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Prezi de Hechos sobre el español en los EE UU.

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Prezi de Hechos sobre el español en los EE UU.

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Este es un "Prezi", que es un software de presentación, sobre mitos comunes sobre el español en los estados unidos. La presentación dice el mito y el hecho. Un mito es que la mayoría de los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos son inmigrantes, pero esto no es cierto porque el 62% de los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos nació aquí.

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Presentation content created by Erica Finazzo Katz. Video clips are from the Spanish in Texas Corpus.

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Apelación a los Hispanohablantes de los Políticos

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Apelación a los Hispanohablantes de los Políticos

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Este video es de los debates democráticos presidenciales primarios de 2019. En este video, un candidato, Beto O 'Rourke, repite su respuesta en español. La creciente población de latinos en los Estados Unidos ha hecho que los políticos intenten atraerlos a través del lenguaje. Sin embargo, el debate ya se tradujo al español en un otro canal.

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Beto O’Rourke answers in Spanish, spars with Julián Castro on immigration | 2019 Democratic Debates

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El Impacto de "Cambio de Código" y la Gente Latino en Marketing

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El Impacto de "Cambio de Código" y la Gente Latino en Marketing

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Este artículo es sobre cómo el cambio de código y la creciente población hispana en los Estados Unidos han impactado las decisiones de marketing de las marcas en los Estados Unidos. Uno de los cambios que se ha realizado es que se imprimen más etiquetas con instrucciones en español y están bien traducidas. Otro es usar hablantes de inglés o bilingües en las redes sociales porque las investigaciones han demostrado que los hispanos lo prefieren.

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Spanglish, a hybrid of English and Spanish, is widely spoken across the U.S. and prominent in bilingual communities. This term can be traced back to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Mexico's northern lands claimed by the U.S. eventually became today's Arizona, California, New Mexico, and others.

The native Spanish speakers-Mexicans-who lived in these lands automatically became U.S. citizens, and that's where the clash between the two languages and cultures began.

Over time, this intermingling gave way to various sociolinguistic trends closely tied to acculturation processes: Spanish-dominant, Anglo-dominant, and bilingual.

Spanglish then became a "middle ground communication strategy"[1] that didn't closely follow grammar, spelling, or syntax rules in English or Spanish.

However, the bilingual category became a topic of interest in sociolinguistic studies of the 19th century, and different terms started to emerge. Enter code-switching.

Language code-switching is "the use of two or more languages or varieties of the same language in the same utterance or conversation."[2] Using Spanglish allows Latinos to tap into the American ethos without surrendering their Hispanic identity.

Given its prevalence in the Hispanic community, marketers are taking a closer look at code-switching and its impact on messaging and consumer experience.

Language Code-Switching Among Generational Groups

Last year, ThinkNow and 9thWonder explored Hispanics' digital purchasing patterns in a report mapping their online path to purchase. In addition to the digital data points, the findings also revealed that code-switching was "a way of life."

Of the study's 500 self-identified Hispanic consumers (ages 18-64), 27% lived in multigenerational households.

Multigenerational households are defined as households consisting of three or more generations of parents and their families.

Younger generations (third-generation onwards) were more likely to be bilingual and technologically savvy, having had more time to assimilate their parents (second generation) and grandparents (first generation).

Pew Research concluded similar findings in a 2017 study on Hispanic identity that surveyed 1,500 self-identified Hispanics. They found that half (51%) of the self-identified, second-generation Latinos labeled themselves bilingual.

Eighty-eight percent of those surveyed, including 64% from the group of self-identified non-Hispanics with Hispanic ancestry, said it was important that future generations of Hispanics in the U.S. speak Spanish.

Thus, language code-switching starts in the second generation, where both educational and professional opportunities are increasingly attainable, and accelerates within the third-generation, strengthening cultural assimilation tendencies.

Acculturation's Role in Language Code-Switching

Let's look at this through a marketing lens. Last year, we wrote about the importance of segmenting Hispanic audiences in transition subgroups. We concluded that marketers might choose to focus on Spanish-only campaigns for the Hispanic-dominant consumers and English-only campaigns for the English-dominant.

However, we also mentioned that younger generations were driving a "third-force" that ni es de aquí ni de allá (neither from the U.S. nor from the country of origin) due to acculturation.

This third force is reliably bilingual - they switch languages and cultural codes with finesse.

The new challenge marketers face with this highly acculturated group is that it acts as a gatekeeper to older generations and determines whether the content (e.g., a social media ad) is genuine, relevant, and useful.

Concerning relevancy and usefulness, Alvarez et al. (2014)[3] explain:

"Effective marketing to the U.S. Hispanic population requires more than simply using Spanish-language media or in-store communications that emphasize Hispanic values. Such a marketing campaign likely appeals to all Hispanics, but the communication will reach only about one-half of the Hispanic market... Mail offerings, brochures, and even websites should offer to the bilingual consumer the opportunity to choose their language of preference."

Years later, H Code's 2020 Hispanic Digital Fact Pack reconfirmed the need for bilingual Hispanic consumers to feel that brands portray their "bilingual experience."

Code-Switching Shifts Trend in Hispanic Marketing

Bilingual Hispanics can toggle between Spanish and English, thus changing the dynamics of Hispanic marketing. We have identified five Hispanic marketing trends that have shifted in response to language code-switching, generational groups, and acculturation levels.

Spanish-only vs. Bilingual ads: Early on, Spanish-only ads targeted the general Hispanic market. Fortunately, marketers are starting to realize that Hispanics are not a monolithic group. Language and acculturation levels are key differentiators. Bilingual ads are more appealing to younger generations.

Spanish-only vs. Bilingual SEM/SEO strategies: Current convention says Spanish-only SEM/SEO strategies drive higher click-through rates and conversions in the Hispanic market. Studies show that dual-language SEM-SEO strategies manage to secure predominant English searches (52%) without Spanish searches (23-25%).[4]

App Translations vs. Translation Experts: It's not uncommon for websites to be more machine-translated using Google Translate or similar services. But more effective websites are translated by translation companies specialized in the brand's industry and target audience.

Spanish-dominant vs. Bilingual Influencers: When targeting Hispanics in social media, many believe that influencers should speak and express themselves in Spanish. Research shows, however, that more than 70% of Hispanics prefer English-speaking or bilingual influencers (second- or third-generation Hispanics)[5]

English-only products/services vs. Bilingual offerings: New products and services are typically offered in English. But according to Culture Marketing Council's 2020 Hispanic Marketing Guide, offering new products and services in both languages is essential to appealing to young Hispanic consumers and diverse youth in general. These early adopters are influencers at home, thus likely impacting purchasing decisions.

One Size Doesn't Fit All

Language code-switching is more than knowing which phrases to script into the messaging for a Hispanic marketing campaign. Language is an integral part of Hispanic culture and reflects a broad spectrum of communities. Demographic factors like location, immigration status, education level, household income, and psychographic factors like lifestyle, beliefs, and values must also be considered if marketers are to create campaigns that resonate with this consumer and incent them to take the desired actions.

For instance, regardless of how much a new popular smartphone ad campaign might appeal to different demographics on a cultural level, it still might be irrelevant if the price range is outside their purchasing power. Likewise, low-income multigenerational households will only be drawn to products and services that address their basic needs.

For these reasons and more, cultural research makes a difference, and resulting insights validate multicultural marketing initiatives.

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Content written in partnership with [1] Stavans, Ilan (2003), Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language, HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.: NY. The Translation Team

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How Language Code-Switching Changed Hispanic Marketing | Crayons & Marketers

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Spanglish, a hybrid of English and Spanish, is widely spoken across the U.S. and prominent in bilingual communities. This term can be traced back to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Mexico's northern lands claimed by the U.S. eventually became today's Arizona, California, New Mexico, and others.

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Este video es sobre 15 falsos cognados comunes en español. Los cognados son palabras de diferentes idiomas que tienen sonidos similares y el mismo significado. Un falso cognado son palabras que aparecen como esto pero no significan lo mismo.

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15 False Cognates in Spanish That Will Trip You Up and Confuse You

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Esta es una historia de una mujer que se crió en los Estados Unidos y aprendió español de sus padres. Ella escribe sobre cómo ella y otras personas hispanicos en los Estados Unidos a veces pueden sentirse avergonzadas de hablar español debido al racismo de otras personas. Esto ha tendio a que la cultura pierda ya que menos generaciones aprenden español porque se considera vergonzoso.

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In 2001, in the midst of a recession, my father lost his job. I watched with frustration as he struggled to apply to positions he was far overqualified for; selfishly, I did not want to be known around school as the girl with the unemployed dad. We lived in a predominantly upper-class, white neighborhood in Florida where I was usually one of the only Latinx students in my high school classes. I worried my father's situation would only confirm stereotypes I knew others had about us. I feared it would add to the feeling - perceived if never really articulated - that my family had not really assimilated.

One night over dinner, my father made an English grammar mistake and I snapped: "How have you let your English get so bad, Papi. No wonder you can't get a job."

My mother immediately came to his defense, scolding me for being so disrespectful. Where was this spite coming from? At some point during my 15 years living in the United States, I had learned to become ashamed of my own father. I had bought into the idea that his deeply accented and imperfect English made our family less worthy than others.

At some point during my 15 years living in the United States, I had learned to become ashamed of my own father.

Reading the news these past few weeks, I am realizing just how deeply the roots of that shame extend down into our culture. A few weeks ago, a white woman eating at a Mexican restaurant in West Virginia insulted the manager after she heard him speak Spanish, saying "English is our first language, so you need to speak English. Get the f--- out of my country." In February, the management of an apartment building in Houston sent a resident a letter asking her to speak "English Only" in the building's lobby. Vox recently reported that two women in Montana have sued U.S. Border Patrol after being detained simply for speaking Spanish at a gas station.
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Incidents like these have been surfacing all year.

According to a survey by Pew Research, nearly four in 10 Latinos say they experienced some kind of harassment related to their ethnicity in 2018. The Guardian reported last year on a woman kicked out of a Florida UPS for speaking Spanish, and last May a video of attorney New York Aaron Schlossberg threatening to call Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) on two employees speaking Spanish to each other at a restaurant went viral.

This is not simply the opinion of an ignorant few. As respected newsman Tom Brokaw argued on MSNBC in January: "Hispanics should work harder at assimilation." (He apologized.)

All this paranoia, to be clear, is completely unnecessary: Research from the Public Policy Institute of California shows that around 96 percent of second-generation immigrant children speak English well. By the third generation, the PPIC says 96 percent of people from all immigrant backgrounds report not speaking any other language other than English at home.

Though I have thankfully never experienced anything as extreme as the racist incidents above, that dinner with my father back in high school made clear that I had still deeply internalized the message motivating them: Perfect English was the ideal, and speaking Spanish was neither necessary nor, really, desirable. Just a few days ago, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a sitting congresswoman, was mocked by conservative commentators for the way she pronounces her own name.

These cases all illustrate the deep resentment and even paranoia that has surfaced around Spanish/English bilingualism. Clearly, too many U.S. citizens view Spanish mostly through a lens of suspicion and disdain.

Clearly, too many U.S. citizens view Spanish mostly through a lens of suspicion and disdain.

This prejudiced perspective also misses the huge opportunity of bilingualism. More people speak Spanish in the United States than even in Spain, but as a Latinx friend put it recently, "In the United States we may speak Spanish, but we are not a Spanish-speaking country." There is no pride in Spanish/English bilingualism, even though several studies have proven the many cognitive benefits of speaking two languages: increased focus, better problem-solving skills, delaying the onset of dementia and even a link to higher levels of empathy.

Carmen Fought, a linguistics professor at Pitzer College, recently told the Los Angeles Times that "prejudice against Spanish is not about Spanish the language; it's about the people who speak Spanish." When I think about that incident with my father now, I realize so much of it had to do with my own self-hate. My outburst was not about my father's brief unemployment or his minor mistakes, but about my own anxious obsession with proving that our family was good enough to live in the United States.

As children of immigrants in this country, Latinx people are told that to succeed, we no longer need to remember our family's culture. We are told the words that matter most are the words our ancestors can't understand. As Puerto Rican writer Jonathan Marcantoni argued in a piece for Latino Rebels, "How can you expect people to carry on traditions and maintain their culture, when you all but tell them they have to abandon the old ways in order to fit in and achieve the American Dream?"

These days, I am no longer interested in that definition of immigrant success. As I try to unlearn my own internalized xenophobia, I am not interested in anyone who does not want to see the magic immigrants like my father create in two languages.

During the holidays, when my brother and I sat down together to research our retirement plans, we both got lost in the language of finance we both couldn't speak. In that moment, we recalled an image we both had as kids of our father: him, hunched over the business section of the newspaper, learning everything he could. Somehow, my father taught himself the stock market in English and navigated his finances in a way my brother and I to this day cannot understand on our own. As adults, we now stand in awe of what my father has accomplished. My father came to this country with dreams and achieved every single one of them - heavy accent and errors and all. I am learning to see this family legacy now as a mesmerizing gift.

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Opinion | How the U.S. taught me that my Spanish was shameful

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In 2001, in the midst of a recession, my father lost his job. I watched with frustration as he struggled to apply to positions he was far overqualified for; selfishly, I did not want to be known around school as the girl with the unemployed dad.

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Este artículo describe el idioma español para enviar mensajes de texto. En muchos idiomas, mensajes de texto han creado "taquigrafía", que son formas más pequeñas para decir palabras más grandes. En español, q se olvida. por ejemplo, "quiero" se convierte en "kiero" y "aqui" se convierte en "aki".

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hla amig@s

Can't understand what your Spanish friends are saying online?

Learning to read and write in Spanish isn't as easy as it used to be.

In this world of tweets and text messages, you'll need to learn Spanish text slang to follow what's going on.

Contents

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Common Spanish Text Slang

Here's a table of some of the most common Spanish text slang. If this looks a bit intimidating, don't worry: we'll go into the "rules" for writing text slang in Spanish later!

Why You Need to Learn Spanish Text Message Slang

It's not just to keep up with the cool kids.

There are several practical reasons learning Spanish text slang is useful for anyone.

Cutting down on characters will save you money on texts in the long run. Your friends will also be glad to no longer receive your four-message-long essays. If you've ever had several messages "beep" in quick succession on your phone, you know how annoying this can be.

You can simply say less in your messages, or you can use fewer characters to say the same thing. I think you'll agree that the second option is more appealing.

Even if don't regularly write text messages in Spanish, Spanish text slang is used across social media sites like Facebook and Instagram, as well as messaging services like WhatsApp. Using and understanding this slang will make you sound like an authentic member of the Spanish-speaking community.

Which you are, of course. Right?

Deciphering all those signs and symbols can be a fun way to use the Spanish you already know in a new way.

The Characteristics of Spanish Text Message Slang

Omitting letters

Like in English, omitting vowels is one of the easiest way to shrtn wrds. Genial becomes , for example.

Losing consonants works too. Ahora is often written as

But of course, it's not always just a simple case of getting rid of the vocales.

Switching letters

Another Spanish text slang characteristic is switching letters. For example, the letters and both change to , so quiero becomes , aquí becomes and quién becomes .

As you've seen, x is another letter that's used a lot in Spanish text slang. usually symbolizes , so por favor (please) becomes P orque and ¿ por qué? (because and why) become and respectively.

As por and para are similar (though sadly not exactly the same!), para becomes . Para qué? (another version of "why?" or "what for?") becomes

The third and final way you can use the x in Spanish slang is to replace . For example, mucho becomes and chau becomes .

Abbreviations

In English, we have FYI, LOL, ROFL and various other abbreviations. In Spanish, there are plenty of phrases that work in a similar way. Te quiero mucho becomes or for example.

A basic chat message might start like this:

In "normal Spanish," this means:

Have lots of in the middle while you chat about silly things and have fun. To "laugh" in Spanish, you can use , or .

An end to a chat might look something like this, assuming you guys like each other:

The "normal Spanish" translation for this one looks like:

You can also end a text with bst (which means besito or "little kiss" in English) and a scattering of emoticons won't hurt matters either.

It's important to note that some Spanish speakers, especially young people, may use the English phrases instead of the Spanish equivalent. For example, they might use LOL (laugh out loud) or OMG (oh my God) in their English forms, since most people already know what they mean in English.

Numbers Used in Spanish Text Slang

In English, we might end a text with "cul8r." We can also say something is gr8! The same concept of using letters for the way they sound applies to Spanish words.

For example, what do you think means? Salutwo? No, remember, that we're speaking Spanish here so 2 is pronounced dos. So salu2 means saludos!

There you go. You can now send greetings to people in your text messages.

Other phrases using numbers are:

You could end your text message with: Tqm xa 100pre. That would mean, te quiero mucho para siempre or "I love you forever." Or simply end with salu2, to play it a bit cooler.

Symbols Used in Spanish Text Slang

Symbols can also be used in fun ways to make phrases. If you want to say me da igual (I don't mind), for example, you could choose between MDI, me da = and . (Remember that = is pronounced igual in Spanish.)

The phrase más o menos is used a lot in Spanish to mean "so, so," "sort of" or "kind of." Mathematical symbols are used here ( más = plus, menos = minus) so the phrase becomes: " + 0 - " (Yes, you read that right.)

You might have also noticed that some Spanish speakers use the @ sign in words like amig@s or chic@s.

This isn't just to look cool, but rather it's a way of representing that the friends or people could be boys or girls, (where they'd usually be either amigos or amigas) and making Spanish more gender neutral. Got that, + o -?

You'll also notice that, to save space, the upside-down question and exclamation marks aren't used in Spanish text slang.

Practicing Spanish Slang in General

So there you have it! You should be able to impress your Spanish-speaking friends and bombard them with messages, hashtags and threads. And, of course, your text messages will be much shorter now.

Next on your list should be spoken slang. That's basically like audio text messages, right? Okay, maybe that's a stretch. But if you want to sound natural in Spanish, it's always a good idea to learn some common slang actually used by Spanish speakers.

One way to learn useful Spanish slang is on FluentU, where you can hear it used through Spanish videos like movie clips, music videos and vlogs.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

And One More Thing...

If you've made it this far that means you probably enjoy learning Spanish with engaging material and will then love FluentU.

Other sites use scripted content. FluentU uses a natural approach that helps you ease into the Spanish language and culture over time. You'll learn Spanish as it's actually spoken by real people.

FluentU has a wide variety of videos, as you can see here:

FluentU brings native videos within reach with interactive transcripts. You can tap on any word to look it up instantly. Every definition has examples that have been written to help you understand how the word is used. If you see an interesting word you don't know, you can add it to a vocab list.

Review a complete interactive transcript under the Dialogue tab, and find words and phrases listed under Vocab.

Learn all the vocabulary in any video with FluentU's robust learning engine. Swipe left or right to see more examples of the word you're on.

The best part is that FluentU keeps track of the vocabulary that you're learning, and gives you extra practice with difficult words. It'll even remind you when it's time to review what you've learned. Every learner has a truly personalized experience, even if they're learning with the same video.

Start using the FluentU website on your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes or Google Play store. Click here to take advantage of our current sale! (Expires at the end of this month.)

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124 Spanish Text Slang Terms for Smooth Messaging (Plus Useful Tips) | FluentU Spanish Blog

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Spanish text slang has its own rules that are pretty similar to those of English. If you have a hard time deciphering those messages your Spanish-speaking friends send you or want to be able to communicate with them via social media, check out this post for a complete list of text slang in Spanish.

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Este artículo tiene máximas en inglés. Las máximas son dichos que dicen una verdad general sobre la vida. Generalmente son cortos y tienen dos partes. Además, este artículo dice que se transmiten de boca en boca. Este artículo también dice que la estructura habitual de una máxima es contrastar dos cosas.

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Maxim, proverb, gnome, aphorism, apothegm, sententia―all of these terms mean essentially the same thing: a short, easily remembered expression of a basic principle, general truth or rule of conduct. Think of a maxim as a nugget of wisdom―or at least of apparent wisdom. Maxims are universal and testify to the commonality of human existence.

"It is often difficult to tell whether a maxim means something, or something means maxim." - Robert Benchley, "Maxims from the Chinese"

Maxims, you see, are tricky devices. As Benchley suggests in his comic chiasmus, they generally sound pretty convincing at least until a contrary maxim comes along. "Look before you leap," we say with conviction. That is, until we remember that "he who hesitates is lost."

Examples of Dueling Maxims

English is full of such contrary proverbs (or, as we prefer to call them, dueling maxims):

"The bigger the better" / "Good things come in small packages."

"What's good for the goose is good for the gander." / "One man's meat is another man's poison."

"Birds of a feather flock together."/ "Opposites attract."

"Actions speak louder than words." / "The pen is mightier than the sword."

"You're never too old to learn." / "You can't teach an old dog new tricks."

"All good things come to those who wait." / "Time and tide wait for no man."

"Many hands make light work." / "Too many cooks spoil the broth."

"Absence makes the heart grow fonder." / "Out of sight, out of mind."

"It's better to be safe than sorry." / "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."

As William Mathews said, "All maxims have their antagonist maxims; proverbs should be sold in pairs, a single one being but a half truth."

Maxims as Strategies

But then, we might ask, what is the nature of proverbial truth? In his essay "Literature as Equipment for Living," rhetorician Kenneth Burke argued that proverbs are "strategies" designed for "dealing with situations"--for "consolation or vengeance, for admonition or exhortation, for foretelling." And different situations call for different proverbs:

The apparent contradictions depend upon differences in attitude , involving a correspondingly different choice of strategy . Consider, for instance, the apparently opposite pair: "Repentance comes too late" and "Never too late to mend." The first is admonitory. It says in effect: "You'd better look out, or you'll get yourself too far into this business." The second is consolatory, saying in effect: "Buck up, old man, you can still pull out of this." ( The Philosophy of Literary Form, 3rd edition, Louisiana State University Press, 1967)

Maxims in an Oral Culture

In any event, the maxim is a handy device, especially for people in predominately oral cultures--those that rely on speech rather than writing to pass along knowledge. Some of the common stylistic features of maxims (features that help us remember them) include parallelism, antithesis, chiasmus, alliteration, paradox, hyperbole and ellipsis.

The Rhetoric of Aristotle

According to Aristotle in his Rhetoric, the maxim is also a persuasive device, convincing listeners by conveying an impression of wisdom and experience. Because maxims are so common, he says, "They seem true, as if everyone agreed."

But that doesn't mean that all of us have earned the right to use maxims. There's a minimum age requirement, Aristotle tells us:

"Speaking in maxims is appropriate to those older in years and on subjects of which one is experienced, since to speak maxims is unseemly for one too young, as is storytelling; and on matters in which one is inexperienced it is silly and shows lack of education. There is an adequate sign of this: country folks are most inclined to strike maxims and readily show themselves off." ( Aristotle On Rhetoric : A Theory of Civic Discourse, translated by George A. Kennedy, Oxford University Press, 1991)

Finally, we might keep in mind this bit of proverbial wisdom from Mark Twain: "It is more trouble to make a maxim than it is to do right."

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Maxim, proverb, gnome, aphorism, apothegm, sententia ―all of these terms mean essentially the same thing: a short, easily remembered expression of a basic principle, general truth or rule of conduct. Think of a maxim as a nugget of wisdom―or at least of apparent wisdom. Maxims are universal and testify to the commonality of human existence.

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Esta es una breve lista de homónimos muy populares en español. Los homónimos son dos palabras que suenan igual pero se escriben de manera diferente y significan cosas diferentes. Estos son comunes en español en palabras con y sin acentos. Por ejemplo, el y él tienen significados diferentes y se escriben de manera diferente, pero suenan casi exactamente igual.

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Un antónimo es una palabra que quiere decir lo contrario de otra palabra.
Este sitio web enumera algunos antónimos en español. Hay tres tipos de ellos en español. Primero, hay antónimos graduados, que se encuentran entre los extremos. Luego, están los antónimos complementarios, que son exactamente opuestos. Finalmente, hay antónimos recíprocos. Estas palabras no pueden existir sin la otra.

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Spanish antonyms are just like their English counterparts-they include adjectives, nouns, and verbs that allow you to express opposite ideas.

In fact, they're the opposite of Spanish synonyms.

Actually, you could say that synonyms are the antonyms of antonyms.

(You see what I did there?)

In this blog post, I cover the fascinating world of Spanish antonyms. I explain in detail what they are, why you should learn about them, and what types of Spanish antonyms exist. Furthermore, I share a long, comprehensive list of Spanish antonyms divided into adjectives, nouns, and verbs.

What Are Spanish Antonyms?

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, an antonym is "a word of opposite meaning."

Opposite of what? You may ask, and you have a point, as the concept of "opposition" can only be understood as "opposition to something."

The same dictionary tries to clarify its definition with the following example:

"The usual antonym of good is bad."

And there you have a crucial characteristic of antonyms: they come in pairs, just as synonyms do.

Good is the antonym of bad, in the same way and proportion as bad is the antonym of good.

Spanish antonyms work in the exact same way: bueno is the antonym of malo, just as malo is the antonym of bueno.

Why You Should Learn About Spanish Antonyms

Most importantly, learning Spanish antonyms helps you to improve your vocabulary.

Every new Spanish word you learn is a step closer to total fluency and makes it just a bit easier to express your thoughts to others.

What's more, studying Spanish antonyms helps you to understand the concepts or realities that they describe. For instance, bueno and malo describe the concept of calidad or "quality," while the antonyms frío (cold) and caliente (hot) describe the concept of temperatura (temperature). This way, the use of antonyms can build your vocabulary to describe the variations of a concept or reality.

You may have noticed that more than once I've mentioned the word "describe" in relation to antonyms and that's because, in many cases, antonyms are adjectives. So, learning Spanish antonyms also helps you to master Spanish adjectives.

3 Types of Spanish Antonyms

While English grammar accepts the existence of only two types of antonyms ( graded and complementary), Spanish antonyms include a third category: reciprocal antonyms.

Let's take a look at each to give you a better idea of what you're dealing with.

1. Graded Antonyms

Graded antonyms allow you to express different shades of opposition to another term. For example, the adjectives "lukewarm," "cold," and "frozen" are graded antonyms to "hot."

Let's see them in Spanish:

caliente - tibio, frío, helado.

2. Complementary Antonyms

These antonyms are mutually exclusive-meaning that when one exists, the other ceases to exist.

For example, if you're young, you can't be old. And when you get old, you cease to be young.

Other good examples of complementary antonyms are "single" and "married," "alive," and "dead."

In Spanish:
joven - viejo soltero - casado vivo - muerto
3. Reciprocal Antonyms

With reciprocal antonyms, one of the words cannot exist without the other. For example, "buying" and "selling," or "giving" and "receiving."

In Spanish:
comprar - vender dar - recibir
Antonym Pairs

Learning some of the most common and useful pairs of Spanish antonyms will dramatically improve the quality of your conversations!

This section is organized into three categories:

Spanish Antonyms as Adjectives

Using Spanish antonyms as adjectives helps you to describe things and people (also known as nouns in grammar), which make them helpful words to know that always come in handy.

Spanish Antonyms as Nouns

Learning Spanish antonyms as nouns is a bit more complex as they require dealing with concepts, which tend to be more abstract than adjectives.

On this list, I don't include nouns that have already been covered as adjectives. (For example, I omit bien - mal or "good - evil" as I covered them previously.)

Spanish Antonyms as Verbs

Finally, let's explore some useful pairs of antonym verbs.

Practicar - Olvidar

"To practice - to forget." While these verbs aren't exactly antonyms, they prove an important point! If you practice your newly learned Spanish antonyms, you'll keep growing your Spanish vocabulary and will improve your understanding of adjectives and nouns. If you don't practice what you've just learned, you'll quickly forget this lesson and everything about Spanish antonyms.

So, the question is, what are you going to do?

Sign up for a free class with one of our certified, native Spanish-speaking teachers from Guatemala, and start using Spanish antonyms in your conversations today!

Ready to learn more Spanish grammar and vocabulary? Check these out!

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Spanish antonyms are just like their English counterparts-they include adjectives, nouns, and verbs that allow you to express opposite ideas. In fact, they're the opposite of Spanish synonyms. Actually, you could say that synonyms are the antonyms of antonyms. (You see what I did there?)

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Esta es una caricatura en inglés que muestra la deixis. Deixis son palabras que son generales, como "allí", "ellos" y "mañana". Para conocer su significado, debes usar claves de contexto en la oración. Estas palabras no se pueden entender por sola.

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La Evolución de Español en los Estados Unidos

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La Evolución de Español en los Estados Unidos

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Este es un blog sobre cómo ha evolucionado el español en los Estados Unidos. Durante los últimos cuarenta años, el español se ha vuelto cada vez más popular en los Estados Unidos. Dado que el idioma más hablado en los Estados Unidos es el inglés, los dos idiomas se mezclan. Esto ha llevado a la creación de un dialecto del que ya hemos hablado en clase, Spanglish. Además, este artículo habla sobre cómo en los Estados Unidos, el formal usado se usa menos.

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Over the past several decades, as the number of Spanish-speakers in the United States has risen sharply, the language itself has come to change and evolve. While it may not come as a surprise to most people, driving through places like Miami, Southern California, and many parts of New York City, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, you might feel as if you've found yourself smack dab in the middle of Central or South America. However, what many people may not realize is that the rapidly shifting demographics that have seen the population of Latinos/Hispanics grow from 9.6 million in 1970 to nearly 58 million by 2016 has also seen exponential growth in rural America. In places like Wilder, Idaho, in the heart of rural America, the Latino population has grown such that it has reached a majority of nearly 76% of the population.

With these changes in demographics, the growth of the Spanish language has closely followed. There are now more than 50 million speakers of Spanish in the United States, including native speakers, heritage speakers, and second language speakers. This has made the United States the country with the second largest number of Spanish speakers in the world, next only to Mexico. Furthermore, with the wide geographic distribution of Spanish speakers in the United States, as well as the diverse origins of those speakers, the variety of Spanish spoken in the United States has been evolving as well.

Of course, this should come as no surprise, as languages constantly evolve, and the dialects and regional varieties of Spanish are no exception. While some may assume that the two major varieties of Spanish are "Castilian" from Spain and "Latin American" Spanish, this would be a somewhat simplistic understanding.

While it is true that there are some key similarities in the Spanish spoken in Latin America versus Spain (such as the use of the 3 rd person plural pronoun ustedes in Latin American versus vosotros in Spain), it is certainly not homogenous. There are also significant differences among the varieties of Spanish spoken in Latin America that have developed over time as a result of contact environments, migration (both internal and external), and rural-urban linguistic polarization.

For example, the use of the 2 nd person singular pronouns t ú, usted, and vos differ greatly throughout Latin America. Many Spanish speakers in Latin America have also adopted vocabulary from the indigenous populations in their respective regions, such as aguacate, jitomate, nixtamal, and tlacuache in Mexican Spanish, or guata (stomach) in Chilean Spanish. In Colombian Spanish, a tinto is a coffee, whereas it refers to a type of red wine in other Spanish speaking countries. And, finally, the use of the voseo in Chilean Spanish (and conjugation of the t ú form of verbs) differs greatly from other Spanish dialects in South America.

The above examples represent just a tiny sampling of the linguistic differences found in the varieties of Spanish spoken throughout Latin America. Invariably, these many dialects found their way to the way to the United States over many years, and as Spanish-speaking communities have become less isolated over time and mixed with other Spanish speakers of different origins, these dialects have come to influence each other.

Of course, the greatest influence on the Spanish in the United States has been the English language. Not only has Spanish spoken in the United States taken on many English loanwords, but has developed its own sociolect, known as "Spanglish." Spanish, however, is far from a standardized dialect given that it varies greatly from region to region and even community to community. For example, some versions of "Spanglish" are more Spanish-predominant, while others are more English-predominant.

Spanish language media in the United States has also played a significant role in the evolution of the language. The proliferation of Spanish-language radio grew significantly beginning in the 1920s and has evolved into hundreds of Internet media outlets targeted at Spanish speakers in the United States and major television broadcast networks such as Univisión and Telemundo. While mass media has significantly contributed to this new "dialect," however, Spanish in the United States is still far from homogenous.

Given the fact that the Spanish language has become so pervasive in the United States, and has been evolving so rapidly, it even has its own regulatory body, the Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española (North American Academy of the Spanish Language). The ANLE's primary mission is "the study, elaboration, and implementation of the normative rules of the Spanish of the United States of America." The ANLE also closely tracks the continued influence of English on Spanish in the United States and the use of "Spanglish."

In the coming years, as the Latino/Hispanic population continues to grow, along with an increase in heritage and second language speakers of Spanish, the language will continue to evolve and change and grow even more distinct from its linguistic siblings in Spain and Latin America.

Furthermore, to continue to serve the needs of the many Limited English Proficient (LEP) and non-English speaking immigrants from Spanish-speaking countries, businesses and governments will also continue to need the services of qualified Spanish translators and interpreters. There will also be an even greater role for Spanish translation and interpretation providers that are not only adept in the form of Spanish spoken in their native countries, but also in the unique variety of Spanish now spoken in the United States, and where the U.S. is the native country for so many now.

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Evolution of Spanish in the United States - Affordable Language Services

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Over the past several decades, as the number of Spanish-speakers in the United States has risen sharply, the language itself has come to change and evolve. While it may not come as a surprise to most people, driving through places like Miami, Southern California, and many parts of New York City, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, you might feel as if you've found yourself smack dab in the middle of Central or South America.

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Este sitio web trata sobre la edad de oro de España. Esto fue desde el siglo XVI hasta principios del siglo XVIII. Comenzó debido al viaje de Cristóbal Colón al "nuevo mundo" y fue básicamente el renacimiento en España. Tuvo muchas mejoras en el arte y la literatura.

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Spanish Golden Age - History of Spain - don Quijote

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Find out information about the Spanish Golden Age (1492-1659). Columbus, Velazquez and Cervantes were a few human contributors to the Golden Age in Spain.

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Esta es una tabla que muestra las diferentes pronunciaciones entre el latín vulgar y el latín clásico. Esta tabla no es muy útil para mí porque no entiendo todos los símbolos. Aún así, esta es una tabla interesante porque los sonidos latinos vulgares están más cerca del español. El latín vulgar fue un puente entre el latín clásico y el español.

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Esta es una foto de Alfonso X de Alemania. Se le atribuye haber establecido el español como lengua internacional y estandarizado. Fue rey de León y Castilla (que ahora son partes de Francia y España) desde 1252-1284. Además, fue brevemente el rey de Alemania. Promoté el aprendiendo y la amistad entre religiones. En todos sus consejeros reales, había muchas religiones de la gente.

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Esta es una lista de verbos como gustar. Estas palabras son únicas porque no las conjugamos como normal; se dice que están al revés. En lugar de que el pronombre de objeto indirecto cambia el verbo, es el verbo que está haciendo el trabajo. La única cambia entre el sujeto es el pronombre (le, me, te) y la cantidad (gustan vs gusta).

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Esta imagen muestra el orden en que decimos los adjetivos cuando hay muchos adjetivos para un sustantivo. Este orden se usa principalmente subconsciente, y el gráfico es sobre inglés, pero creo que las mismas reglas se aplican en español. Los adjetivos en los círculos exteriores se usan primero (como opiniones) y los adjetivos de círculos más pequeños en la parte inferior se usan en el último lugar (como material).

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Esta cita tiene las reglas sobre dónde poner adjetivos en oraciones en español. El orden de las palabras es importante porque hay algunos adjetivos que siempre van antes de las palabras. Estos son adjetivos de calidad (lo mejor), números, orden (primero, segundo), adjetivos posesivos (mi, tu, su) y una característica inherente (nieve fría). Además, hay algunos adjetivos que cambian de significado cuando se usan antes o después del sustantivo (el hombre gran vs el gran hombre)

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Firstly - what's an adjective?
An adjective is a describing word. The word which describes a noun - a thing. So that includes all colours, size, opinion, origin etc.

DID YOU KNOW...

...that in English the order of adjectives is really clear, & although we might not be aware of the rule, if someone uses them out of order it sounds really weird!

The order we use in English is as follows:
Opinion; size; physical condition; shape; age; colour; origin; material; purpose.

So we can have an unusual, big, dirty, round, old, black, French, wooden coffee table.

Try saying them out of order - it just doesn't sound right!

Guess what? Apart from nearly all adjectives going after the noun in Spanish, if you use several you can use them in any order you like!

Just remember that if you have two together, you need 'and' in between them, and a longer list will have commas in between them until you get to the last two.

He's wearing dirty old jeans - Lleva vaqueros sucios y viejos

He's wearing long, dirty, old jeans - Lleva vaqueros largos, sucios y viejos.

As I said though, nearly all adjectives go after the noun. So that obviously means that some go before the noun. Some of those must go before the noun, some can go before or after, & some change the meaning of the sentence depending upon where they are.
Adjectives which always go before the noun
This is the most useful group to try to remember. If it isn't in this group, then it goes after the noun, or it doesn't make a difference - so put it after the noun & you can't go wrong!

cardinal numbers - uno, dos, tres etc.
ordinals - primer, segundo, tercer etc.

possessive adjectives - mi, tu, su etc.

Quantity words - bastante, suficiente, demasiado
best - mejor

worst - peor

Quality words - those which describe an inherent characteristic, although in other contexts will go after the noun

El frío hielo - it's a characteristic of ice that it's cold

Los pies fríos - it isn't a characteristic of the feet
Adjectives which change the meaning with their position
These, when placed before the noun, give the sentence a subjective meaning, perhaps an opinion, but when placed after the noun, give a factual or objective meaning

This isn't all of them, but they should help give you an idea.
antiguo
El antiguo armario - the old fashioned cupboard

El armario antiguo - the antique cupboard
viejo
Mi vieja amiga - my long-standing friend
Mi amiga vieja - my elderly friend
nuevo
Su nuevo coche - his new (to him) car

Su coche nuevo - his brand new straight from the factory car
pobre
Esa pobre familia - that poor family, in the sense that they're going through a bad time, not necessarily financially.

Esa familia pobre - that poor family, in the sense that they are financially poor.
grande
Un gran edificio - a great building

Un edificio grande - a big building
medio
una media pizza - half a pizza

una pizza media - an average, or medium sized pizza
Adjectives which can go either side of the noun without changing the meaning
A long heading - but only two adjectives!
bueno malo
Just remember that you need to change them for gender & number, & that when used before a singular masculine noun, the 'o' is dropped, to become buen & mal.

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ADJECTIVE ORDER IN SPANISH - Learn Aprender

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Firstly - what's an adjective? An adjective is a describing word. The word which describes a noun - a thing. So that includes all colours, size, opinion, origin etc. DID YOU KNOW... ...that in English the order of adjectives is really clear, & although we might not be aware of the rule, if someone uses [...]

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Este es una tabla que explica los diferentes tipos de frases en español. Cada una de las frases lleva el nombre del núcleo de la oración (los sustantivos son sintagma nominal). Para encontrar el núcleo, debe buscar frases que sigan el orden de la tabla. Porque una oración puede tener muchas frases, puede haber más de un tipo de sigtagmas en la oración.

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Usos de "Se" y Usar "Se" con Pronombres de Objeto Directo

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Usos de "Se" y Usar "Se" con Pronombres de Objeto Directo

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Estas son mis notas de mi otra clase de español sobre cuándo usar "se" como un pronombre de objeto indirecto. Al final del documento, tomo notas sobre otro uso de "se", que es cuando no sabemos quién está haciendo una acción. A esto "se"es impersonal, y es solo uno de los muchos usos que tiene.

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Esta es una página de Wikipedia sobre tantums singulares y plurales. Estas son palabras cuyas terminaciones no coinciden con la cantidad de algo. Los tantums singulares no tienen un sonido plural, pero significan muchas cosas. Por ejemplo, el polvo es singular (el) pero hay más de una parte de polvo. Los tamtums plurales son lo contrario; decimos el plural cuando solo hay uno. Por ejemplo, decimos buenos tardes cuando solo hay un tarde.

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A plurale tantum (Latin for "plural only", plural form: pluralia tantum) is a noun that appears only in the plural form and does not have a singular variant for referring to a single object. In a less strict usage of the term, it can also refer to nouns whose singular form is rarely used.

In English, pluralia tantum are often words which denote objects that occur or function as pairs or sets, such as spectacles, trousers, pants, scissors, clothes, or genitals. Other examples are for collections which, like and , cannot conceivably be singular. Other examples include , jeans, outskirts, , riches, surroundings, thanks, and heroics.

In some languages, pluralia tantum refer to points or periods of time (for example, Latin 'calends, the first day of the month', German Ferien 'vacation, holiday') or to events (for example, Finnish häät 'wedding' and kasvot 'face'). In some cases there is no obvious semantic reason for a particular noun to be plurale tantum. The Hebrew מַיִם ( mayim) 'water', Chichewa madzí 'water', Dutch hersenen 'brain', Swedish pengar and Russian den'gi (деньги) 'money' are pluralia tantum.

A bilingual example is the Latin word , which was brought into English; when referring to the symbol of authority, it is a plurale tantum noun in both languages.

In English, some plurale tantum nouns have a singular form used only attributively. Phrases such as "trouser press" and "scissor kick" contain the singular form, but it is considered nonstandard to say "a trouser" or "a scissor" on their own. That accords with the strong preference for singular nouns in attributive positions in English, but some words are used in the plural form even as attributive nouns, such as "clothes peg", "glasses case" - notwithstanding "spectacle case" and "eyeglass case".

In English, a word may have many definitions only some of which are pluralia tantum. The word "glasses" (a set of corrective lenses to improve eyesight) is plurale tantum. In contrast, the word "glass"- either a container for drinks (a count noun) or a vitreous substance (a mass noun)- may be singular or plural. Some words, such as "brain" and "intestine", can be used as either plurale tantum nouns or count nouns.

The term for a noun which appears only in the singular form is singulare tantum (plural: singularia tantum), such as the English words information, dust, and wealth. Singulare tantum is defined by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary as " Gram. A word having only a singular form; esp. a non-count noun." Such nouns may refer to a unique singular object (essentially a proper noun), but more often than not, they refer to uncountable nouns, either mass nouns (referring to a substance which cannot be counted as distinct objects, such as milk) or collective nouns (referring to objects which may in principle be counted but are referred to as one, such as popcorn or Arabic تُوت tut ' mulberry'). Given that they do not have a number distinction, they may appear as singulare tantum in one language but as plurale tantum in another. Compare English water to the Hebrew plurale tantum, מַיִם ( mayim).

In English, such words are almost always mass nouns. Some uncountable nouns can be alternatively used as count nouns when meaning "a type of", and the plural means "more than one type of". For example, strength is uncountable in Strength is power, but it can be used as a countable noun to mean an instance of [a kind of] strength, as in My strengths are in physics and chemistry. Some words, especially proper nouns such as the name of an individual, are nearly always in the singular form because there is only one example of what that noun means.

Pluralia tantum vary arbitrarily between languages. For example, in Swedish, a pair of scissors is just en sax (literal translation "one scissor"), not a plurale tantum; similarly, in French, a pair of trousers is 'un pantalon'.

In some other languages, rather than quantifying a plurale tantum noun with a measure word, special numeral forms are used in such cases. In Polish, for example, "one pair of eyeglasses" is expressed as either jedne okulary (one- plural glasses- plural) or jedna para okularów (one- singular pair- singular glasses- genitive plural). For larger quantities, "collective numeral" forms are available: troje drzwi (three doors), pięcioro skrzypiec (five violins). Compare them to the ordinary numeral forms found in Polish: trzy filmy/pięć filmów (three films/five films)

The Russian деньги ( den'gi money) originally had a singular, ( den'ga), which meant a copper coin worth half a kopeck.

The Yiddish word kreplach is a well known example of a plurale tantum that is also plural only in other languages into which it is borrowed, 'one of the kreplach' would be איינער פון די קרעפּלאַך (eyner fun di kreplakh).

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A plurale tantum (Latin for "plural only", plural form: pluralia tantum ) is a noun that appears only in the plural form and does not have a singular variant for referring to a single object. In a less strict usage of the term, it can also refer to nouns whose singular form is rarely used.

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Esta es una tabla de palabras derivadas. Estas son palabras que comienzan de otras palabras. Sus terminaciones, o sufijos, las convierten en otro tipo de palabras. En esta tabla, hay la palabra pan. Si agrega un sufijo, se convierte a panadero (persona). Si tienes otro sufijo, se convierte a una panadería (lugar).

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Palabras que no coinciden el género y pronombre

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Palabras que no coinciden el género y pronombre

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En español, la mayoría de las palabras que terminan en "a" son femeninas y la mayoría de las palabras que no son masculinas, pero hay algunas excepciones. Esta imagen es una broma que se refiere a cómo se categorizan los sustantivos en español. La razón por la que algunos sustantivos son femeninos cuando suenan masculinos y viceversa es por el origen de la palabra. Por ejemplo, decimos "la disco" porque es una versión más corta de "discoteca" que termina en a.

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Este video explica qué son los morfemas. Los morfemas son la unidad más pequeña del lenguaje que no se puede dividir en partes más pequeñas. En la mayoría de las palabras con más de una sílaba, hay muchos morfemas o partes. Pueden estar al principio (raíz) o al final (sufijo).

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Todos los sustantivos en español se les asigna un género. No todas las personas se identifican con un género. Esta es una página que tiene algunas sugerencias neutrales al género para referirse a personas no binarias en español. Creo que esto es interesante porque tengo un profesor de español sin binario.

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Gender neutral language in Spanish is more difficult than gender neutral language (also called gender inclusive language) in some other languages, because its grammatical gender is pervasive, and it has no true neutral grammatical gender, at least not in standard usage. See the main article on gender neutral language for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for nonbinary people.

Spanish has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Like other Romance languages, it's very difficult to talk about a person in a gender-neutral way. This is because every adjective, noun, and article are all either masculine or feminine. It's difficult or even impossible to be completely gender-neutral in standard Spanish. However, feminists, LGBT people, and other activists today have made ideas for how to speak Spanish in a gender-neutral way when necessary. For example, it's now common for people to write "Latinx," "Latine" or "Latin@" as a gender-inclusive version of "Latino" and "Latina". For more information, see Wikipedia's article: Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese. (Example)//

* They/he/she

I guess if they're cool with it. * Em/him/her

Let's tell em then. * Theirs/his/hers

Hey it's theirs. * Pers/his/her

That's pers. * Perself/himself/herself

They will do it perself.

* Elle/he/she

Elle ya sabe. (They already know)

* Elle/him/her

Es elle. (That's em)

* Elle's/pers

Eso es de elle. (That's pers)

* Sí misme/Elle misme/himself/herself (even the "self" suffix is gender polarized in Spanish: "Sí mismo/Sí misma or Él mismo/ Ella misma).

Preparó el café para sí misme. (Made that coffee to perself) Elle misme se hizo eso. (They did that to perself)

Other Ideas

* Le/La/El

Le Joven

* Bonite/Bonita/Bonito Elle es bonite por dentro y por fuera. (They're pretty both out and inside). * Hermose/Hermosa/Hermoso Qué hermose eres (You are so handosme) * Linde/Linda/Lindo Tan linde que quiero llorar. (So cute that I'm going to cry). * Guape/Guapa/Guapo Hoy está muy guape. (They look handsome today) *Liste/Lista/Listo. Es demasiado liste para su propio bien. (They're too smart to be good to perself)

* Both "o" and "a" at the end of the words it's what let you know the specific gender for that case. In order to take gender out of the language, those vocals are replaced either by "e", "x" or "@". With time pass, the "e" solution has become the mainstream way to play, 'cuz it's the only of those options that can be actually used while speaking.

*There are some neutral-gender pronouns in Spanish that were not made for non-gendering speaking (as it's the "e" solution above), and can be pretty useful in various situations.

*There's also a common mistake among spanish speakers on the use of "la" or "lo" as the article for indirect complement, which shall be "le", the neutral one. This mistake is a consecuence of the use of those articles for the direct object.

*"Suyo". Means both his and hers. Ese muñeco es suyo. (That toy is theirs)

In Spanish, many nouns and adjectives end in either a masculine -o or a feminine -a. These same letters are also used in the grammatical gender of the definite articles. For example, niño bueno ("good boy") and niña buena ("good girl"); los amigos ("the friends," if the group has at least one man, or isn't known to be all women, although this can be used in a gender-neutral sense) and las amigas ("the friends," but only if the group is all women). Many people who want gender-neutral options for Spanish have had ideas for substituting these letters with something else that would make a word gender-neutral. These non-standard proposed alternatives are:

@. In this use, the "at" symbol is meant to look like a mix of a masculine o and a feminine a letters. For example: niñ@ buen@ ("good child"), l@s amig@s ("the friends" with no assumptions about their genders), Latin@ ("Latino/Latina"). It can be pronounced as "ao". It's one of the most commonly used in this list. It would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ell@.

æ. The "AE" character stands for an alternative to the O and A. For example: niñæ buenæ, læs amigæs, Latinæ. It can go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellæ.

Ⓐ. The anarchy symbol happens to look like a mix of an O and A, and some radical political writings use it in their place, in the sense of rebellion against gender roles and other oppressive aspects of society.For example: niñⒶ buenⒶ, lⒶs amigⒶs, LatinⒶ. Like the more common @, this would also be pronounced "ao".

e. The letter E represents an alternative to the O and A. For example: niñe buene, les amigues, Latine. Many nouns and adjectives already end in -e, so it can sound natural to create new -e versions. A few words would need spelling changes to keep the pronunciation the same: if the E comes after a C, the C becomes "qu" (chico - chique); after G, it becomes "gu" (gallego - gallegue). The neutral E would go with with the proposed neutral pronouns elle or ele.

i. The letter I is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñi bueni, lis amigi, Latini. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun elli.

u. The letter U is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñu buenu, lus amigus, Latinu. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellu.

x. The letter X represents the absence of either O or A. It's one of the most commonly used in this list, and is intuitive in writing, but can't be pronounced in Spanish. For example: niñx buenx, lxs amigxs, Latinx. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellx. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.

Standard Spanish articles have binary gender as well as number. The indefinite articles are un, unos, una, unas. The definite articles are el, los, la, las. People have come up with some gender-neutral alternatives to these.

Like other languages in the Romance family, Spanish doesn't normally have neutral pronouns. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are sensitive about LGBT, gender, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ella, and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ello (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. These new, neutral pronouns include:

elle. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.

ellx. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the most common of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.

ell@. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".

ele. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun él ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be elles.

ell*. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the splat *e pronouns in English, which work by the same idea.

ellæ. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.

ell_. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.

elli. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.

ellu. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.

ol. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be olles. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ol.

-le or ele and les, elles

While "le" and "les" are already used as indirect object pronouns, in these cases they cover all genders. The use of "le" as a direct object pronoun or "ele" as a pronoun match the -e ending. "Ele" could turn into "elles" just as "él" becomes "ellos" and "ella" becomes "ellas".

-ol and oles (articles, objects), ól and olles (pronouns)

Agender indicators.

In Spanish, every noun is either female or male. None have a truly "neutral" grammatical gender. There are some kinds of nouns that come close to being gender-neutral in some ways: epicene nouns, common gender nouns, ambiguous gender nouns, and newly-made neutral or genderqueer nouns.

Some words, regardless of their own grammatical gender, are used for men and women alike, without changing the word's ending. Its article stays the same, too. (However, when these nouns are used for women, it's now acceptable in standard Spanish to optionally change to the feminine article.) These words are epicene (epiceno). This is the closest that standard Spanish gets to gender neutral language.

Some signs that a word is epicene:

Some words that end in -o or -a are epicene, you can't tell by looking at them. Also, be warned that some nouns ending in -a are only for men, such as cura, "priest".

Words with the epicene -ista ending, which is used for occupations and people who do things. This is with the exception of modisto, "male fashion designer".

A list of some epicene nouns in conventional Spanish:

ciclista = cyclist

el cliente = client, but a female client can be la clienta.

el dentista = dentist of any gender, but a female dentist can be la dentista.

el especialista = specialist

el estudiante = student of any gender, but a female student can be la estudiante.

el esposo = spouse. This is masculine and can mean husband, but it can also mean a spouse of any gender.

Jefe = boss of any gender, the gendered difference would be determined by use of an article; "El Jefe," or "La Jefa" for masculine and feminine respectively. However, using "un" = a, "mi" = my, or "ele" would neutralize the gender.

el padre = parent. This is masculine and can mean father, but it can also mean a parent of any gender. "Tengo dos padres" can mean "I have two parents" or "I have two fathers."

la persona = person

el personaje = character

turista = tourist

la víctima = victim.

There are also words with a "common gender" ( común), meaning that the word itself stays the same whether it's applied to a man or woman, but its article changes gender to match the binary gender of the person to whom it is applied.

Some signs a noun is common gender:

Many end in -e, in standard Spanish.

Some end in -o or -a, so they look masculine or feminine.

A list of some common gender nouns in conventional Spanish:

Some words in Spanish aren't consistent in what grammatical gender they have. They've been used as feminine or masculine words depending on the place and time period. They may have one conventional version, plus an alternative gender that is used poetically or in archaic language. These words are rare. There are only about a hundred of them. They still mean the same thing even when their gender changes. (Unlike, say, la cometa "kite" and el cometa "comet.") They're called ambiguous nouns ( nombres ambíguos en cuanto al género).

People have created new, non-standard nouns. Some are gender-inclusive (can be used for men, women, and nonbinary people). Some are only for people who identify as nonbinary or genderqueer.

One non-standard method for forming gender-inclusive and nonbinary nouns is by letter substitution, which is described above. This creates words such as:

abuel@ or abuele = grandfather/grandmother/grandparent

espos@, espose = husband/wife/spouse

herman@, hermane = brother/sister/sibling

novi@, novie = boyfriend/girlfriend/datemate

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Gender neutral language in Spanish is more difficult than gender neutral language (also called gender inclusive language) in some other languages, because its grammatical gender is pervasive, and it has no true neutral grammatical gender, at least not in standard usage.

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Aunque a menudo se confunden, la fonética y la fonología son cosas diferentes. Sé que los estudiamos en clase, pero todavía no entendí la diferencia hasta que investigué. La fonética son los sonidos. Es lo que dices y escuchas. La fonología es cómo se forman esos sonidos. Es qué partes de la boca se usan y cómo.

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Un beneficio de un alfabeto fonético estándar es para las personas que quieren cantar en un idioma diferente que no conocen. Algunas canciones puede traducir fonéticamente para los cantantes, por lo que no tienen que saber qué significan las palabras o el idioma para cantar la canción. Este video explica algunos sonidos diferentes para cantantes.

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Diction for Singers A Complete Guide to IPA  What are vowels, and how are they shaped when singing?

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Existe una forma estándar para escribir los sonidos de las palabras en todos los idiomas. Esto es nuevo para mí porque aunque estamos estudiando fonética en español, había pensado que este sistema del sonidos cambiaba para todos los idiomas. Este sistema está estandarizado y está hecho por la Asociación Fonética Internacional.

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Un profesor está cambiando la fonética para las personas ciegas

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Un profesor está cambiando la fonética para las personas ciegas

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Un profesor de lingüísticas en la Universidad de Rice en Houston notó que la versión braille de las reglas fonéticas no se ha actualizado para 75 años. Esto es la IPA, alphabeto fonetica internacional.  No siempre estuvo estandarizado, pero él está trabajando para hacerlo estándar. Un problema es que no hay muchos lingüistas ciegos.

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A set of symbols known as the International Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used to determine what speech sounds like. The IPA is used for nearly 7,000 languages around the world. If you've encountered pronunciation guides online, you've used the IPA.

But the Braille version of the IPA hadn't been updated for 75 years. That is, until a Houston-area professor made it his mission to change that.

Robert Englebretson is chair of the Linguistics Department and a professor at Rice University. He says discrepancies between the print version of the IPA and the older Braille one had become severe by the time he got involved in the project. And differences between U.S. Braille and British/European Braille made the discrepancies even greater.

"There frankly aren't that many Braille readers who are in the fields of linguistics or speech sciences, and maybe it just wasn't on anyone's radar," Englebretson says.

For Englebretson, updating the Braille version of the IPA was a matter of personal and professional interest. He's both a linguistics professor and a Braille reader, who didn't have access to an updated IPA when he began his linguistics studies.

"When I was trying to keep up with my coursework in phonetics and linguistics, I would sort of have to be innovating my own Braille symbols as we worked along," Englebretson says. "And I think a number of blind and visually-impaired linguists were doing the same thing. So we couldn't really share our work with one another. It wasn't always standardized."

Englebretson analyzed the various Braille versions of the IPA to determine what could be modernized to create the new system. He then shared his draft update with linguistics students around the country who were Braille users.

"By publishing this system, and by publicizing it both in the professional journals, and in Braille-related areas, we hope that it will empower more students to pursue their interests in... linguistics, or speech language pathology, or vocal pedagogy, or any of the various areas that use the IPA," Englebretson says.
Written by Shelly Brisbin.

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A Rice Professor Made It His Mission To Modernize The Phonetic Alphabet For Braille Readers

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A set of symbols known as the International Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used to determine what speech sounds like. The IPA is used for nearly 7,000 languages around the world. If you've encountered pronunciation guides online, you've used the IPA. But the Braille version of the IPA hadn't been updated for 75 years.

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¿El lenguaje da forma a nuestra forma de pensar? Relatividad lingüística y determinismo lingüístico

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¿El lenguaje da forma a nuestra forma de pensar? Relatividad lingüística y determinismo lingüístico

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La relatividad lingüística es la idea que la percepción de las personas sobre el mundo, incluyendo lo que es importante y lo que no es importante, se forma de acuerdo a su lenguaje. La estructura del habla, la forma en que se dicen las palabras, y los sinónimos de estas palabras contribuyen a la percepción del mundo de una persona. Esta teoría es de Benjamin Whorf en la década de 1930.

¿Cuál es la razón por la que la gente no cree en la hipótesis?
a) dicen que el lenguaje se trata de cultura
b) dicen que la comprensión se trata de cultura
c) dicen que no es un científico
d) no es un científico

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Does language shape how we think? Linguistic relativity & linguistic determinism -- Linguistics 101

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El "spanglish" es una mezcla de español e inglés que a veces se habla en áreas donde muchas personas conocen ambos idiomas. Puede usar reglas gramaticas y palabras de cualquier idioma. Esto es parte de la lingüística porque se usa conversacionalmente pero no formalmente y es combina los dos idiomas.

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Hanibiko "Koko" fue una gorila que vivió de 1971 a 2018. Es famosa por aprendido una forma de lenguaje de señas, en la que podía comunicar con más de 100 señas diferentes. Este experimento demuestra que mientras la lingüística se limita a los humanos ahora, puede que no lo sea en el futuro.

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La lingüística computacional es un nuevo estudio en lingüística que enseña lenguajes para copmutadoras. Es como programar la gramática y las definiciones en una computadora. Esto es importante en inteligencia artificial porque si una computadora no sabe la significa de una palabra, no podría hacer nada con esa palabra.

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Computational Linguistics: Crash Course Linguistics #15

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Don Quijote es una novela escrita por Miguel Cervantes. Se publicó originalmente en 1605. Se trata de un hombre de La Mancha España que está obsesionado con las novelas románticas. Él piensa que el mundo que lo rodea ya no es caballeroso y comienza un viaje para convertirse en un caballero.

Pregunta: ¿Qué Don Quijote intenta demostrar en su misión?
a) su inocencia
b) que la caballerosidad no está muerto
c) que la gente es mala
d) que él es el rey legítimo