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Another important event that occurred in the 60's was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This act made it officially that African American students could attend school and couldn't be prevented based on their race.

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At this time, teachers were encouraged to use creativity and to make education more interesting. Teachers came away from the idea of using textbooks and were given choices, individualized instruction and non-graded schools. However, the curriculum reform caused test scores to dropped and the schools went back to the old curriculum where they focused greatly on reading, writing and arithmetic. A reform movement in early childhood and elementary education became very important in the 60's.  Some of the ideas that became important were:
- The right of children to take responsibility in their learning.
- The curriculum is better learned through direct experiments.
These ideas were influenced by John Dewey and Jean Piaget because these theorists believed real-life experiences helped the children learn by experiments and not by memorization.

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Defense Education:

In 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into space. U.S students did not have a huge focus on Mathematics and Science. Due to the Russians space success it made a negative impact on the American education system labeling it a failure. From that point on the U.S and the Soviet Union had an educational war, each trying to educate the next generations of innovators and engineers. The government allocated millions of dollars over the next decade for educational reforms. Public schools performance rose dramatically after the establishment of new courses such as economics, and new science programs.

School Desegregation:

The end of WWII saw the beginning of desegregation.  In 1954 the supreme court rejected the separate but equal doctrine that was established in the 1850’s in the Plessy Vs. Ferguson case. The court case that made that possible was Brown vs. Board of Education. Schools began the desegregation process, most unwillingly. Now in 2016 no school is allowed to reject a student based on race, religious beliefs, gender, or anything else.

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In the 1970s, open classroom schools were created. These classrooms had less focus on test scores, and more focus on student responsibilities and choice within the classroom. In addition to open classrooms, magnet schools were also created during this time. These schools are organized by specific subject areas like science, math, fine arts, and basic skills. They bring in superior students from all across a district to specialize in a certain subject, and often include many gifted students. The schools of this time taught a very diverse student body. Their curriculum was focused on social issues of the time, including the needs of women and minorities, peace, ecology, and secular presentation of topics relating to death. Society was losing faith in schools; however, as test scores and public enrollment was declining inside of schools, which were focused on equalizing education. Many citizens began to question what students were taught in school. This led to parents becoming educational activists and also to the establishment of alternative schools. During this time of decreased faith, schools were not granted as much federal aid as they had before due to concerned voters who refused to give schools money for the decline in scores. One individual who made an impact on 1970s education was John  Holt. Holt was the leader of the Home Education Movement due to his belief that schools were not doing enough to educate students. This movement was one result of the public's disappointment of public schools.  Another movement as a result of the public's distrust of the education system was the Back-to-Basics Movement which called for increased teacher accountability in schools.  Advocates for this movement claimed that students were not being taught how to read, write, or compute.  Also, there was a major public concern of drug use, crime, and violence from students at this time.   During this time period, major acts including the Title IX of the Education Amendments Act and the Education for all Handicapped Children Act. The Title IX of the Education Amendments Act, established in 1975, states, "no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”  This allowed for female students to participate in sports, which also connects to the social issue of the needs for women stated above. The Education for all Handicapped Children Act , or Public Law 94-142, called schools to provide free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment for children with special needs. This was also referred to as the "mainstreaming law." From 1940 to the 1970s, public and elementary school enrollment had dropped by nearly 5 million students. Because of this and other social issues of the time, schools began to emphasize more advance teacher training, increased high school graduation rates, better equipped school buildings, and relevant and diverse teaching methods.

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http://speedchange.blogspot.com/2014/02/why-we-think-1970s-open-education.html

http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?query=&prodId=UHIC&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&zid=&search_within_results=&action=2&catId=&activityType=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3436900527&source=Bookmark&u=sand55832&jsid=c56adc083ec28be6f756a4be8135b216

http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/historyofou/story/expanding-the-curriculum-the-1990s

http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2303/Open-Education.html

http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/curriculum/characteristics.html

http://nysa32.nysed.gov/edpolicy/research/res_essay_bush_ghw_edsummit.shtml

http://www.education.com/reference/article/individuals-disabilities-education-act/

http://www.education.com/reference/article/individuals-disabilities-education-act/

http://www.manythings.org/voa/history/224.html

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George H. W. Bush started the back-to-basics movement in the 80s and it was still a major goal in the 90s. The back-to-basics movement want that schools needed to emphasize reading, writing, and mathematics.

In the 80's the war had just ended and the economy had just suffered an economic recession. People were sick of the social struggle and sick of losing money. They wanted to spend more time on their personal interests. This changed education because instead of people going to school for the same basic material people got to learn about what they wanted to and what they were interested in. The people on the 80's were so focused on making and spending money. This impacted education because they wanted to get a good job so that they could make enough money for the lifestyle of spending all the time.

An influential person at this time would be Ronald Reagan, during his presidency the recession ended. He was able to reduce taxes and Americans became hopeful that they could now make money. Reagan would be an influence due to this because he started the generation who cares about making money and cared enough to go to school and get a good job.
The first half of the 80's  spent criticizing schools, this was also called "teacher bashing."
The education reform movement was introduced in the 80's, once report by the National Commission on Excellence in Education was published. Middle school educators began to create small learning communities, eliminate tracking, and develop new ways to enhance student self esteem. The Nations at Risk report revealed teachers were underpaid and under-qualified, working in poor conditions, and achieving poor results.
"A Nation Prepared" laid the foundation for a standards movement. It proposed improving teacher education and gave teachers a greater say on how they met requirements to benefit students.

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One major curriculum change that occurred in the 1990s would be the Multicultural curriculum reform. This meant that all content, and learning materials must be diverse for all different groups. Another aspect to be considered for this curriculum would be delivery and perspective. The teachers must make sure that they are considering all the different perspectives and delivering the lesson in a variety of ways for all the different learning styles.
In 1990, technology was starting to be more common for people to use in everyday life, this influenced schools to use technology in classrooms and is when SMARTBoards were introduced into classrooms. Another thing society used at this time was computers, and this is when computers started being used in the classroom, this then led to the first online college. During the 1990s the economy was good and this was an influence to schools because it gave them more money to spend for the school, if the economy was good.
An influential person for the 1990s would be George H. W. Bush because he had started the back to basics movement, which was still a goal in the 90s. This movement had six educational goals to reach by 2000.
These goals were:

1. All children in America will start school ready to learn.
2. The high school graduation rate will increase to at least 90 percent.

3. American students will leave grades four, eight, and twelve having demonstrated competency in challenging subject matter including English, mathematics, science, history, and geography; and every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in our modern economy.

4. U.S. students will be first in the world in science and mathematics achievement.

5. Every adult American will be literate and possess the knowledge and skills necessary to compete in a global economy and exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.

6. Every school in America will be free of drugs and violence and will offer a safe, disciplined environment conducive to learning.
One major educational movement in the 1990s was the Individuals with disabilities act (IDEA). In 1990 the Education of the Handicapped Act was changed to the Individuals with Disabilities Act, this states that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free public education and in 1997 this act shifted and said that every child's education will be planned and monitored with the individualized education plan (IEP).    The IDEA act also goes along with the educational priorities of this time. Another educational priority of this time period would be title one. This provided financial assistance to educational agencies and schools with high percentages of children from low-income to help ensure that all children meet challenging academic state standards.

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The 20th century had the most memorable decades of all time. Americanization, democratization, and professionalization are trends that continued on throughout the modern postwar era. However, changes did occur that schools still practice today. Problems arose frequently leaving important questions unanswered.

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1960's: The War on Poverty and the Great Society:

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1960's: The War on Poverty and the Great Society:

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The Kennedy administration's spirit of action and high hopes provided and environment that supported change. In the 60's, many books were published by educators. These educators were influenced by the progressivist educational philosophy and humanistic psychology. Some of these books include, Sylvia Ashton-Warner "Teacher" and John Holt's "How Children Fail." These books gave readers inside view of teachers and how teachers believe students learn.
The War on Poverty:
President Kennedy and Johnson put massive amounts of money towards this program, the War on Poverty. This program created breakfast and lunch programs, Head Start,  Upward Bound, and the Job Corps.
Head Start:
The 3-6 year olds who were apart of Head Start did much better in public schools but lost these skills over time.
Job Corps:
The purpose of Job Corps is to keep students from being unemployment their whole lives.
Congress passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, this act allowed funds based on the number of poor children in a school district. However, this act was changed in 1968, to Title VII, which was the Bilingual Education Act. This act provided federal aid to low-income children who speak a limited amount of English. This act allowed schools to carry out new programs to meet the needs of non-English-speaking children.