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- Humanism was a dominant theory, during the Renaissance Era. It stated that we, as humans, can change the world & make it a better place.
- Humanism was relevant during this time period because the government type that started to come about, the Republican Government, was "for the people." It gave people the chance to actually make a difference or have a say in what they wanted for their own country. Francesco Petrarca (commonly known now as Petrarch) was a man known as the "First and greatest humanist." He basically learned from old scriptures ideas of the elements that the perfect society (utopia) would have and made it his duty to share his findings with anyone who was willing to listen.
- This theory brought about the idea of philanthropy and as a member of Jr Civitan, here at RCEC, I am able to say that I believe every single person has the ability to make a change in the world that will make our planet better.

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~Education during the Renaissance was focused mainly on humanism disciplines like history, poetry, and ethics.
~The invention of Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press, gave the opportunity so that more books can be printed faster and more people can increase in literacy. Education also depended on social classes. For example the middle class were educated by elementary schools and lower class barely received and education, and higher class got their education from humanist secondary schools.
~Education has improved across the world. Now social class does not really matter we get the same education. Even though if your parents have enough money you can go to a private schools.

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1.) Entertainment such as art, literature, music, etc. came about in the Renaissance
2.) Music, art, and literature were the most popular forms of entertainment in the Renaissance. This new era gave people the freedom to express themselves through their music and art.

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10/18  Recreation and sports for the Renaissance

The Elizabethan Era involved a lot of sports and activities.

10/19- The analysis of this Era was into sports and a variety  of violent acts. The Elizabethan Era was one of the most fascinating periods in history.                                 ~SPECTATOR/BLOOD SPORTS~

There are two sports that were active twice a week in London and were a regular thing but today these two sports are considered inhumane. Known today as “Blood sports”, people today think of them as “too gruesome, violent, and cruel”. But the Elizabethans found it appealing. There use to be crowds and crowds of people lining up to see the games, everyone watched no matter the social class. They were Bear and/or Bull Baiting, which were usually held for important people such as ambassadors. Bear baiting was usually when they put a bear or sometimes an Ape in a pit with 5 large animals such as dogs or lions and were tortured to death.                                                         Team Sports

They gained popularity during Elizabeth’s reign as Queen. They were also rough and brutal. They often played football, which is not todays typical football but goes by the same name and has some similarities. Not because of the ball but because the players were always on foot. Even though it was extremely violent it still had rules. Soccer was also played during this time period.                                                   Individual activities

Fencing was one of the most popular sports in this era. Betting was also very well done. Hawking was also done - mostly popular with men. Training a hawk or a falcon began with the capturing of a wild bird, then taming it by sealing its eyes with needle and thread, then tying the thread back over the head of the bird so that the trainer could open and close the bird's eyes at will. The temporary blinding made it very easy to train the hawk or falcon to hunt other birds.

Learned

Cecilia Gonzalez

Hawking fighting when they would train a hawk to fight another basically blind.

Abby McCorkle

Population was over crowded.3 million people in England, most towns had less than 10 streets and it was crowded. The market was a place to talk and sell things.

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The Madrigal is a set of english songs that represent the original text and is culturally important so it is protected and being well preserved. Only copies are available for people to look at and there is one in the Folger Shakespeare Library.

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Music for the lute, guitar and visual
Most sources, compositions were made for string instruments like the guitar and the lute.
There were housands of manuscript books written for string instruments.
Plucked string instruments were very much related to the lute instrument. Contains bibliographical information for these tablatures.

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Musica Antiques
-A group consisted of instrumentalists, vocalists, and dancer who have performed over 450 occasions, never missing an event planned. The group first started off with 4 recorders, a krumhorn, and 4 core members, they have expanded to being highly valued in a 6 figure range, and many more people. This explains that such a large group of musicians are dedicated and are willing to spread the love of the renaissance instruments.

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- Thousands of printed manuscript books of music for plucked-string instruments from the late 15th century through the end of the 18th century.
- Many of them were written for the Lute or the Guitar
- Many lesser-known plucked string instruments are the Vihuela, Cittern, Bandora, Mandora, and The Orpharion

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The Crumhorn is a double reed instrument. The musician’s lips do not touch the reed because it is in a protective cap with a slot at one end. The player blows strongly through the slot and causes the reed to vibrate like a bagpipe chamber. Comes from the German word Krumhorn, meaning curved horn. It is wooden with a cylindrical bore. It is the earliest in the reed cap family and is believed to be developed from the bladder pipe. Through my research I have found that the instruments have been said to be very similar to the bagpipe. I assume this means the during the renaissance, people liked the high pitched powerful sounds that a bagpipe makes. It is smooth and probably easy for them to dance to.

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There are thousands of printed and manuscript books of music for plucked-string instruments
the majority are for guitar and the lute but also included the vihuela, cittern, bandora, mandora, and orpharion this shows that stringed instruments were played alot in the renaissance especially the lute because if they have lots of music written for the lute then the lute was probably a popular instrument or people wouldn't write tons and tons of music for it aswell as the guitar

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The harp is an instrument that is played with one's hand on the strings and would pull their hand towards them to strum the strings to produce a sound. The harp back in the Renaissance times would have strings be made of animal guts(usually from a sheep) and the harp can be adjusted to tighten the strings when they become loose so the sound can stay strong. Because of the harp being made of these materials almost anyone could create one if they had the correct animals and tools. The harp would also be used to lighten one's mood and to relax ones mind a reduce stress. The harp was important in pre-Christian cultures and it still stands today, this helps understand the importance of the harp and how it can connect in Religious services and can be used to "soften" the mood. A connection made today is in my church an instrument that is most related to the harp would be the guitars for they are string instruments just like the harp.

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The lute is a uncommon instrument that came from the middle east. The lute has six stringing and most people had to sit down to play it, and it has similar looks to a guitar. even though it is not as common as people think, it still has a large impact on the Renaissance.

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Manuscripts for the music of string instruments, such as the lute and guitar were printed during the 15th century through the 18th century. Which informs us of how music was written during the Renaissance period.

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That there are thousands of printed and manuscript books of music for plucked-string instruments from the late 50 century. The vuheula, cittern, bandora, pandora and orpharion instruments related to the lute such as arch-;ute and theorbo.

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Lute rules from the schoole of musicke:
~Sit upright
~leane the edge of the lute against a table
~lean body against lute but to hard or you will be hurting your lute

~hold your lute with your right arm enough to that you have enough things to do with you left arm to the lute.

This shows me that during this time the lute was a very popular instrument. Also that is was very important to know how to play an instrument the correct way. People during the Renaissance were very passionate about their instruments and how you treated and played them.

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·      Musica Antiqua

o   Originated in 1967
o   Place of origin: Iowa State University
o   Helped bring early music, song and dance to the people of Iowa and Midwest
o   Recreate renaissance music
o   Performed with replica music.

Bag Pipe
o   Originated as rustic instrument
o   Mentioned In the bible
o   Introduced to Persia through Celtic migration
o   The bagpipe was heard and appreciated through the middle ages.
·        Most compositions were made for instruments of the string family
·        Thousands of books were made for string instrumnts
·        Contains bibliographical info. For tablitcture

This shows me how the Musica Antiqua was formed and how bagpipes were essential to the renaissance culture

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Since 1967, when this unique ensemble was formed at Iowa State University, Musica Antiqua has helped bring early music, song, and dance to crowds across Iowa, and the Midwest.

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It was a rare quality for young gentlemen to dance as plato (a great philosopher) said that young ingenious children be taught to dance. Meaning that children that are clever and devised, were well suited for dancing. This is talking about the different tunes and way that dancing was along with viewed during this era. The information that i had read had taught me how dance was an art during the renaissance and how many people valued it in different ways.

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I read about 16th Century Ballads. Only a few of said ballads are still known to this day. This is because most ballads were not printed with their lyrics and tunes together so over the years, they have gotten lost. A ballad is a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. A well known author of ballads is Francis Child. Francis Child was a French writer whom is most well known for his collection of ballads published around 1882 till 1896. This collection was also known as "Child Ballads."

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The Lute

Held the highest respect of all musical instruments

Used mostly for a solo instrument

The lute is often in paintings and other art and is associated with Apollo, angels, or Orpheus

The Lute was held to a high standard. It represented a high class, since it was associated with angels (which represent heaven), Apollo, and Orpheus. What comes to my understanding is that music was held at a so highly because music could mean royalty and/or elegance.

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Music for the lute, Guitar, and Visual
There are thousands of printed and manuscript books of music for plucked-string instruments from the late fifteenth century through the end of the eighteenth century
there were sting insturemts that we don’t even know about today
The list contains basic bibliographical information for as many of these tablatures as I can find.

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The bladder pipe is a very distinctive loud instrument which has a reed which is enclosed by an animal bladder. The performer blows into the bladder through its mouthpiece, a wooden pipe. Like the bag of a bagpipe, the bladder serves as a wind reservoir keeping the lips from touching the reed directly. The bladder pipe's sound is unusual because the player is unable to tongue or otherwise control the reed. This medieval instrument was one of the principal early wind cap instruments and is considered the forerunner to the crumhorn.

Many Instruments could be identified with specific social classes. For example, the Bladder Pipe was often associated with beggars and peasants, while instruments like the Serpent were associated with people like merchants.

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During the Renaissance music was a major part during the era. A variety of books were written mainly about string instruments and wind instruments. Some of the instruments were Bagpipe, Dulcian, Harp, Kortholt, Organetto, Rackett, Sacbutt, Shofar, Bladder Pipe, Dulcimer, Harpsichord, Lizard , etc. This comes to show that music during the time was really important to the people and to the culture. It was used for religion, celebrations, and even special ceremonies.

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-There were two main styles of guitar music from the period between 1600 and 1750:

1. The Rasgueado Style--with mostly strummed chords

2. The Mixed Style--with a mixture of strummed chords and individually plucked notes