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The Bayeux Tapestry - all of it, from start to finish

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Tapestries were used as a decoration and for warmth. With the invention of a new type of loom in the 14th century, tapetries became a popular art form, and they were a common way of telling stories from both mythology and daily life. The Bayeux tapestry tells the story of the battle of Hastings, won by William the Conqueror. French legends maintained the tapestry was commissioned and created by Queen Matilda, William the Conqueror's wife, and her ladies-in-waiting, but probably it was commissioned by William's half-brother, bishop Odo. The tapestry is of greater interest as a work of art. It is also important evidence for the history of the Norman Conquest, its story of events seems straightforward and convincing, despite some obscurities. The decorative borders have value for the study of medieval fables. The tapestry’s contribution to knowledge of everyday life about 1100 is of little importance, except for military equipment and tactics.

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One of the four survived copies of Magna Carta

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Henry II died in 1189 and his elder son, Richard I, became king, but he spent very little time in the kingdom since he set out almost at once on the Third Crusade. Richard was succeded by his younger brother, John, who collected higher taxes in order to get more money to wage wars. John was not loved by people and was usually called John Lackland. When he returned from an unsuccessful campaign in France, he had to submit to the combined demands of barons, Church leaders and merchants. John was forced to put his great seal on a document, the "Magna Carta", where he agreed that "no taxes shall be demanded without the consent of the Great Council, no man shall be arrested unless he has been judged with the laws of the Land."
John's son, Henry III, became king at nine years old, and a group of barons ruled the reign until Henry grew up. Their leader called a Great Council and not only barons were there, but also two knights and two merchants, who represented the ordinary freemen. These meetings were known as "parliament".
Edward I called the Model Parliament in order to get taxes for his wars. This parliament included representation of the barons, the clergy, two knights and two citizens from each city but knights and citizens were not yet a necessary part of the Parliament.
Years later Edward III claimed the crown of France because his mother was the French king's sister, and this was the beginning of the Hundred Years' War wich last until 1453. Edward III also introduced the idea of "chivalry", a name give to a set of values which the perfect knight had to respect, and which was linked to the cycle of Arthurian legends.
After the French wars, fighting continuend in England between Lancaster and York families. This is known as War of the Roses because of the symbol of the Houses: Lancaster had a red rose, York had a white rose. The War of Roses struck a heavy blow to the power of barons, because many of the oldest and strongest families were wiped out and the ideas of "chivalry" and feudal service faded into the past.

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During the Middle Ages the lyric became a popular poetry form. The earliest ones were religious, later, lyrics about love and nature became popular. An emerging genre was that of metrical romances which consisted in tales in verse about chilvalry in which were added a love interest and all sorts of fantasy creatures. Geoffrey Chaucer dominated this period writing in dialect, which gradually became the basis of modern English.

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Medieval civilisation was essentially religious and trascendental, based on the belief that the life of the soul after death is the real one, and the life we actually live is a preparation for the nex step. Allegory was the way the medieval mind worked: by its means what was thought or felt was made visible, the abstract made concrete. Medieval elaboration were based on the habit of acting in accordance with the position of the planets, following the theory of Ptolemy in which the planetary system was Earth-centered. Medieval visual art does not try to reproduce what the eyes sees, but what the mind perceives.

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Spread of the Black Death in Europe

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Viking invasions started in Lindisfarne Monastery. After the Roman Empire ruled Britain for 400 years, Anglo-Saxons came in ships across the North Sea. They established five main kingdoms: Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wessex and Kent. Vikings invaded Agli-Saxon kingdoms with small armies. When they started to settle they needed a huge army. They captured cities and castles and kingdoms, but king Alfred of Wessex fought and defeated them. King Alfred was not only a military leader, but he also encouraged education and scholarship and enacted the first English laws. Alfred ordered the translation of various Latin works into Anglo-Saxon and encouraged the writing of a history of England, "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". When the king of the north east of Britain died, Canute, the leader of the Vikings, controlled much of England and by the 11th century, the Viking settlers were integrated with the Saxons. On Canute's death, his sons ruled their lands in Scandinavia, so Edward the Confessor became king and built Westminster Abbey. Edward had no son, so when he died Harold, Earl of Wessex became the last Anglo-Saxon king. Harold had to fight two rivals, Harald Hardrada, who he defeaded, and William, duke of Normandy. At the famous battle of Hastings, Harold was killed and William the Conquer became king.

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The Black Death was known with this name because the body went dark-coloured after death, and it also caused boubonic plague all over the body. The Black Death was caused by fleas living on rats that infested the ships trading with Europe. It was a catalyst in changing relationships between people and Church. The plague seemed to be a punishment from God and the clergy was not able to help, and their many privilegies turned people against them.
The end of Edward III's reign was marked by a movement called "Lollardy" which began at the Oxford University and was against the power of the Church. At the death of Edward III, his grandson Richard became king as Richard II. He was only ten years old so a council of noblemen governed the kingdom. The first Parliament of the reign decided to levy a new tax that each lay person of either sex older than fourteen years old should pay. This tax led to widespread discontent which exploded into the "Peasant's Revolt". They marched on London to meet Richard II, and during the meeting the leader of the rebels was killed. The rebels left London and later they've been severly punished. By the 14th century a new middle class, both rural and urban, existed and it was composed by merchants who loaned money to the king for mercenaries. This class called itself "yeomen", and they organised their work on food and wool. The artisans organised themselves jn groups called "guilds", and they were based on the payment of their members, the regulated prices and wages, they organised fairs and they prepared a series of biblical plays to be performed in various places in the town.

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On 25th December William, duke of Normandy, was crowned king of England in Westminster. . William created a new aristocracy, distributing some of his lands to a few trusted Saxons, in which is called the "the feudal system" . The tenants (barons, bishops and ablots) built castles to demostrate their power. The military service was given by barons and knights, and the agricultur labour was given by the peasants. William I was an efficient ruler: he sent his men throughout England to examine the land, and the survey he made was written in the "Domesday Book". William's relationship with the Church was business- like, since the Pope had given his blessing to the Norman invasion of England and William continued to pay the annual tax to Rome known as "Peter's Pence". He also enabled the English Common Law to develop with less interference from the clergy. William' s son, Henry I, had wanted his daughter, Matilda, to be queen after his death, but others prefered her cousin, Stephen. There was a civil war, and Stephen won, but he promised that Matilda's son, Henry II, should become the King after his death.

Platagenet

Henry II was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty. To avoid civil war, he needed to reduce the power of barons and wanted only mercenaries to fight in war, and knight didn't want to leave their farm, so they were happy to pay a tax called "scutage", instead of giving military service. Henry II also sent judges all around the country to give "royal justice" with laws called " Common Law". To reduce the power of Church, he create Costitutions of Clarendon: the king should choose the bishops and clerygmen should be judged by a civil court.  He decided to make his best friend, Thomas Becket, arcibishop of Conterbury, but Becket became a stubborn opponent of the King and he was murdered. He became later a martyr and then a saint.

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In the fifth century Germanic tribes, Angles, Saxons and Jutes, invaded Britain. The Anglo-Saxons migrations gave Britain its new name: England, "The Land of the Angles". Most British Celts were driven into the West. The Anglo-Saxon used the runic alphabet. We know were they settled because of the modern place name:

•-ing > meant folk, family

•-ham> meant farm

•-ton>  meant settlement
The Anglo-Saxon established seven kingdoms but by the mid 7th century they became three: Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex.
They were farmers, fishermen, hunter and they have improved ploughing, which was pulled by 6/8 oxen.
Anglo-Saxons major gods were Thor, Wodan, Thir, Frig, corresponding to the days of the week. They believed in trees, elfish spirits, dragons and monsters, until Pope Gregory I The Great sent Augustine to convert England.

Augustine succeeded in converting the royal family and became the first Archibishop of Cantebury in 597. The first Anglo Saxon King crowned by a christian  bishop was Odda king of Mercia.The monasteries became important centre of culture where Latin was introduced again.

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Britain was invaded by the Romans in 55 B.C., but they really conquered it in the years 43-47 A.D. under Emperor Claudius. They built towns and connected them with roads. Emperor Hadrian ordered a wall to be built to mark the border between the conquered Britons and Scots and Picts. This wall is known as "Hadrian's Wall".

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Around 700 B.C. the Celts began to arrive from north-west Germany. Today their language remains in "Welsh" in Wales and "Gaelic" in Scotland. The Celts were tall, had fair skin and eyes. They were farmers, hunters and fishermen and also metal workers. They built on top of hells and used the constructions as refuges. The Scottish tartan may come from them. The "Druids" were their priests, that were also judges, educators and doctors. They believed in natural elements as the sun and they believed that the Water was the holy element because it generates life and was considered to be the door for the life after death. They believed in the transmigration of the soul and that the life after death was spent on the Earth. The Celts made offering of precious objects, animals and sometimes even humans.

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In Neolithic period Iberian people, that came from South Spain, conquered Britain. We find out about them from archaeological remains like Stonehenge, situated in South West England.
The historians think that it was used as a hunting place and as an astronomic calendar and it was considered as a place for celebrate peace and unity.
The Iberian polytheistic religion was influenced by the Greek and Phoenician practices. Iberians performed their rites in the open and also maintained sanctuaries in holy places like groves, springs and caves.