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By: Sofia Sherzoy

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There are two major ethnic groups, Punjabis and Pashtuns who live near the Durand Line. Punjabis are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, while Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. Afghanistan governs all the Pashtuns on one side of the Durand line, while Pakistan governs all the Pashtuns on the other. This causes more conflict in their boundary disputes. The Pashtuns on the Pakistan side of the border made up more than half of the Pashtun population, but are now under the control of the Punjabis, which makes them very angry. The Durand Line endures suicide bombs, air strikes, or street fighting almost everyday.

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From the very beginning of the Durand Line, it caused lots of controversy by dividing communities and creating a set of territories within the Northwest Frontier Province that remained under British sovereignty but outside of its colonial administration. The Afghan government never accepted the Durand line as an international border. However, Pakistan wants the Durand Line to constitute an international border with Afghanistan.

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The Durand Line caused early conflicts between the governments of Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire, especially after the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Axon Afghan War when Afghanistan's capital city, Kabul, and Jalalabad were bombed by the British Royal Air Force. After this, Afghan rulers reaffirmed treaties to accept the Indo-Afghan frontier.

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The Durand Line is viewed by many Afghans as an arbitrary and nonsensical reflection of geography, history and culture, is an existential issue for Pakistan. Recent Pakistani attempts to establish fences and borders posts along the disputed border have met with stiff resistance from Afghanistan. The Durand Line is established in the Hindu Kush in 1893 running through the tribal lands between Afghanistan and British India, marking their respective spheres of influence.

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The Durand Line is the 2,640-kilometer border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It was the result of an agreement between a secretary of the British Indian government, and the ruler of Afghanistan. The agreement was signed on November 12th, 1893, in Kabul, Afghanistan. It served as the official border between two nations for more than one hundred years, but it has caused controversy for the people who live there.

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https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/durand-line/
-https://afghan-institute.org/the--durand-line-history-consequences-and-future/#:~:text=From%20the%20very%20beginning%20the,line%20as%20an%20international%20border.
https://www.mei.edu/publications/durand-line-british-legacy-plaguing-afghan-pakistani-relations