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Political- think of the effect of these changing boundary lines on natives

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Religious

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Political

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The Europeans called Africa the 'Dark Continent' because it was unknown to them. This got mixed up with the more sinister idea of 'Darkest Africa' a place where the inhabitants were savage and brutal. Europeans, after the industrial revolution, considered industrial towns and technology to be signs of civilisation.

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Economic, Political, positives and negatives

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<----- ( Encyclopedia Britannica- Diamond)

"Rubber trees were indigenous to the Amazon River basin."

"Abundant supplies of tin were available from colonies in southeast Asia and copper in central Africa"

"Oil fields of southwest Asia attracted the attention of European industrialists and imperialists alike." (Traditions 733)

Population increase: New colonies provided a space for extra residents and extra manufactured products in Europe to be put to use
Colonies in strategic places (i.e. near shoreline) acted as harbors for naval ships

Competition between countries: Every country wanted the most land overseas

Political strategy/Positive public image: Focus on imperialism sparked nationalism and took focus off tension between communists and industrialists in the media

Peace Efforts: Cecil Rhodes believed that to "prevent civil war you must become an imperialist."

Religious Persecution: A large population of the Boers in South Africa were "French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution" (B&Z, 741).

Effects of Scramble for Africa: Immediate Positive Effects: Education Improves:

Ndansi Kumalo, an African warrior in the British Matabele War said "the Government has arranged for education and through that, when our children grow up, they may rise in status" (A&O, 316).
Industrialization in Africa
Kumalo said, "they brought us European implements-plows; we can buy European clothes, which are an advance" (A&O, 316).

Infrastructure in Africa (also a long-term effect):

Sewage systems, railroads, and mail delivery systems were brought to Africa-- revolutionizing sanitation,travel, and communication

European Wealth: New land created more money for European nation

<------- ( Encyclopedia Britannica- Money)

Cecil Rhodes aspired to become rich-land in Africa helped individuals gain fortunes

Cecil Rhodes' brother said, "He was always planning to take up more land... and to introduce better methods of cultivation" (Rhodes 51)-moved out of Natal when cotton farms to pursue interest in diamonds and help gain riches

Negative Effects:
Africans Land and Food Scarcity: Europeans take land, cattle, and food Africans acquired

Kumalo said, "All the best land has been taken by the white people. We get hardly any price for our cattle; we find it hard to meet our money obligations. If we have crops to spare, we get very little for them... When we have plenty of grain the prices are very low, but the moment we are short of grain and we have to buy from Europeans at once the price is high" (A&O, 316).

Taxes: Europeans were quick to tax Africans on anything they could

According to Kumalo, "The government said, 'You must contribute more; you must pay £1.' We did so. Then those who took more than one wife were taxed... that is not all. We are also taxed for our dogs... then we were told we were living on private land; the owners wanted rent in addition to the government tax..." (A&O, 316).

Kumalo said, "If we do raise anything, it is never our own: all, or most of it, goes back in taxation" (A&O, 316).

Africans become inferior-abuse and brutality used towards them:

Ndansi Kumalo, an African, said, "We were treated like slaves... the treatment we received was intolerable. We said, 'It is no good living under such conditions; death would be better-let us fight'" (A&O, 315).

King Leopold II of Belgium justified brutality against the Africans by saying, "the natives hardly knew how to get their daily food" (A&O, 314).

Cecil Rhodes wrote in his will in 1877 that African Americans were "the most despicable specimens of human beings."

War:
British Matabele War: Rhodes gained control of the mineral mines in Matabeleland and with the help of his South Africa Company, exploited the mineral wealth in the area, sparking the rebellion of the Matabeles against the British. (A&O, 314). The British Matabele War ended with Britain easily slaughtering thousands of Africans with the help of the machine guns.

Effects of the Scramble for Africa: Long-Term/Modern

Apartheid in South Africa (1947-1994):

<---- ( Encyclopedia Britannica- Apartheid)

After Britain and the legacy Rhodes left relinquished control in South Africa in 1947, the white men in South Africa still did not want to be lead by black leaders. They instead created an oligarchy in which the white population (15%) controlled the nation and there was extreme segregation between the whites and blacks in which blacks were given virtually no rights-called apartheid

Arbitrary Boundaries Diving Africa: When the Europeans arrived, they ignored tribal boundaries and created their own divisions between nations, causing conflict between tribes

Gap between the rich and the poor in Africa (Hess)

Europe took any valuable resources, land, and food sources, leaving the Africans destitute with little ways to get money

World War I: Extreme competition between European nations lead to conflict and eventually World War I (Hess)

Christianity Spread to Africa: Christianity is currently the largest religion in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Civil War in Africa: After the Europeans relinquished control, civil war broke out all over Africa; some of these civil wars are still going on today. In January, representatives at the Pan Africanist Congress said that, "the problems which were being blamed on [President Robert] Mugabe [of Zimbabwe] were created by British colonialism, whose agent Cecil Rhodes used armed force to acquire land for settlers." In Zimbabwe, formerly called Rhodesia, Mugabe called his enemies of all races "colonialists," despite that Rhodesia was renamed Zimbabwe in 1980 (espressostalinist.com).

Tess Conciatori+ Jordan Maia

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Causes and Effects of Imperialism - Cecil Rhodes: the Scramble for Africa

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( Encyclopedia Britannica- Diamond) "Rubber trees were indigenous to the Amazon River basin." "Abundant supplies of tin were available from colonies in southeast Asia and copper in central Africa" "Oil fields of southwest Asia attracted the attention of European industrialists and imperialists alike."

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Effects of European rule

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Mark Dummett
Former BBC Kinshasa correspondent

Of the Europeans who scrambled for control of Africa at the end of the 19th century, Belgium's King Leopold II left arguably the largest and most horrid legacy of all.

King Leopold II left arguably the largest and most horrid legacy

While the Great Powers competed for territory elsewhere, the king of one of Europe's smallest countries carved his own private colony out of 100km2 of Central African rainforest.
He claimed he was doing it to protect the "natives" from Arab slavers, and to open the heart of Africa to Christian missionaries, and Western capitalists.

Instead, as the makers of BBC Four documentary White King, Red Rubber, Black Death powerfully argue, the king unleashed new horrors on the African continent.

Torment and rape

He turned his "Congo Free State" into a massive labour camp, made a fortune for himself from the harvest of its wild rubber, and contributed in a large way to the death of perhaps 10 million innocent people.

I was so moved, Your Excellency, by the people's stories that I took the liberty of promising them that in future you will only kill them for crimes they commit

John Harris
Missionary in Baringa

What is now called the Democratic Republic of Congo has clearly never recovered.
"Legalized robbery enforced by violence", as Leopold's reign was described at the time, has remained, more or less, the template by which Congo's rulers have governed ever since.

Meanwhile Congo's soldiers have never moved away from the role allocated to them by Leopold - as a force to coerce, torment and rape an unarmed civilian population.

Chopping hands

As the BBC's reporter in DR Congo, I covered stories that were loud echoes of what was happening 100 years earlier.

Men who failed to bring enough rubber for agents were killed

The film opens with the shocking images of some of Leopold's victims - children and adults whose right hands had been hacked off by his agents.
They needed these to prove to their superiors that they had not been "wasting" their bullets on animals.

This rule was seldom observed as soldiers kept shooting monkeys and then later chopping off human hands to provide their alibis.

'Foreign correspondents'

Director Peter Bate uses documented accounts of such atrocities to present an imaginary court case against the monarch who he compares to a subsequent European tyrant, Adolf Hitler.

He has an actor play the bearded, heavily-set Leopold, fidgeting nervously as damning testimonies are read out, compiled by the foreign correspondents of the day, the missionaries.

John Harris of Baringa, for example, was so shocked by what he had come across that he felt moved to write a letter to Leopold's chief agent in the Congo.

"I have just returned from a journey inland to the village of Insongo Mboyo. The abject misery and utter abandon is positively indescribable. I was so moved, Your Excellency, by the people's stories that I took the liberty of promising them that in future you will only kill them for crimes they commit."

Positive legacy

In the film's most powerful sequences we see reconstructions of the terror caused by Leopold's enforcers and agents.

We see a village burnt without warning and its people rounded up; its men sent off into the forests, and its women tied up as hostages and helpless targets of abuse until their husbands return with enough wild rubber to satisfy the agent.

This, we are told, was the "moment of truth" for the whole community.

If the men did not bring back enough and the agent lost his commission, he would order the deaths of everyone.

Children and adults had their hands chopped off

There is no doubt that Congo's history, and White King, Red Rubber, Black Death are almost too upsetting to bear, however Leopold did leave, albeit unwittingly, one positive legacy - the birth of modern humanitarianism.
The campaign to reveal the truth behind Leopold's "secret society of murderers," led by diplomat Roger Casement, and a former shipping clerk ED Morel, became the first mass human rights movement.

Its successors like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Kinshasa-based Voix des Sans Voix and Journaliste En Danger mean abuses in modern day DR Congo can never be hidden for long.

Congo: White king, red rubber, black death will be shown on BBC Four in the UK on Tuesday, 24 February at 2100

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BBC NEWS | Africa | King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence

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Mark Dummett Former BBC Kinshasa correspondent Of the Europeans who scrambled for control of Africa at the end of the 19th century, Belgium's King Leopold II left arguably the largest and most horrid legacy of all.

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Belgium colonized the Congo and was an example of one of the most brutal of all colonial rulers.

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Leopold II, king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909. He led the first European efforts to develop the Congo River basin. Although he played a significant role in the development of the modern Belgian state, he was also responsible for widespread atrocities committed under his rule against his colonia…

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Settler rule refers to the type of colonialism in southern Africa in which European settlers imposed direct rule on their colonies. Settler colonies differed from other colonies in Africa in that a significant number of immigrants from Europe settled in these colonies. These immigrants or settlers were not like missionaries or European colonial officials.

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Ideology-

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In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase.