's economic policy is not working and it is now the cause of recession, not a response to recession."

Yet the gloomy figures are not necessarily reflective of prevailing local business conditions, according to Daphne Clifton, President of the South East London Chamber of Commerce, who said that many local businesses have an optimistic outlook. In a survey carried out in December by the organisation, which largely represents small and medium businesses, 88 per cent of the 150 respondents expected business to be better in the year ahead. In addition, more than two thirds expected their size to remain the same, while 23 per cent anticipated increasing their staff numbers, compared with 13 per cent a year ago.

She told EastLondonLines: "It is difficult to take a definite stance on why the numbers are so high without looking at which sector is most affected, but it will at least partly be due to [redundancies in] the public sector".

When asked why the jobless level is so high in parts of South and East London, Clifton commented: "It is not necessarily about a lack of skills [...] but it can be about being prepared for work, things like punctuality and proper presentation when going to work."

She added that the Chamber of Commerce is encouraging small and medium businesses to take on young apprentices.
Written by Ruth Edwards and Michael Pooler

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Unemployment levels in Tower Hamlets and Hackney among the worst in the country | Eastlondonlines

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Tower Hamlets is suffering from the one of the highest levels of unemployment in the country. Unemployment has reached 13.2 per cent in the borough, making it the third highest of all the London Boroughs and fifth out of 415 regions and local authorities in the UK.

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Centrifugal forces that dissipated people from the area

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Centrifugal forces that dissipated people from the area

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The things that drew people to this extraordinary rarea