# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of the most prominent predator/prey relationships is that of Coyotes and Elk. Predation on this larger mammal provides a vital food source for the coyote. Predation on Elk is seen on their calves...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
united states fish and wildlife service (partnership)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
endangered species act (conservation list)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Endangered Species Act: 40 Years at the Forefront of Wildlife Conservation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is by far the most significant piece of endangered species legislation and is considered one of the world's most important conservation laws. The bald eagle now soars the sky in every state across the nation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 1973, a federal law was enacted to protect endangered and threatened plants and animals, as well as the habitats in which they live. The development of this law, known as the Endangered Species Act (ESA), was guided by an ethic new to conservation at the time, that healthy landscapes depend upon the presence of native plants and animals.

In addition to providing protection from extinction, the ESA also mandated that species nearly eliminated be restored to their historic lands. This opened up the possibility of reintroducing animals lost from the American landscape as a result of human activity, like the gray wolf.

In 1974, Congress listed the gray wolf as endangered under the ESA. However, it wasn't until two decades later that wolves were finally restored to their former habitat in the American West. In 1995 and again in 1996, gray wolves were captured in Canada and relocated to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho.

Since reintroduction, wolves have dispersed throughout the region, returning to ecosystems that had long suffered in their absence. They are currently found in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon and Northern California. Still, they have not yet been reestablished in the wild areas of their former range: Colorado, Utah, Nevada and large portions of other Western states where the wolf population stands at zero.

Historically, species have been "delisted" (or removed) from the list of endangered species once they've made a broad-scale recovery throughout their historical range. Delisting has been based on carefully made, evidence-based decisions. Not so for the wolf. In spring of 2011, Congress removed Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections for wolves in Idaho and Montana with an 11th hour Congressional rider attached to the federal budget bill... a must-pass measure that had nothing to do with wolves. In the face of a government shutdown, the delisting of wolves was never discussed, as the budget bill was fast tracked. Politics derailed science, the legal process outlined by the ESA was ignored, and now almost all wolves have been delisted nearly everywhere they live, with no scientific or legal justification.

In 2013, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed removing federal protections for gray wolves (Canis lupus) throughout their historic range in the lower 48 states. Since wolves have not yet returned to all of their historic range, they face a premature ending to a recovery far from complete. The law clearly states that these decisions must be based on "the best available science," so an independent peer review was enlisted to evaluate the scientific integrity of the proposed delisting rule. That peer review unanimously found that the rule was not based on the best available science. The ruling, however, was not rescinded. The final decision as to whether or not this proposal will become law is still pending.

Gray wolves are currently only protected by the federal ESA in Oregon and Washington's Cascade Mountains (where 2-4 packs currently live), in Wyoming, the Great Lakes region, and for the critically endangered Mexican gray wolf in Arizona and New Mexico. Federal ESA protections were reinstated for wolves in Wyoming in September 2014 by U.S. District Court's Judge Amy Berman Jackson's ruling which found that the state of Wyoming's wolf management plan was flawed and irresponsible, treating wolves as "vermin" to be killed-on-sight year round without limit or need for a license in 83% of the state. Federal ESA protections for gray wolves were similarly reinstated in the Great Lakes region (including Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan) in December of 2014 by U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell who ruled that the U.S. FWS decision that prematurely removed ESA protections for gray wolves in the region in 2102 was "arbitrary and capricious" and violated the ESA. Representatives from Wyoming, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, in response to these Federal court decisions, introduced bills to legislatively remove ESA protections for gray wolves in Wyoming and in the Western Great Lakes region and to make wolves in these places permanently ineligible for protection under the ESA.

The gray wolf was brought back by the mandate of the ESA, with our federal tax dollars. They live on federal lands, land that belongs to us all. We all have a say in the future and well-being of this animal and an obligation to guarantee its safety. Wolves need your support, learn how you can help and who to contact.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Political Debate about Wolf Reintroduction - Living with Wolves

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 1973, a federal law was enacted to protect endangered and threatened plants and animals, as well as the habitats in which they live. The development of this law, known as the Endangered Species Act (ESA), was guided by an ethic new to conservation at the time, that healthy landscapes depend upon the presence of native plants and animals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[2017] - National Geographic Documentary Wild - Wild Yellowstone She Wolf HD - BBC Documentary Histo

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
National Geographic Documentary Wild - Wild Yellowstone She Wolf HD - BBC Documentary History Nat Geo Wild (stylized as Nat Geo WILD or abbreviated as NGW) is a cable/satellite TV channel focused primarily on wildlife and natural history programming.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that the wolves should be endangered. This is because the wolves have not returned to their historic range they face an early ending to recovery.  I also think they should be endangered because they are already being delisted so they should just make them endangered already.

# data[].attributes.body
Coyote is a predator while prey is elk. The coyotes usually eat the elk while they are young. If the coyotes eat the elk when they are older they eat them in the winter. Another relationship is the Grey Wolf as the predator and the elk as prey. The elk is a a main food source for the wolves. When the elk population decreased in 2007 the wolf population also went down.The wolves really rely on the elk as a food source. The wolves decreased the elks population by 20% since their reintroduction.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
ExploreLearning : Get hands-on, minds-on in math and science

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Coral Reefs 1 - Abiotic Factors Gizmo : ExploreLearning

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the abiotic factors that affect Caribbean coral reefs. Many factors can be manipulated in this simplified reef model, including ocean temperature and pH, storm severity, and input of excess sediments and nutrients from logging, sewage, and agriculture. Click 'Advance year' to see how the reef responds to these changes.

# data[].attributes.headline
How changes to an Ecosystem Affect Population

# data[].attributes.subject
How changes to an Ecosystem Affect Population

# data[].attributes.body
Changes to an ecosystem mostly brings down the population. For example in the coral reef lab when the water became more acidic the population went down of all the coral and sponges and algae. Or when the percentages of storms went up the population went down. And when it got warmer the population went down. This is showing that change mostly brings down the population.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Google Slides - create and edit presentations online, for free.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new presentation and edit with others at the same time. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Slides to edit PowerPoint files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.headline
How species have changed within the past 40 years in Yellowstone

# data[].attributes.subject
How species have changed within the past 40 years in Yellowstone

# data[].attributes.body
Elk population increases and decreases. It determines on how many predators there are and also what the climate is. When winter came a lot of the elk died because of the cold temperatures. Elk also die because the wolves eat them.
In Yellowstone, if wolves start to  overpopulate, then, naturally, the elk population will drop, which could drastically affect the ecosystem. For example, if wolf populations went up then the elk population would decrease because there are more wolves coming after the elk.

In 1930, the wolves were taken out of Yellowstone, and the elk population grew and grew, and ate lots of trees, especially willow trees, and the beaver’s couldn’t survive. When the wolves were back in Yellowstone in 1995, the wolves started hunting elk again. When the elk were moving away from the Willow, the Willow started growing back, and the Beavers started eating it, and the Beaver population went up again.
The moose have recently been decreasing due to ticks. Moose ticks take over the moose in the spring or fall, they attach to the moose as the moose bends down to eat. Over the past 40 years the population has seen a steady decrease in population due to hunting and a large number of forest fires bringing the total population in the area down by 75% form 1980 when there was over 1,000 to now when there is only 200 left.

# data[].attributes.body
My opinion on the "Balance of Nature" is that predator prey relationships are necessary in an ecosystem.I think the deer would be about the same without the wolves because the wolves wouldn't be eating the deer but we would still be hunting the deer. I also feel like humans would hunt more deer knowing that there is more of them to hunt.

# data[].attributes.headline
Wolf populations affect the elk and willow populations by...

# data[].attributes.subject
Wolf populations affect the elk and willow populations by...

# data[].attributes.body
The more wolves there are the more elk that will be eaten. And the more elk that is eaten means less willow is eaten. So if there are a lot of wolves then they will eat more elk. Then if the elk die off then the willow isn't being eaten so the willow population will go up.
If there is not a lot of wolves then there will be less elk eaten than normal and the population of the willow trees will go down because there are more elk eating them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Google Docs - create and edit documents online, for free.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.