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Touristenankünfte (Historie und Prognose)

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"Welcome to Kehena," he said. This place is like a community. Stay a while and you'll meet painters, musicians, BI fugitives and people who just couldn't take the mainland anymore." He chuckled loudly, pointed down at the oversize camera sitting beside me and said, "You might want to put that away though."

Quelle

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Big Island

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Lava flow from the sea, Big Island HI 12-20-2011,52

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What are the most expensive coffees in the world in 2023? It's made by elephants, literally. The Black Ivory Coffee Company in Thailand feeds elephants with Arabia beans. The excreted beans are then roasted and processed into coffee, the perfect brew to wake you up. If elephant dung isn't your thing, no worries. Here are other expensive coffee brands priced by the pound.

1. Black Ivory Coffee - More than $500/pound

2. Finca El Injerto Coffee - $500/pound

3. Hacienda La Esmeralda- More than $500/pound

4. Kopi Luwak - $160/pound

5. Saint Helena Coffee - $79/pound

6. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee - More than $50/pound

7. Fazenda Santa Ines - $50/pound

8. Starbucks Quadriginoctuple Frap - $47.30/cup

9. Los Planes Coffee - $40/pound

10. Hawaiian Kona Coffee - $34/pound

Coffee is a popular energy boosting drink that is loved all over the world. The success of coffee chains like Starbucks tells its own tale. Statista.com states that the global market for instant coffee is expected to top $36.3 billion in 2020. And you're likely one of the reasons for this growth. Here's how you turn coffee into a global multi-billion business.

There are many reasons why coffee is popular the world over, not the least the coffee myths and legends behind the origins of this beverage. To start, this drink has been accepted by most of the religions. It became widely used whenever alcohol was banned. Coffee contains caffeine which stimulates the mind and senses. It has a wonderful aroma that energizes the brain. Coffee shops have become popular centers for dating, meetings, and other social and business activities. In fact coffee houses have been traditional places for social interactions in places like Milan, Greece, Austria, and the Middle East. This BuzzFeed article tells you how coffee is consumed in different ways around the world.

On top of that, coffee has been marketed smartly by chains like Starbucks. People are willing to spend a sizeable amount just for a cup of this drink. You can see coffee lovers standing in long queues outside coffee shops outside the US to grab their beloved drink before they hit their day's schedule. No wonder, Starbucks reported total revenue of $22.39 billion in 2017. In this list of most expensive coffees in 2023, Starbucks's Quadriginoctuple Frap drink finds a place because it costs a whopping $47.30 per cup.

This article provides details about other most expensive coffees that are priced exorbitantly because of their rare ingredients. Read the list and related info on these coffees and determine whether you have the inclination and budget to try out any of them.

10. Hawaiian Kona Coffee - $34/pound

This coffee has a fantastic flavor and unique taste. It finds a place among the world's most expensive coffees because it is made of a rare variety of beans. In addition, this coffee is in short supply which means most sellers use a blend of 10% Kona coffee and 90% cheaper variety. To enjoy the complete Hawaiian coffee experience, ensure you buy and consume 100% Kona coffee.

9. Los Planes Coffee - $40/pound

Finca Los Planes coffee is cultivated on a farm in El Salvador by the family of a person named Sergio Ticas Yeyes. This coffee won second place at the 2006 Cup of Excellence and sixth place in 2011. Popular flavors include brown sugar threads and tangerine with caramel. Though the price seems steep, many coffee lovers are willing to shell out the amount because of the drink's refreshing taste.

8. Starbucks Quadriginoctuple Frap - $47.30/cup

This is Starbucks's most expensive coffee. It commands such a high price because it is produced in limited quantities and includes a range of flavored ingredients such as 48 mocha frappucino with vanilla chips, caramel ice cream, two bananas, strawberry, caramel blues top, protein powder, pizza powder, and soybean mocha mattress. The cost is totally worth it as you are sure to feel energized and stimulated after consuming this exotic drink.

7. Fazenda Santa Ines - $50/pound

The highlight of this coffee is its fruity and sweet flavor. It is cultivated near the base of the Mantiquera mountains in Brazil and its production dates back to more than hundred years. This valuable coffee is patronized by a large number of people around the world. They are attracted to this tasty drink as its ingredients include different delicious fruits.

6. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee - More than $50/pound

This coffee is cultivated in the Jamaican Blue mountains at a height of about 5,000 feet. This area is characterized by heavy rainfall and therefore water supply is abundant. The coffee beans are processed here after picking and sent to other places. This drink has a characteristic mild taste that lacks bitterness. It is popular in Japan which is one of the largest importers of this brand.

5. Saint Helena Coffee - $79/pound

The great Napoleon Bonaparte was an ardent fan of this coffee and cultivated it on the island of St. Helena which accounts for its name. The drink has continued to flourish since then. The island is located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,200 miles from the west coast of Africa. Therefore, transportation costs are high which is one of the reasons for the hefty price tag. However, lovers of this brand are more than willing to shell out the high price as the drink has a high-quality, fragrant caramel flavor with hints of citrus.

4. Kopi Luwak - $160/pound

This coffee is made in Indonesia by Asian palm civets. These animals consume the coffee cherries and ferment them during digestion. Then they deposit the coffee beans in their feces from where they are collected and processed. The unique delicious taste of this coffee is because of the enzymes secreted by the civet during digestion. As a result, kopi luwak coffee is also known as civet coffee.

3. Hacienda La Esmeralda - $350/pound

This coffee has won numerous first place awards in worldwide coffee contests over the past many years. It is cultivated on the sides of Mount Baru in Panama in the shade of guava trees. This rare coffee delicacy offers a once-in-a-lifetime experience for connoisseurs with its fantastic taste and rich flavor. It bagged a whopping $350.25 per pound at a recent auction.

2. Finca El Injerto Coffee - $500/pound

Finca El Injerto Coffee is expensive because it is made from rare, rich, small beans. The grain quality is improved by washing them in a single channel and breaking them twice. Despite its going rate of $500/pound it is a popular drink that is favored by coffee aficionados around the globe.

1. Black Ivory Coffee - More than $500/pound

This coffee is made from Arabica beans by the Black Ivory Coffee Company in Thailand. Similar to civet coffee, it is prepared by elephants that consume the Arabica coffee beans and process them during digestion. Their stomach acid breaks down the bean proteins and provides a characteristic robust flavor to the drink. This coffee is rare and expensive because only a small amount of beans are available at any time. You need to shell out about $50 for a cup of black ivory coffee which makes it currently the most expensive coffee in the world.

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Top 10 Most Expensive Coffee In The World: Luwak Coffee Is Not The No. 1 - Financesonline.com

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What are the most expensive coffees in the world in CURRENT_YEAR? It's made by elephants, literally. The Black Ivory Coffee Company in Thailand feeds elephants with Arabia beans. The excreted beans are then roasted and processed into coffee, the perfect brew to wake you up. If elephant dung isn't your thing, no worries.

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Kona Coffee - Why So Expensive? - Lion Coffee

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One of the most common questions people ask about Kona Coffee is “Why so expensive?!” 3 reasons. Listed backwards, talk-show style. #3. The Kona Coffee Belt is very small The Kona Coffee Belt is a tiny bit of land less than 1 mile wide and around 30 miles long. Only coffee grown in the Kona […]

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What are land and sea breezes and what causes them? What areas of the Islands most often experience sea breezes? Describe some of the topographic effects on wind. What are some examples of topographically induced winds and clouds in Hawai'i? Global winds travel hundreds, even thousands, of kilometers.

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Kampf gegen neue Observatorien auf dem Mauna Kea

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Kampf gegen neue Observatorien auf dem Mauna Kea

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HILO, HAWAII - Paul Coleman is an astronomer caught between worlds.

As a native Hawaiian, he understands why many of his people are protesting the construction of a colossal telescope atop Mauna Kea, the island chain's tallest peak. The opposition believes the observatory is just another project that will harm their community, all while destroying sacred sites.

But as a professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii, he also understands how crucial the venture is to exploring the universe. If finished, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), with a 98-foot-wide primary mirror, will be the largest optical-light observatory ever built.

"You don't have a clearer view into the cosmos from anywhere else in the world," Coleman tells Tech Insider.

Coleman supports the $1.5 billion telescope even though many in his family don't. His sister is an anti-TMT activist. His brother-in-law is a lawyer for the Native Hawaiian Legal Corp, a nonprofit that opposes TMT. His niece works for The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, which has rescinded its support of the telescope.

"When we get together it's a lively discussion all the time," Coleman says. "But we love each other so I don't think there's any bad feelings - we all realize that we're entitled to our opinions. I think my family is a good example of the way in which this whole process should go."

Although the professor is quick to downplay controversy, the opposition is real.

Protesters, who call themselves mountain protectors or guardians, have filed lawsuits, marched up mountains, rolled boulders onto roads, blocked construction vehicles and spent nights in jail. Since April they've successfully stopped construction twice and drawn global attention to the fight, though some say they've gone too far.

"In a sense it was kind of inevitable that there would be opposition, but I didn't expect them to do something which caused safety problems," Coleman says. "In a real way that was crossing the line."

Now the time is coming where Hawaii will have to make a hard choice about what it values most.

Coleman explained to Tech Insider why he sees only one right answer.

Hawaiians have always looked to the stars

Many native Hawaiians tell the same story about their homeland. It goes something like this:

Centuries ago, an intrepid group of Polynesian people set out in canoes and paddled into the open ocean. They had no landmarks to guide them, but they were expert navigators. Planets and stars led them to the island chain their descendants now call home.

They became the first Hawaiians. They knew the astronomical cycle and all the phases of the moon, and they used that knowledge to dictate their farming and fishing practices.

"This is a race of people, a group of people, who are defined by astronomy," Coleman says.

The story doesn't stop there. In 1964, native Hawaiian Alika Herring lugged the first telescope up to the 14,000-foot-tall summit of Mauna Kea. He built the contraption himself and, with the local university's backing, he set out to assess the mountain's potential by studying the moon.

After dozens of nights on the freezing summit, Herring returned with incredibly detailed drawings and notes on the lunar surface. He also introduced the world to what astronomers deem the single-best spot on the planet for stargazing.

This heritage is just one part of why Coleman embraces the TMT.

"Hawaiians are just so tied to astronomy I cannot, in any stretch of the imagination, think that TMT is something that our ancestors wouldn't just jump on and embrace," he says. He added that those ancestors would probably be up on the mountain right now if they could, digging alongside TMT construction crews.

Of course, the cultural question isn't simple. While Hawaiians have a deep connection to astronomy, they also have a long history of reverence for island gods and spiritual customs and a deep connection with Mauna Kea.

"I have nothing against astronomy, just don't put [TMT] up there," a protest leader, Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, told Nature News.

As many islanders learn in school, the mountain is part of "Wao Akua," the realm of the gods where the Earth Mother met the Sky Father and the two created the island chain of Hawaii. Priests that bridged the gap between Hawaiians and the gods are buried on the summit. Wooden and stone altars near the top stick out in stark contrast to the gleaming white telescopes. Some Hawaiians believe in songs of creation that are physically tied to the mountain: When these songs are sung, the gods walk among us, and some return to the mountain daily to sing.

But Coleman says these concerns shouldn't stop the construction.

For one thing, he says the TMT construction site doesn't touch any sacred places or burial sites: "It's actually below the line at which Hawaiians built things themselves. Hawaiians felt it was fine to build down at this level, and not many people mention that."

He also believes that Mauna Kea is less hallowed than many claim: "There's this misconception that Mauna Kea is sacred in such a fantastic way to all Hawaiians, and that's really not true. There are many families that have no history of revering the mountain. For example my three Hawaiian family lines never revered Mauna Kea."

Whatever people believe, Coleman says there is a Hawaiian custom of changing religious observances when it will benefit the larger group.

"Every Hawaiian just has to make up their own mind if the mountain is too sacred for the positive benefits that come from building on it," he says. "If that's the case then they should go against it. But they really need to understand the positive benefits to TMT."

Money and jobs from space

It's not surprising that native Hawaiians don't trust the large local astronomy industry, which already includes 13 telescopes on Mauna Kea.

Hawaiian descendants today are still acutely aware of 19th-century American colonialism and suppression that was so disruptive to their way of life, Congress issued an apology in 1993. To some natives, the international conglomerates behind the telescopes are just another instance of foreign powers coming to Hawaii and doing as they please with little regard for the wellbeing of natives.

Making matters worse: The existing telescopes pay the University of Hawaii $1 per year for renting land on Mauna Kea.

The university established this bargain-basement price in the 1960s to help Hilo recover from a devastating tsunami. The idea was to attract astronomers and investors interested in building telescopes, under the assumption they'd bring an influx of capital and jobs with them - ultimately helping get the economy back on track.

While the telescopes don't turn a profit from the low rent, almost no observatory jobs do not go to Hawaiians, Sarah Ballard, an astronomer at the University of Washington, told Tech Insider. Most positions are outsourced to the universities and organizations that invest in the telescopes.

Hawaiians, as a result, have seen little economic return from these telescopes. That's a touchy subject because Hawaii consistently ranks among the worst US states for business, and it has one of America's weakest state economies. Native Hawaiians bear much of the economic burden: In 2013, the group experienced a 32% higher poverty rate than the state's average.

Many natives don't see another telescope as a solution to any of these problems.

Yet Coleman says TMT is different.

"When TMT came in they sort of reasoned all this through and realized that they needed to be proactive," Coleman said. "They wanted to be a neighbor rather than just a tenant of the mountain. So they started talking and discussing with natives on the Big Island about what needed to change."

For starters there's no reason to keep the rent on Mauna Kea so low now.

"We know that we don't have to entice astronomy to come to Hawaii anymore," Coleman said. "Because we know that the work that's come out of the telescopes that are already here have been so good that everybody wants to come here no matter what - it's the best sight on Earth for observing."

The TMT Corporation also knew that, so it made it a point to pay what the land might actually be worth: TMT's rent will be $1 million per year. About 80% of the money will go toward Mauna Kea Management, the organization in charge of protecting and preserving the mountain. The other 20% will go to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs for projects to improve the wellbeing of native Hawaiians.

In addition to paying rent, TMT has also committed to a $1-million-per-year community benefit package, which will back a STEM education program for Hawaiian students called the THINK fund. It's also planning a Workforce Pipeline Program that will set up an annual $1 million fund to help train local Hawaiians into observatory jobs.

"The idea is to funnel Hawaiian kids into these modern and technological jobs that will open up," Coleman said.

All of that doesn't include the more subtle economic drivers that will come from TMT. Those are estimated to be about $100 million a year poured into the economy, according to Coleman.

"It just makes no sense to be rejecting this telescope," Coleman said of these efforts. "They're doing everything right."

Unlocking the Big Bang

Above all, Coleman says we should think about what scientists could accomplish by building a giant telescope on this mountain.

"There's no place like Mauna Kea for astronomy," Coleman said.

If you ask other astronomers, they'll tell you the same thing.

"We looked at other sites for TMT and they were good," Michael Bolte, a professor of astronomy and associate director for TMT, told Tech Insider. "Mauna Kea is better - much better."

Earth's atmosphere is like a dirty, moving pane of glass. The air itself obstructs and distorts our view of the stars, making everything in space look a little blurry. Mauna Kea's summit sits above the cloud line, where the air is especially dry, and about two times thinner than at sea level. This provides an incredibly clear window into the cosmos.

Built atop the towering volcano, TMT would take some of the best images we've ever seen of objects in space.

The planned telescope is so large, its images will be three times sharper than the images from the Keck telescopes, which are the most advanced telescopes on the summit. And the new telescope's 30-meter-wide mirror - the largest ever planned - would capture more light than any other ground telescope in history, if opened on schedule in 2022.

It's physically impossible to build a single mirror that large, so the plan is to join together 492 hexagonal mirror segments, which would work together to gather and focus light. This could help astronomers see that much farther out into the dimmest, darkest reaches of the universe, and farther into its past.

With TMT, we'd be able to glimpse the very first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. Astronomers call these "first light objects," and they'll give us more insight into how everything came into existence - in other words, the universe's baby pictures. Such images could help us answer one of the most puzzling questions of human existence: Where did we come from?

Other next-generation telescopes, like the Giant Magellan Telescope, are being built in the mountains of Chile. The Las Campanas Observatory there is good, Bolte said, but Chile is only good for observing the southern hemisphere. Mauna Kea would be a premiere location to explore northern skies.

Bolte said TMT has the chance to change astronomy forever, much the same way that Hubble and the Keck telescopes revolutionized our understanding of the universe. But that won't happen without Mauna Kea - it's the secret sauce.

The fight continues

Although the benefits of TMT seem clear, it's difficult to argue these points when something as sensitive as religious beliefs are at stake.

"I've thought about this for a long time," Coleman says. "I've thought about this for 13, 14, 15 years. Possibly I've been observing on that mountain since before a lot of these kids protesting were born. So I have a definite perspective about whether or not this is something that is really good for Hawaii or not."

Again and again, Coleman has stood before his fellow Hawaiians during meetings bent on thwarting TMT, calmly making his case and pleading with them to think back to their ancestors, if not the economics or the scientific advancements. But just like Coleman won't change his mind, many Hawaiians refuse to change theirs. Sacred ground is sacred ground.

Some protesters have voiced concerns beyond religious and cultural beliefs. Many protesters believe the telescope will taint the aquifer next to the mountain. Others say they're worried about the endangered species that live there. However, experts have filed a long environmental impact report that many scientists have reviewed and already signed off on.

"The question is will you agree with expert opinion," Coleman says. "And it seems that oftentimes the idea is to not agree, it's just to oppose for opposition's sake."

Since we began reporting this story in June, protesters are still regularly returning to the mountain, and the battle for the summit has raged on.

Hawaiian Governor David Ige sought to reach a compromise in the upheaval by calling for a few of the existing 13 telescopes on Mauna Kea to be decommissioned and taken off the mountain, but the protest movement has said again and again that it is not interested in compromise. Kahookahi Kanuha, one of the leaders of the movement, said the group will not rest until their mountain is "safe from desecration." That means no TMT and possibly getting rid of all existing telescopes on the summit.

Protesters have pushed their concerns about TMT specifically all the way up through the legal system to the Hawaii Supreme Court. On Aug. 27, their songs and prayers filled the court room during the opening oral arguments, as a panel of judges grilled the pro-TMT representatives. Officials and judges regularly interrupted each other and squabbled during the arguments.

The case hinges on a land use permit that Hawaii's Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) approved for the TMT project. When BLNR reviewed the permit a few years ago, petitioners brought a case against it. In the interest of expediting the construction of TMT, the BLNR approved the permit before that case was resolved - a violation of due process. In other words, it was like a judge deciding a case before the trial ever got started.

The suit also argues that TMT's impact on cultural, natural, and historical resources is too great. This is a more difficult point to argue in court - how do you define sacredness in legal terms?

There's no timetable yet on when the supreme court will deliver its verdict or what the ultimate fate of TMT will be.

Coleman grows weary while discussing the telescope's uncertain future, but if you listen closely, it's clear he has hope. He tells stories of TMT supporters sitting down with protesters. Often the conversation doesn't get anywhere, but the dialogue remains open.

"It's our job to show them (the protesters) where there are flaws in their understanding, but we also learn from them too," Coleman says. "I think my primary job right now is just to educate, and to try to compromise.​"

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The incredible story of an astronomer who struggles to support the instrument that will revolutionize his field but is tearing his community apart

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HILO, HAWAII - Paul Coleman is an astronomer caught between worlds. As a native Hawaiian, he understands why many of his people are protesting the construction of a colossal telescope atop Mauna Kea, the island chain's tallest peak. The opposition believes the observatory is just another project that will harm their community, all while destroying sacred sites.

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Warum ist Kona-Kaffee etwas ganz besonderes?
Was versteht man unter dem Kona Coffee Belt?

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Kona coffee is the market name for coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivated on the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa in the North and South Kona Districts of the Big Island of Hawaii. It is one of the most expensive coffees in the world. Only coffee from the Kona Districts can be described as "Kona." The weather of sunny mornings, clouds or rain in the afternoon, little wind, and mild nights combined with porous, mineral-rich volcanic soil create favorable coffee-growing conditions. The loanword for coffee in the Hawaiian language is kope, pronounced .

The coffee plant was brought to the Kona district in 1828 by Samuel Reverend Ruggles from Brazilian cuttings. English merchant Henry Nicholas Greenwell moved to the area and established Kona coffee as a recognized brand later in the 19th century. The former Greenwell Store and Kona Coffee Living History Farm have since become museums.

In other parts of the Hawaiian islands, it was grown on large plantations, but the 1899 world coffee market crash caused plantation owners to lease land to their workers. Most were from Japan, brought to work on sugarcane plantations. They worked their leased parcels of 5-12 acres (2-5 hectares) as family concerns, producing large, quality crops.

The tradition of family farms continued throughout Kona. The Japanese-origin families have been joined by Filipinos, mainland Americans, and Europeans. There are approximately 800 Kona coffee farms, with an average size of less than 5 acres (2 ha). In 1997 the total Kona coffee area was 2,290 acres (927 ha), and green coffee production was just over two million pounds.

The Kona Coffee Belt is a recognized "terroir" located on Hualalai Mountain and Mauna Loa, ranging from 500 to 3200 feet above sea level. It starts from Hawaii Route 190 on Palani Road, with Makalei being its most northern section, includes Koloko, goes through Hawaii Route 180, also called North Kona Road or Kona Heritage Corridor, passes through Holualoa, and merges with Hawaii Route 11 at Kainaliu and extends through Kealakekua and Hōnaunau.

The area is characterized by average rainfall (60+ inches per year average), slightly acidic, well-drained volcanic soil, mild temperature swings from day to night (85 degrees day, 60 degrees night average), sunny morning and cloudy afternoons, flowering in the dry season, fruiting during the wet season, and wind-protected western slopes.

Kona coffee blooms in February and March. Small white flowers known as "Kona snow" cover the tree. Green berries appear in April. By late August, red fruit, called "cherry" because it resembles a cherry, starts to ripen for picking. Each tree, hand-picked several times between August and January, provides around 15 pounds of cherry, which result in about two pounds of roasted coffee.

Within 24 hours of picking, the cherry is run through a pulper. The beans are separated from the pulp and then placed overnight in a fermentation tank. The fermentation time is about 12 hours at low elevations or 24 at higher elevations. The beans are rinsed and spread to dry on a hoshidana or drying rack. Traditional hoshidanas have a rolling roof to cover the beans in the rain. It takes seven to 14 days to dry beans to an optimal moisture level of between 10 and 13% (by Hawaii Department of Agriculture regulations: 9.0-12.0%). Too much moisture content in coffee allows the growth of ochratoxin A, a harmful mycotoxin hazardous to human health. From here, the beans are stored as "pergamino" or parchment. The parchment is milled off the green bean before roasting or wholesale.

Kona coffee beans are classified by law according to seed. Type I beans consist of two beans per cherry, flat on one side, oval on the other. Type II beans consist of one round bean per cherry, otherwise known as peaberries. Further grading of these two types of beans depends on size, moisture content, and purity of bean type. The grades of type I Kona coffee are 'Kona Extra Fancy,' 'Kona Fancy,' 'Kona Number 1', 'Kona Select,' and 'Kona Prime.' The grades of type II Kona coffee are 'Peaberry Number 1' and 'Peaberry Prime.' Also, a lower grade of coffee, called 'Number 3' (or 'Triple X'), can not legally be labeled as "Kona" but as 'Hawaiian' coffee. Any bean grade below Number 3 is considered 'Offgrade' coffee and can only be labeled as generic coffee. Not an official classification grade, but commonly used by Kona coffee farmers, is the 'Estate' grade, which consists of various grades that are not separated from each other except for removing the 'Number 3' and 'Offgrade' beans.

Infestations of the root-knot nematode damaged many trees in the Kona districts in the 1990s. Symptoms are single or clusters of trees with stunted growth, especially when transplanted. In 2001 rootstock from theCoffea liberica species was found resistant to the nematodes. It could be grafted with Coffea arabica 'Guatemala' variety to produce a plant that naturally resists the pest, still producing a quality coffee product. The combination was named after Edward T. Fukunaga (1910-1984), who was superintendent of the University of Hawaii's Kona Research Station in Kainaliu in the 1950s through the 1970s.

Because of the rarity and price of Kona coffee, some retailers sell "Kona Blends." These are not a combination of different Kona coffees but a blend of Kona and Colombian, Brazilian, or other foreign coffees. Usually, they contain only the minimum required 10% Kona coffee and 90% cheaper imported beans.

Current Hawaiian law requires blends to state only the percentage of Kona coffee on the label but not any other coffee origins. There is no matching Federal law. Some retailers use terms such as 'Kona Roast' or 'Kona Style.' To be considered authentic Kona coffee (without the word "blend" on the label), the state of Hawaii's labeling laws require the prominent display of the words "100% Kona Coffee".[citation needed ]

In 1993 the Kona Coffee Council, a regional coffee growers association, tried unsuccessfully to protect the name "Kona Coffee" by trademarking its logo with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. They were opposed by Kona Kai Farms, Inc, Captain Cook Coffee Co., Hawaiian Isles Enterprises, and Hawaii Coffee Company. In 2000 the Department of Agriculture of the State of Hawaii registered a "100% Kona Coffee" certification mark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Administration in regard to this certification mark was handed over by the State Department of Agriculture to the Hawaii Coffee Company, part of Topa Equities Ltd, based in Los Angeles.[citation needed ]

Kona coffee farmers launched a class action lawsuit against some of the largest retailers in the United States on February 27, 2019. The Lanham Act permits a civil action for, among other reasons, "false designation of origin." Walmart, Costco, Amazon, Safeway, and Kroger were among the sellers and producers of 19 brands of coffee allegedly marketed as Kona coffee that were named in the complaint. Several companies agreed to a settlement in March 2021 totaling more than $13.1 million to benefit Kona coffee farmers.

In the 1990s, Kona coffee growers sued a company called Kona Kai Farms, based in Berkeley, California. In October 1996, federal officials in San Francisco indicted Kona Kai Farms executive Michael Norton on wire fraud and money laundering charges. He was found to have put Central American coffee into bags with labels indicating it was Kona coffee since 1993. In 2000 Michael Norton pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud and one count of tax evasion.

Some Kona farms have become successful tourist attractions. Although some roadside stands are allowed with special permits, large gift shops in some areas that are zoned agricultural have met local resistance.

Former Mayor of Hawaii County Stephen Yamashiro, who served from 1992 to 2000, is credited with introducing the "100% Kona Coffee" logo and emblem now used by the industry.

Coffee berry borer infestation

Coffee berry borer ( Hypothenemus hampei), the most harmful beetle to the arabica coffee crop, was discovered in Kona coast plantations in September 2010 by a graduate student of the University of Hawaii. How the tiny beetle got to Kona is unknown, but the size of the infestation indicates it has been going on for a few years. Some growers suspected severe drought conditions had reduced the fungus Beauveria bassiana, which might have kept the beetle population under control for years.

By late November 2010, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture declared a quarantine on all green (unroasted) beans leaving the island. Fumigation with a chemical such as methyl bromide or a six-step procedure was required. The price of Kona coffee was expected to rise because the insect has the potential to reduce crop yields up to 90%. In early 2011 the Hawaii State Dept. of Agriculture allowed the import and application of a concentrated naturally occurring fungus (Beauveria bassiana) to successfully combat the infestation.

As of 2021, coffee leaf rust also has been found and threatens production.

Steiman, Shawn (2008). The Hawaiʻi Coffee Book. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9815086-2-7.

Bittenbender, H. C.; V. E. Smith (2004) [1999]. Growing Coffee in Hawaii. Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa. ISBN 1-929325-06-1.

Goto, Baron (1982). "Ethnic Groups and the Coffee Industry in Hawaii". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 16: 111-124. hdl:10524/432.

"Labeling Law for Hawaii-Grown Roasted and Instant Coffee". Quality Assurance - Commodities. Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture.

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Kona coffee is the market name for coffee (Coffea arabica ) cultivated on the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa in the North and South Kona Districts of the Big Island of Hawaii. It is one of the most expensive coffees in the world. Only coffee from the Kona Districts can be described as "Kona."

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Zeichne ein Höhenprofil  vom offenen Meer bis zum Mauna Loa und vom offenen Meer bis zu Küste bei Kehena Beach (Bei Pahoa).

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Hawaii liegt im Einflussbereich der Passatwinde (engl. trade winds).

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Auf der Suche nach dem besten Wind - Teil 3

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Die tropische Zirkulation (Benjamin Sehl, Tina Schulze)

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Die berühmte Welle Jaws ist auf der Nachbarinsel Maui zu finden. Aber auch auf Big Island gibt es gigantische Wellen.
Wie kommt es zu diesen beeindruckenden Wellen?

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Jaws ( peʻahi) ist der Name eines weltberühmten Surf-Spots auf der Insel Maui, im US-Bundesstaat Hawaii und für die Ausübung und Entwicklung des sogenannten tow-in surfing bekannt. Der Strand liegt im Norden der Insel am Fuße der Zuckerrohrhügel zwischen Meile 13 und 14 des Hana Highway. Der Name Jaws (engl. für „Kiefer, Rachen") weist auf die Größe und Heftigkeit der Brandung hin. Die Wellen können Höhen von über 20 m (70 ft) an der Frontseite und Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 48 km/h erreichen (Big-Waves).

Damit sich so große Wellen in Jaws bilden können, müssen verschiedene Wetter- und Meeresbedingungen zusammenspielen. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielen dabei die Winterstürme im Nordpazifik. Die von den Stürmen erzeugte Meeres dünung trifft nach tausenden von Kilometern ungehindert auf die Nordküste Mauis. Durch die unter der Wasseroberfläche liegenden Riff- und Felsformationen werden die Wellen weiter verstärkt. Jaws ist für die Qualität dieser großen hohl brechenden Wellen bekannt, die nur an wenigen Tagen im Jahr zwischen Dezember und Februar entstehen.

Für den Film Stirb an einem anderen Tag surften Laird Hamilton, Dave Kalama und Darrick Doerner 2001 als Stuntdoubles in Jaws 20- Fuß-Wellen. Als dies bekannt wurde und das National Geographic Adventure Magazin im Juli 2002 einen Artikel über Jaws veröffentlichte, versuchten immer mehr Menschen, zum Surfspot zu gelangen.

Nachdem am 15. Dezember 2004 der Strand von unerfahrenen Wellenreitern, Touristen und sonstigen Beobachtern überfüllt war und einige Surfer verletzt wurden, beklagten Laird Hamilton und Dave Kalama den großen Andrang auf die Wellen, die dadurch sehr schwierig zu surfen gewesen seien. 2006 wurde der Zufahrtsweg zu Jaws durch Unbekannte mit alten Autowracks und Panzergräben versperrt. Die Bucht war bis zur Räumung der Blockade 2009 nur noch mit Geländefahrzeugen oder von der Wasserseite aus erreichbar.

Einige Dokumentarfilme über das Wellenreiten befassen sich unter anderem mit Jaws auf Maui, wie Stacy Peraltas Riding Giants oder Step into Liquid von Dana Brown.

Andere Spots mit vergleichbaren Wellenhöhen sind Mavericks, Nazaré (Welle) oder Todos Santos.

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Jaws ( peʻahi) ist der Name eines weltberühmten Surf-Spots auf der Insel Maui, im US-Bundesstaat Hawaii und für die Ausübung und Entwicklung des sogenannten tow-in surfing bekannt. Der Strand liegt im Norden der Insel am Fuße der Zuckerrohrhügel zwischen Meile 13 und 14 des Hana Highway. Der Name Jaws (engl.

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Observatorien auf dem Mauna Kea, 4205 mNN

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Observatorien auf dem Mauna Kea, 4205 mNN

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Warum stehen die Observatorien am Ende einer sehr schlechten Straße in so großer Höhe?
Warum ist die Schotterstraße im Bereich des Gipfels wieder asphaltiert?

Foto: Stober

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Von den Kratern fließt Lava über die Insel, manchmal bis in den Pazifik.

Foto: Stober

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Beschreibe die Wolkenverteilung am Mauna Kea. Das Foto ist in nördlicher Richtung aufgenommen.

Foto: Stober

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Analysiere die Niederschläge im Coffee Belt Kona und im Gebiet des Mauna Loa. Achte auf die jahreszeitliche Verteilung der Niederschläge.

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All maps, data, graphs, and narrative material available on this web site are subject to the following conditions. Images. All color and isohyet rainfall map images presented here are available for reproduction and distribution. The map source must be included in any reproduction. Gridded Map and Tabular Data.