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Resava Cave or Resavska Cave is a cave near Jelovac in eastern Serbia, about 20 kilometres from Despotovac. It is one of the largest cave systems in Serbia, with the corridors about 4.5 kilometres long. Wikipedia

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Niška Banja is a town and one of five city municipalities which constitute the city of Niš. It is also one of the spa resorts in Serbia. It is located 9 kilometres east of Niš. According to 2011 census, the population of the town is 4,380, while the population of the municipality is 14,098. Wikipedia

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The fascinating Tupavica Waterfall is settled in a vicinity of Dojkinci village at 1050 m above the sea level and represents the fairy tale image of nature and a hidden jewel in the heart of Stara planina. It is reachable only by the SUV or on foot, down the road that follows the flow of Dojkinac River. There are four bridges on this road which are not on the river, but on its tributaries.

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Silver Lake or Srebrno Lake is an oxbow lake along the right Danube bank in the Braničevo region in eastern Serbia, near the town of Veliko Gradište. It is a popular tourist resort. Wikipedia

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Lake Palić is a lake 8 kilometres from Subotica, near the town of Palić, in Serbia. It covers an area of 3.8 square kilometres. The average depth of the lake is 2 metres. Wikipedia

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WATERFALL VELIKI BUK,  Lisine, Strmosten

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WATERFALL VELIKI BUK,  Lisine, Strmosten

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One amazing place. Sound of waterfall is just breathtaking. You can stand there and admire it or take some photos. There are also good restaurants, so you may have lunch or cup of coffee. Near by you may find source of river called Lisine.

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The Balkan mountain range is a mountain range in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. The range is conventionally taken to begin at the peak of Vrashka Chuka on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia.

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Zlatibor is a town located at namesake mountain in the municipality of Čajetina, western Serbia. As of 2011, the population of the town is 2,821 inhabitants. It is a popular tourist resort in Serbia. By road and rail it is connected with Užice and Nova Varoš.

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Uvac is a river in Serbia that flows between the Zlatibor and Zlatar mountains and represents the southern border of the Zlatibor mountain and the northern border of the Zlatar mountain. HPP Kokin Brod (20 MW) and HPP Uvac (31 MW) and three artificial reservoirs were built on it: Uvačko (Sjeničko), Zlatarsko and Radoinjsko.
The river rises southeast of Jadovik, and reaches Zlatar near the village of Ojkovice, where it receives its tributary Tisovica. From there it flows past the villages of Negbine, Buradje, Sjeništa, Dobroselica and Jablanica, receiving many tributaries. The larger ones are: Šupljica (flows into the Uvac in Negbina), Rasnički potok (flows into the Draglica) and Dobroselički and Saranski potok (flows into the Dobroselica). Because of its mostly inaccessible canyons, there are many monasteries in the village of Uvac. There are the recently restored Uvac and Dubrava monasteries, but there were also many others, which do not exist today, such as the legendary Janja monastery, sung in the folk song Miloš in Latin as one of the most important endowments of Nemanjići. It is believed that today's Uvac monastery is located on Janja's place.
Uvac is the main tributary of the river Lim. The last few kilometers, the river Uvac represents the border between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. border of Priboj and Rudo municipalities. Part of the Belgrade-Bar railway passes through the Uvac river. That part is a disputed territory and belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In Uvac itself, there are the villages of Štrpci, the Uvac settlement near the Uvac border crossing. Since ancient times, Uvac has been known by the people as the border between Serbia and Turkey, during the time of Miloš Obrenović, "uduts" were placed there, which would remain until the end of the First Balkan War in 1912. Historically, it is known that in 1690 the Zbegs crossed over Pribojska Banja, then descended over Crni Vrh to the Uvac crossing and further towards Zlatibor and the north. For a long time, the forests were full of "people's defenders" bandits, and later robbers and murderers, who were destroyed by the decisive actions of serdar Jovan Mićić and the people's authorities.

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Zlatar Lake is an artificial lake located among the mountains of Zlatibor and Zlatar 15 km from the town of Nova Varoš. The lake was created in the 1960s after the construction of a dam on the Uvac river, and covers an area of 7.25 square kilometers and reaches a maximum depth of 75 meters.

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Šar-Planina National Park is located in parts of Štrpce, Prizren, Suva Reka and Kačanik municipalities in Kosovo and Metohija.
It was founded in 1986 and the area of ​​the national park is 22,805 ha. The national park was established to preserve: various forms of glacial (cirques, moraines, glacial lakes, etc.), periglacial (snow cirques, sliding blocks, microforms of tundra mosaic with debris, etc.), karst and fluvial relief; hydrological objects and phenomena (river courses, springs, streams, marshes and lakes); forest and high mountain vegetation and their habitats (communities of munika, molica, krivka, tresave and high green, etc.); habitats and populations of wild flora (King Alexander's warbler, Nikolic's shot, bornmiller, Sharplanin carnation, etc.) and fauna, especially rich fauna of diurnal butterflies, birds (peregrine falcon, great grouse, rock partridge, fart, Balkan long-eared lark), mammals ( snowy and Dinaric vole, brown bear, wolf, chamois, etc.); landscapes with a number of characteristic features; numerous buildings of cultural heritage originating from the medieval Serbian state (monasteries of St. Archangel, St. Peter Koriški, St. Bogorodice and churches of St. Nicholas, St. Petka, St. George, etc.) and the protection and preservation of memorials.

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Kopaonik National Park is located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Serbia. Due to its natural values, in 1981 Kopaonik was declared a national park. The Kopaonik National Park covers an area of 11,810 ha and, in terms of the number of endemic species, represents one of the most important biodiversity centers of Serbia's endemic flora.
Kopaonik is the most widespread fragmented forest-pasture zone in central Serbia. On the higher parts, there is a coniferous forest of spruces and firs, and on the sides a forest of beech and oak. It is located in the central part of Serbia.
698 hectares are under special protection of the National Park - separated into: 11 nature reserves and 26 natural monuments, 12 geomorphological, 6 geological, 8 hydrological and 15 objects classified as immovable cultural assets.

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Đerdap National Park is the largest national park in Serbia, located in the northeastern part of Serbia, right on the border with Romania. Following the course of the Danube, it stretches for 100 kilometers on its right bank, from Golupac to Karataš near Kladovo, where there are zones with different protection regimes for natural objects, cultural monuments, fauna and vegetation of relict species.
The total area of ​​the National Park is 93,968 hectares, and the protection zone covers 63,786.48 ha. The main natural phenomenon of this area is the grandiose Đerdap Gorge through which the Danube River flows.
It includes a narrow forested hill-mountain belt, 2 to 8 km wide along the Danube, which rises above the Danube from 50 to 800 meters above sea level.
Đerdap National Park is also called a river national park, since a significant part of Đerdap is the Danube, and the largest and longest gorge in Europe, the marvelous Iron Gate, a wild botanical garden and the largest European archaeological museum in nature.
Specific historical development, a very favorable Djerdap climate, a complex network of gorges, canyons and deep coves, make this area stand out as a unique European reserve of tertiary flora, vegetation and fauna.

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The Tara National Park covers an area of 22,000 hectares on the highest part of Tara Mountain and is located on the territory of the municipalities of Bajina Bašta and Užice, in the western part of the Republic of Serbia.

Rivers such as Beli Rzav, Rača, Derventa created deep gorges and canyons on the limestone bedrock. In addition, there are sinkholes, caves and bays. In this way, refuges were created where a rich flora and fauna has been preserved to this day. The great heterogeneity of the relief, the diversity of the geological base, the wetter climate and the warm limestone habitats, caused the creation of numerous forest ecosystems of a very complex composition with a large number of relict and endemic species that represent real natural values and rarities.

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Fruška Gora National Park, Zmajev trg, Čerević

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Fruška Gora National Park, Zmajev trg, Čerević

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Fruška Gora National Park, Zmajev trg, Čerević

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National park featuring hiking trails through fields, orchards & forests, plus endangered wildlife.

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A sub-range of the great Sudetes Mountains that run for hundreds of kilometers along the Polish-Czech border in the South, the Owl Mountains represent one of the country’s more off-the-beaten-track natural highlights.

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Wolinski National Park is located at the mouth of Oder River, in the North-Western Poland (Szczecin voivodship), close to the Polish-German border. It protects highly valuable north-western part of the Wolin Island. The Park was established in 1960 on the area of 4844 ha. It was extended in 1996 by incorporating 1 nautical mile broad belt of Baltic coastal waters in the north and delta of Swina River. Inclusion of the part of Pomeranian Bay and inner salt waters of Szczecin Bay has made the Woliński National Park the first maritime park in Poland. The total area of the Park today is 10 937 ha, of which forests covering 4530 ha (41%). 6 forest communities of a total area of 165 ha (1,5%) are under strict protection.

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The highest waterfall in the Polish part of Karkonosze Mountains. Its threshold is situated at the altitude of 843 m above sea level. The waterfall forms a three-level cascade 27 m high falling to the gorgeous Kamieńczyk Gorge. The gorge is about 100 m long with vertical, rocky walls reaching over 25 m in height while its width at some parts is less than 4 meters.

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The Dunajec River Gorge (Polish: Przełom Dunajca) runs through the Pieniny Mountains in the south of Poland and the north of Slovakia (as Dunajec is the border river between the two countries in the area). The gorge is characterized by some of the most interesting geological and geomorphological structures and area-specific natural ecosystems with little anthropogenic influence.

Dunajec Gorge is also one of the best-known tourist attractions in the Pieniny Mountains. Wooden raft trips have been organized daily by Pieniny Gorals since the early 19th century — when their customers consisted mostly of guests of nearby Niedzica and Czorsztyn castles.

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Maczuga Herkulesa (Hercules Club) is a tall (30 meters) limestone stack situated in Ojców National Park near Pieskowa Skała, north of Kraków in southern Poland. Its name, in Polish, means the "cudgel (or bludgeon) of Hercules", due to its distinctive shape.

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Bory Tucholskie is one of the biggest forest complexes in Poland. In 2010 it was designated by UNESCO as Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve.

The region attracts all kinds of nature lovers - there are countless forest paths and about 900 lakes! There are also many unique species of flora and fauna, some of them endangered (e.x. Drosera, Lycopodiophyta, Nymphaea alba). Tuchola Forest is perfect for birdwatching - capercaillie, heron, crane, eagle owl are examples of typical inhabitants of those vast forests.

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Bory Tucholskie

Jezioro Żabinek w rezerwacie Jezioro Ciche w centralnej części Borów Tucholskich

kompleks leśny

Państwo

Polska

Powierzchnia

ok. 300 000 ha

Obszary chronione

Rezerwat Biosfery Bory Tucholskie
Park Narodowy Bory Tucholskie
Bory Tucholskie

Położenie na mapie Polski

53°49′20,77″N 17°54′51,63″E/53,822436 17,914342

| Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Bory Tucholskie (kasz. Tëchòlsczé Bòrë, niem. Tucheler Heide) – jeden z największych kompleksów borów sosnowych w Polsce. Zajmuje ok. 3 tys. km² sandru w dorzeczu Brdy i Wdy oraz Równiny Tucholskiej i Równiny Charzykowskiej[1]. Od lasów tych wziął nazwę również mezoregion fizycznogeograficzny Bory Tucholskie znajdujący się we wschodniej części kompleksu oraz szereg powierzchniowych form ochrony przyrody: park narodowy, rezerwat biosfery, obszar Natura 2000, a także leśny kompleks promocyjny. Bory Tucholskie dały również nazwy jednostkom różnych systemów podziału geobotanicznego, np. okręg Borów Tucholskich w systemie Szafera i Zarzyckiego lub dzielnica Borów Tucholskich w systemie Mroczkiewicza.

Terytorium Borów Tucholskich zamieszkane jest przez rdzenną ludność - Borowiaków Tucholskich, a także Kaszubów, Kociewiaków oraz Krajniaków[2].

Środowisko geograficzne[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Bory Tucholskie rosną przeważnie na piaskach sandrowych Równiny Tucholskiej i Charzykowskiej, wchodząc nieco na obszar południowej części Pojezierza Kaszubskiego. Rzeźba terenu ukształtowana została przez ostatnie zlodowacenie. Oprócz sandrów występują pagórki morenowe, rynny, wydmy, wytopiska i doliny rzeczne. Liczne są wśród borów jeziora, w tym 40 przekraczających powierzchnię 1 km². Głównymi rzekami Borów są Brda i Wda, mniejsze cieki to Kłoniecznica, Zbrzyca, Czerska Struga, Młosienica, Mątawa.

Gleby są na ogół ubogie, piaszczyste klas IV – VI, jedynie w okolicach Czerska, Brus i Śliwic występują gleby klasy III.

Klęski żywiołowe[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Obszar Borów Tucholskich wielokrotnie dotykany był klęskami żywiołowymi. W XIX wieku należały do nich przede wszystkim pożary, w XX wieku – masowe gradacje strzygoni choinówki czy brudnicy mniszki. W XXI wieku dołączyły do nich trąby powietrzne – np. 14 lipca 2012 zniszczonych zostało 550 hektarów lasów, głównie w nadleśnictwie Trzebciny[3], gdzie tornado pozostawiło po sobie pas połamanego lasu o długości 14 km i kilkuset metrów szerokości[4]. 11/12 sierpnia 2017 jeszcze większe szkody poczyniła wichura i nawałnica m.in. w nadleśnictwach Rytel, w którym zniszczeniu uległo niemal 8 tysięcy hektarów lasu (połowa areału leśnego)[5] oraz Lipusz, gdzie powalonych zostało ponad 6 tys. ha lasu - ekwiwalent około 2 mln metrów sześciennych drewna (taką ilość drewna pozyskiwało się na tym obszarze przez 20-25 lat). W powiecie chojnickim śmierć poniosło 5 osób[6][7].

Flora[edytuj | edytuj kod]

W przeszłości na obszarze Borów Tucholskich dominował w drzewostanie buk wraz z sosną. Rosły tu też liczne drzewa liściaste, głównie dęby, graby, osiki i lipy. Nasilająca się od XVII wieku rabunkowa gospodarka leśna i późniejsze zalesianie wyłącznie sosną (np. w roku 1893 ponad 99% lasów na obszarze powiatu tucholskiego obsadzona była tym gatunkiem)[8] spowodowały, że obecnie Bory są obszarem monokulturowym sosny, jedynie na zboczach nad Wisłą występują w lasach gatunki ciepłolubne, a na obszarach wylesionych wrzosowiska. Zarastające rynny jeziorne zamieniły się w torfowiska lub urodzajne łąki. Na torfowiskach występują dość licznie żurawina błotna, bagno zwyczajne, liczne gatunki mchów i torfowców.

Fauna[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Teren Borów Tucholskich zamieszkuje wiele różnorodnych gatunków zwierząt. Występuje licznie zwierzyna – jelenie, sarny, dziki, lisy, pojawiają się (szczególnie podczas ostrych zim) wilki. Nad rzekami występują bobry. Spośród ptaków, z gatunków rzadkich występują bielik, rybołów, żuraw zwyczajny, łabędź niemy, cietrzew, głuszec, sokół wędrowny, czapla siwa, kruk, puchacz, bocian czarny i inne.

Ochrona przyrody[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Znaczna część borów, jezior i mokradeł wchodzi w skład obszarów Natura 2000 Bory Tucholskie (PLB220009), Wielki Sandr Brdy (PLB220001) i kilku mniejszych oraz rezerwatu biosfery Bory Tucholskie. Lasy Państwowe na części obszaru Borów powołały Leśny Kompleks Promocyjny Bory Tucholskie. W północno-wschodniej części kompleksu w 1996 r. został utworzony Park Narodowy Bory Tucholskie o powierzchni 4613,05 ha (otulina o powierzchni 12 981 ha). Na jego terenie rośnie głównie sosna zwyczajna.

Parki krajobrazowe[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Na terenie borów i okolic utworzono kilka parków krajobrazowych:

Tucholski Park Krajobrazowy

Wdecki Park Krajobrazowy

Wdzydzki Park Krajobrazowy

Zaborski Park Krajobrazowy * Nadwiślański Park Krajobrazowy.

Rezerwaty przyrody[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Na obszarze Borów Tucholskich znajduje się wiele rezerwatów przyrody.

Bagno Grzybna

Utworzony 18.03.1980 na pow. 6,26 ha, obejmuje typowe zespoły roślinne torfowisk wysokich i mszar – ostoja zwierzyny leśnej. Stanowisko żurawia popielatego.

Bagna nad Stążką

Rezerwat o pow. 677,88 ha, chroni największe w Borach Tucholskich torfowisko niskie. Siedlisko wielu gatunków ptaków, w tym żurawia.

Bór Chrobotkowy

Uznano za rezerwat przyrody obszar lasu o powierzchni 41,50 ha, położony w gminie Brusy. Celem ochrony jest zachowanie ze względów naukowych i dydaktycznych klasycznie wykształconego boru chrobotkowego z rzadką i unikalną florą porostów.

Cisy nad Czerską Strugą

Utworzony 26.03.1982 r. na pow. 17,19 ha jako leśny rezerwat przyrody. Obejmuje stanowiska cisa pospolitego, pochodne z samosiewów i z nasadzeń z XIX wieku.

Cisy Staropolskie im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego

Rezerwat położony w Nadleśnictwie Zamrzenica, o powierzchni około 37 ha. Największe skupienie cisów w Europie. Cisy w ilości ok. 4000 sztuk występują tam wśród starych sosen, dębów, lip, grabów, brzóz, jaworów i olch. Teren rezerwatu był chroniony przez leśników od przeszło stu lat. Cisy rosnące w rezerwacie są w różnym wieku i o różnej średnicy. Najgrubszy, nazywany cisem Chrobrego ma obwód w pierścienicy 250 cm. i pamięta zapewne czasy Bolesława Chrobrego, a może i jeszcze wcześniejsze. W latach 1926 do 1935 cisowy las był natchnieniem dla jednego z największych malarzy polskich, Leona Wyczółkowskiego. Największy zbiór jego prac inspirowanych widokami leśnymi można oglądać w muzeum w Bydgoszczy.

Czapli Wierch

Rezerwat położony nad Jeziorem Słonym, w celu zachowania fragmentu starego boru sosnowego naturalnego pochodzenia. Nazwa pochodzi od kolonii czapli siwej, której gniazda usytuowane są od kilkudziesięciu lat w koronach starych drzew, rosnących wzdłuż brzegów jeziora. Ochroną objęto powierzchnię 5,26 ha. Wiek rosnącej sosny określa się na 200 lat.

Dolina Rzeki Brdy

Rezerwat położony na terenie gmin Tuchola, Gostycyn oraz Cekcyn. Utworzony w 1994r. w celu ochrony walorów przyrodniczo-krajobrazowych doliny rzeki Brdy (głazowiska, skarpy, urwiska, zróżnicowane zbiorowiska leśne). Do najcenniejszych fragmentów zalicza się uroczysko Piekiełko.

Dury

Rezerwat ścisły w nadleśnictwie Osie, tworzy go grupa 4 małych jeziorek dystroficznych wraz z nabrzeżnymi pasami roślinności torfowej oraz torfowiska porośnięte sosną o ogólnej powierzchni około 11ha. Roślinność wodna, zarastająca jeziorka, jest bardzo skąpa. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje występowanie na kępach zbudowanych z torfowców żurawiny drobnoowockowej.

Jeziorka Kozie

Utworzony 18.05.1984 r. na pow. 12,30 ha – obejmuje 4 śródleśne jeziorka dystroficzne z zespołami torfowisk przejściowych. Liczne stanowiska roślin chronionych, miejsce występowania licznych płazów i gadów.

Jezioro Małe Łowne

Bory Tucholskie - rzeka Prusina

Rezerwat chroni obszar lasu, bagien, jezior o powierzchni 37,83 ha w gminie Chojnice. Celem ochrony jest zachowanie ze względów naukowych i dydaktycznych roślinności charakterystycznej dla torfowisk przejściowych i wysokich borów bagiennych, wilgotnych oraz świeżych z występującymi tu gatunkami roślin chronionych.

Jezioro Zdręczno

Utworzony został 26.03.1982 r. na pow. 15,74 ha – obejmuje silnie zarastające eutroficzne jezioro i zespół torfowisk. Rozwijają się tu zespoły chronionych roślin wodnych oraz pła dywanowego i mszaru kępkowo – dolinkowego.

Kręgi kamienne

Rezerwat archeologiczno – przyrodniczy w nadleśnictwie Czersk, nad rzeką Wdą. Zespół kamiennych kręgów, o niezupełnie wyjaśnionej funkcji. Pochodzi z okresu rzymskiego (I, II i III wiek n.e.). Kręgów kamiennych było zapewne 19, do dziś zachowało się 12. Zbudowane zostały z dużych głazów wokół jednego lub dwu kamieni środkowych. Kręgi kamienne są również cenne pod względem przyrodniczym, ponieważ rośnie na nich zespół złożony z około 50 gatunków ciekawych i rzadkich mchów i porostów, zbliżonych bardzo swym charakterem do flory pierwotnych moren.

Kuźnica

Rezerwat leśny w nadleśnictwie Warlubie o powierzchni około 7 ha. Rezerwat od wsch. graniczy z jeziorem Rumacz. Został on utworzony dla zachowania w celach naukowych fragmentu boru wilgotnego wyrosłego w specjalnych warunkach glebowych i wilgotnościowych.

Osiny

Rezerwat ścisły w nadleśnictwie Warlubie, torfowisko o powierzchni ok. 21 ha. Z rzadszych roślin występują: bagnica torfowa, przygiełka biała, modrzewnica zwyczajna, rosiczka okrągłolistna i niektóre rzadkie rośliny z rodziny storczykowatych.

Szczerkowo

Rezerwat częściowy w nadleśnictwie Osie, leśnictwie Sobiny, o powierzchni około 76 ha. Rezerwat chroni drzewostan liściasty, należący do typu grądów. Rośnie tam jarząb brekinia.

Ustronie

Utworzony 23.06.1958 r. na pow. 3,87 ha jako leśny rezerwat przyrody – obejmuje fragment naturalnego lasu z udziałem jarząbu brekinii. Pozostałość dawnych drzewostanów liściastych. Występuje kilka zespołów leśnych, a między innymi buczyna niżowa, ols, grąd i brzezina bagienna.

Rezerwat przyrody Mętne

Torfowiskowy rezerwat ścisły o powierzchni ok. 53 ha. Chroni zespół roślin charakterystyczny dla torfowisk przejściowych oraz brzozę niską jako zabytek tundry polodowcowej.

Źródła Rzeki Stążki

Rezerwat o pow. 250,02 ha położony w gminie Cekcyn. Celem ochrony jest zachowanie ze względów naukowych, dydaktycznych, krajobrazowych i turystycznych fragmentu doliny rzeki Stążki z jej źródłami o wyjątkowych walorach widokowych.

Zobacz też[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Leśny Kompleks Promocyjny Bory Tucholskie

Przypisy[edytuj | edytuj kod]

1. ↑ Jerzy Kondracki: Geografia Polski. Mezoregiony fizyczno-geograficzne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994. ISBN 83-01-11422-3.

2. ↑ ks. dr Bernard Sychta: Kultura materialna Borów Tucholskich. Gdańsk-Pelplin: Instytut Kaszubski, Bernardinum, 1998. ISBN 830908138-6-6.

3. ↑ Katarzyna Idczak „Trąba zrobiła swój wyręb” Express Bydgoski, 7 sierpnia 2012.

4. ↑ Dariusz Jędrzejewski 15 rowerowych krain na aktywny urlop w Polsce, National Geographic, 2013, ISBN 978-83-7596-461-5

5. ↑ Anna Dobiegała Tragedia na obozie harcerskim w Suszku. "To wyglądało jak gra komputerowa, ale nikt nie miał sześciu żyć"

6. ↑ Anna Dobiegała, Paweł Wojciechowski Burza szalała na Pomorzu. Strażacy: Pięć ofiar śmiertelnych

7. ↑ W wyniku wichury ucierpiało 6 tysięcy hektarów pomorskich lasów

8. ↑ Zmiany lesistości Borów Tucholskich w latach 1938–2000.

Bibliografia[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Janusz Umiński, Bory Tucholskie. Szlaki turystyczne, Warszawa: Wydaw. PTTK [Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno-Krajoznawczego] „Kraj”, 1988, ISBN 83-7005-114-6, OCLC 834970932.

Jerzy Kondracki, Geografia Regionalna Polski, Warszawa: Wydaw. Naukowe PWN, 2002, ISBN 83-01-13897-1, OCLC 830377558.

Linki zewnętrzne[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Strona oficjalna

Bory Tucholskie – informacje

Szlaki w Borach Tucholskich

Położenie i granice Borów Tucholskich

Wszystko o Borach Tucholskich

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Bory Tucholskie – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

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Park Krajobrazowy Orlich Gniazd Zespołu Parków Krajobrazowych Województwa Śląskiego w Będzinie. Oddział w Smoleniu, Krakowska, Pilica

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Another natural wonder in southern Poland. It forms part of Polish Jurassic Highland (also known as Krakow-Czestochowa Upland).

The specific name of this landscape park derives from numerous medieval castles built in the area. They are located on inaccessible lime hills and are compared to eagles' nests.

Eagles' Nests Landscape Park is geologically a very interesting region. The landscape is enriched with Jurrasic landforms: lime inselbergs, karst valleys and caves.

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Powierzchnia Parku Krajobrazowego Orlich Gniazd zajmuje 600 km kw., a dodatkowo otoczona jest otuliną liczącą 483 km. Obszar ten jest mocno zróżnicowany krajobrazowo i przyrodniczo. Budowa geologiczna to przede wszystkim twory jurajskie. Do charakterystycznych obiektów tutejszej przyrody nieożywionej, będących równocześnie atrakcjami turystycznymi, należą wapienne ostańce, doliny krasowe oraz jaskinie, których na terenie województwa śląskiego naliczono dotychczas przeszło pół tysiąca. W urozmaiconym krajobrazie Wyżyny znajduje się szereg różnorodnych zbiorowisk roślinnych, natomiast wśród zwierząt szczególnie charakterystycznymi gatunkami są nietoperze znajdujące schronienie w tutejszych jaskiniach, oraz rzadkie, ciepłolubne bezkręgowce. Wyjątkową atrakcją Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej są średniowieczne zamczyska, które z powodu usytuowania na skalnych, trudno dostępnych wniesieniach, otrzymały nazwę Orlich Gniazd. Większość z nich to obiekty powstałe w czasach Kazimierza Wielkiego dla obrony ówczesnej, przebiegającej niedaleko granicy Królestwa Polskiego. Większość z nich znajduje się obecnie w ruinie. Na obszarze parku leży jedna z największych w Europie warowni, zamek Ogrodzieniec w Podzamczu. Inne, najbardziej znane obiekty Szlaku Orlich Gniazd, to twierdze w Mirowie, Bobolicach, Morsku i Smoleniu. Listę tutejszych zabytków uzupełniają ponadto mniejsze fortyfikacje, pałace, a także interesujące obiekty sakralne, wśród których wyróżniają się warowne klasztory oraz kościółki. Pomysł objęcia terenów Jury ochroną poprzez stworzenie parku krajobrazowego, zrodził się w połowie XX w. Idea ta została wcielona w życie w latach 1980-82, gdy w różnych rejonach Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej utworzono kilka obszarów stanowiących tego rodzaju formę ochrony, a między innymi Park Orlich Gniazd.

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Park Krajobrazowy Orlich Gniazd - Szlak Orlich Gniazd

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Powierzchnia Parku Krajobrazowego Orlich Gniazd zajmuje 600 km kw., a dodatkowo otoczona jest otuliną liczącą 483 km. Obszar ten jest mocno zróżnicowany krajobrazowo i przyrodniczo. Budowa geologiczna to przede wszystkim twory jurajskie. Do charakterystycznych obiektów tutejszej przyrody nieożywionej, będących równocześnie atrakcjami turystycznymi, należą wapienne ostańce, doliny krasowe oraz jaskinie, których na terenie województwa śląskiego naliczono dotychczas przeszło pół tysiąca.

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Słowiński Park Narodowy. Obwód Ochronny Rąbka, szlak czerwony, Łeba

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Located on the Polish seaside in the region of Pomerania.
Slowinski National Park is one of the biggest moving sand dunes regions in Europe. The area can move for up to 10 metres per year devouring all the trees and plants on its way.

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Masurian Lakeland is located in northeast Poland and is also called The Land of Thousand Lakes. This name is no exaggeration - there are about 2600 lakes in the region! They cover almost 30% of Masurian Lake District. This fact makes Masurian lakes one of the most unique places in Poland.

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Bialowieza National Park is a unique place on the map of Europe. Located in northeast Poland, it is famous for its virgin forest - one of the last and biggest forests on our continent which has not been influenced by humans.

Numerous species of plants and animals live in Bialowieza Forest and one of the most interesting is European bision - the heaviest land animal in Europe. Bialowieza Forest has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.

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One of the best places to visit in Tatra mountains is Morskie Oko. This stunning lake can be found in the Tatra National Park and is the largest lake within the Tatra Mountains region.

Tatra mountains are the highest Polish mountain range and also belong to Carpathian mountains.

The tallest peak towering over Morskie Oko is Rysy reaching 2,499 metres above the surface. It is also the highest mountain in Poland.

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One of the best places to visit in Tatra mountains is Morskie Oko. This stunning lake can be found in the Tatra Mountains and is the largest lake within the Tatra Mountains region.

Tatra mountains are the highest Polish mountain range and also belong to Carpathian mountains.

The tallest peak towering over Morskie Oko is Rysy reaching 2,499 metres above the surface. It is also the highest mountain in Poland.

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This beautiful Polish mountain range is located on the southeast corner of Poland and forms part of Carpathian mountains. The highest peak is Tarnica, reaching 1346 metres.

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Crooked Forest, Przemysłowa, Nowe Czarnowo

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Crooked Forest, Przemysłowa, Nowe Czarnowo

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Crooked Forest, Przemysłowa, Nowe Czarnowo

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Located in Nowe Czarnowo near Szczecin, Krzywy Las (The Crooked Forest) is one of the most unique places in Poland. No one knows why the trees that are growing in the forest near Gryfino have an odd C-shape.

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It is the biggest and deepest mountain lake of glacial origin in the High Tatras, Slovakia. The maximum depth is 53 metres. Its surface remains frozen for around 270 days per year. No surface stream flows into the lake and the Hincov stream flows out of it, which after the connection with Krupa forms the Poprad river. No surface stream flows into the lake and the Hincov stream flows out of it, which after the connection with Krupa forms the Poprad river. In the autumn of 1965, two groups of divers from Ostrava and Brno came to the lake. The divers made several experimental dives on September 24, 1965, and the next day two of them managed to descend to the bottom of the lake to a depth of almost 54 meters. Another diver did not return to the surface. His body was not found until 1966.

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It is a picturesque mountain lake of glacial origin and a top tourist destination in the High Tatras, Slovakia. It is the second-largest glacial lake on the Slovak side of the High Tatras, after Large Hinc Lake. Maximum depth is 20 metres. The locals used to call it "the puddle" or "pond" in the past. It is fed by underground springs and has no visible outflow stream. Its surface remains frozen for around 155 days per year.

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Poprad Lake, once called Fish Lake, is a mountain lake of glacial origin located in the High Tatras, Slovakia. It is situated right on the Tatras arterial railway hiking path, at an altitude of 1,494 metres.
Poprad Lake is one of the most visited spots in the High Tatras and a starting point for many popular hikes including to Rysy and Kôprovský peak. Near to the lake there is a Symbolic Cemetery, built in a memory of the victims of the High Tatras.

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Travertine mound is a natural monument in the administration of the state nature protection Ponitrie. It is located in the cadastral area of ​​Santovka in the Levice district in the Nitra region. The area was declared or amended in 1958 on an area of ​​0.0140 ha. The protected area is evidence of the formation of solid rock - travertine from the acid outflow.

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Šranecké Sands is a protected area under the administration of the state nature protection of Záhorie. It is located in the military district of Záhorie in the district of Malacky in the Bratislava region. The area was declared in 2012 on an area of ​​987.59 hectares. It is part of the Záhorie Protected Landscape Area. The 3rd degree of protection applies in the area. In this area there are: thermophilic Pontic-Pannonian oak forests on loess and sand, inland Pannonian sand dunes, heaths, acid-loving pine and oak-pine forests, species of European importance and species of national importance.

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It is popularly called Holíč Stonehenge. It is an archeological site in the cadastral area of ​​the town of Holíč in the Skalica district - a roundel with megaliths. The stones form a set of stone sundials. They were arranged in two circles, with the largest stone in the centre. The larger circle with 12 stones was 23 meters in diameter. There were 8 stones in a smaller circle. Part of the stones was decorated with paintings of instruments and mythological scenes. The age of the whole sanctuary complex is estimated at about 5,500 years. The drawings on the stones date back to the Iron Age at the latest, while the stone cult building itself is much older.

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Levice Ponds is a protected area under the administration of the state nature protection Ponitrie. It is located in the cadastral area of ​​Levice in the Levice district in the Nitra region. The area was declared or amended in 1974 on an area of ​​91.8300 ha. The protected area is declared for the protection of water birds and aquatic biocoenosis for scientific research purposes.

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Driny is a limestone cave in West Slovakia in the Little Carpathians Mountains. It is located around 2 km southwest of the village of Smolenice. The cave's entrance altitude is 399 m. The first attempt to enter the cave was made by Prussian soldiers, who were camping nearby during the Austro-Prussian War. It was finally explored in 1929, and in 1934 the first 175-metre route was opened. In 1950 other parts of the cave were explored and in 1959, the cave was reopened. The cave was declared a nature monument in 1968 and became part of the newly designated Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area in 1976. Today, of the total explored length of 636 m, 550 m are open to the public.

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Bystrianska Jaskyňa, Bystrianska jaskyňa, Brezno

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Bystrianska Cave is a limestone cave located on the southern slopes of the Low Tatras Mountains, along the road towards Banská Bystrica, at the southern edge of the town of Bystrá, in the Brezno District, Banskobystrický region, in Slovakia. The old parts of the cave have been known already in the prehistoric times. the new parts have been discovered by E. and A. Hollmann and J. Kovalčík in 1926. The lower entrance to the cave was opened in 1932. About 490 metres of the cave has been made public in 1968. In the largest dome there is a memorial tablet commemorating the partisan who was shot dead by fascist soldiers directly in the cave. Aside the sightseeing tour there is a medical hall used presently for curing the respiratory diseases of children (speleotherapy).

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Vrbice Lake is a glacial lake and the largest natural lake in the Low Tatras. It lies at an altitude of 1,113 m above sea level. m. in the upper western part of the Demänovská valley. It covers an area of ​​0.69 ha, has a maximum depth of 8 m. It is a moraine lake, which was created after the retreat of the glacier from the northern slopes of Chopok and Derešov. Otupnianka flows out of the lake and the dams have been modified to ensure a constant level. On the shores of the lake there are buildings of the recreation center Jasná and from the edges it is gradually overgrown with vegetation. It has been a national natural monument since 1975. The protected area consists mainly of spruce stands with a spilled rowan. At the edge of the lake there are areas of peat bogs with hills formed mainly by species of peat bogs, grasshopper, blueberry cranberry, round-leaved sundew.

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Starohutský waterfall is a national natural monument in the Pohronský Inovec mountains and is under the administration of the Štiavnické vrchy State Nature Protection.

It is located in the cadastral territory of the village Nová Baňa in the district Žarnovica in the Banská Bystrica region. The area was declared in 1977. The subject of protection is the waterfall on a 5 m high terrain, which is located on an unnamed stream flowing into the Starohutsky stream. The wider surroundings of the waterfall are built of Tertiary volcanic rocks, represented by various types of andesite and andesite volcanoclastic.

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It is a unique aragonite cave situated in southern Slovakia, near Rožňava. Although only 300 m long, it is famous for its rare aragonite formations. There are only three aragonite caves discovered in the world so far. In the so-called Milky Way Hall, the main attraction of the cave, white branches and clusters of aragonite shine like stars in the Milky Way. The cave was discovered by Martin Cangár and Jiri Prosek in 1954 and opened to the public in 1972. Along with other caves of the Slovak Karst, it is included in the Unesco World Heritage list as a component of Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst site.

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Mičinské travertines are a national natural monument in the Poľana Protected Landscape Area. They are located in the cadastral area of ​​the village Čerín in the district of Banská Bystrica in the Banská Bystrica region. The area was declared or amended in 1979, 1992 on an area of ​​3.8320 ha. The protection zone has not been specified.

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Markus Walls is a national natural monument located in the cadastral area of ​​the municipalities of Markušovce and Odorín in the district of Spišská Nová Ves. The area of ​​the reservation is 134,400 m2, the protection zone is not specified. The protection level is number 4. The monument was declared in 1976 by the District National Committee in Spišská Nová Ves. It is currently managed by the State Nature Protection Administration of the Slovak Paradise National Park. In the NPP there is the Markus rock mushroom, 8 meters high. An educational trail leads to the rock mushroom.

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Lúčanský waterfall is a national natural monument in the TANAP area. It is located in district Ružomberok in Žilina region. The subject of protection is the protection of the naturally exposed profile of a relatively thick layer of travertines, which provided rare paleontological and archaeological finds, and the local stream creates a waterfall on it. Its relative height is 12 m. It is a very specific waterfall. Intensive foaming creates the area with flowing water into steps that grow in the direction of flow and create cascades.

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Kľacký waterfall is a waterfall in Slovakia in the Malá Fatra mountains. It is located in Lúčanská Mala Fatra, at an altitude of 990 m above sea level. This 30 m high waterfall was, as one of five in Slovakia, declared as a national natural monument in 1996. It documents the development of the landscape and the erosive activity of water. It is important from the point of view of flora, there are endangered species of malacofauna and species indicating preserved rainforest vegetation.

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Herliansky geyser is a rare cold geyser, located in the village Herľany (Košice district), in the old spa area Herľany-Rankovce. It has been active continuously since 1872, and until 1903 and 1957-2006 it was the only cold geyser in Europe. The geyser was declared a national natural monument in 1987 and has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2002. The geyser is a natural phenomenon activated by human activity (a well 404.5 meters deep). Spontaneously sprays to a height of 22 meters with a period of 34-36 hours, the eruption lasts about 25 minutes. The temperature of the sprayed water is 14-18 ° C and the water is strongly mineralized. The average yield is 25-30 liters of water per second. For its birth, the Herliansky Geyser can thank the flourishing of local spas in the 19th century, for which it was necessary to ensure sufficient healing mineral water. The then Hungarian Royal Ministry of Finance entrusted this task to the well-known mining engineer Viliam Zsigmondy, a native of Bratislava and a specialist in the exploration of mineral and utility artesian waters.

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It is a stalactite cave in Central Slovakia located on the northern side of the Kotolnica massif in the Staré Hory and Kremnica mountain ranges and south of the Veľká Fatra mountains. It is formed from Middle Triassic dark-grey Gutenstein limestone with an estimated age of 220 million years. The entrance to the cave is situated at an altitude of 821 m and 260 m above the bottom of the Harmanec valley. Local people used it as a shelter during bad weather and called it Izbica. But it was only on 22 June 1932 that the 18-year-old Michal Bacúrik discovered the cave. The cave was opened to the public in 1950, and in 1972 it was registered as a national monument. Because of the security, stable temperature and optimal humidity, many different animals live in these spaces. The most common animals are bats. In the Harmanec cave 10 bat species have been identified so far.

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Gánov travertines are a national natural site which was declared in 1972. They are located in the district of Poprad in the cadastral territory of the village Gánovce. The subject of protection of this natural site is an extremely important site of fossil fauna and flora in travertines from the last interglacial period, as well as an archeological and anthropological site. A Neanderthal brain cast was discovered here.

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It is a geologically, geomorphologically, speleogenetically and historically significant chasm in the Slovak Karst. It is located in altitude 611 m in district Rožňava. It is the 4th deepest chasm in the Slovak Karst and the 16th in Slovakia. The first known descent took place in 1911, as evidenced by the year with a short inscription on one of the walls in the bowels of the cave. In the summer of 1953, one of the largest cave expeditions in the former Czechoslovakia took place in the abyss.

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The Domica cave is situated in the Rožňava District of the Košice Region in southern Slovakia and in combination with the Baradla Cave represents the most significant section of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst cross-border cave network that continues into the Aggtelek National Park in Hungary. The site has been induced into the Unesco World Heritage list in 1995. Human presence has been documented dating back to the Palaeolithic. The cave had presumably been a casual refuge for the oldest Neolithic inhabitants of Eastern Slovakia. More than 200 reconstructed containers from sherds as well as a terrace-dug slope in a fine-grained loam on the Styx bank with imprints of stone axes are evidences of ceramics manufacture in the cave. Irons, awls, arrows, the oldest comb in Europe, ring, decorated cylinder bracelet and fishhook represent the peak of Neolithic processing of bones. Also pendants from shells and animal teeth were preserved.

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Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa, Dobšiná-Dobšinská Ľadová Jaskyňa

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It is an ice cave in Slovakia, near the mining town of Dobšiná in the Slovak Paradise. Since 2000 it has been included on the Unesco World Heritage list as a part of the caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst Site. The cave was discovered on 15 June 1870 by the royal mining engineer Jeno Ruffinyi, accompanied by Gustav Lang and Andrej Mega, although the entrance was known from time immemorial by shepherds and hunters as Cold Hole. The cave was opened to the public one year after its discovery. In 1887, it was the first electrically lit cave in Europe.

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It is located on the western edge of the Low Tatras at the mouth of the Revúcka Valley. At 55 m, it is the highest waterfall in the Low Tatras. However, the water content of the stream is affected by the abundance of precipitation in individual seasons. The surface of the rock wall of the waterfall is slightly rugged, which creates many smaller platforms and cascades. In 1980, it was declared a national natural monument.

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Belianska jaskyňa, Belianska jaskyňa, Vysoké Tatry-Tatranská Kotlina

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It is a stalactite cave in the Slovak part of the Tatra mountains, the largest and the only one open to the public in the Tatras. It is located above the settlement of Tatra Basin, which is a part of the High Tatras. The cave was discovered in the 18th century, although it is presumed that it was used by pre-historic people. The cave was opened in 1884 and electrically lit in 1896.

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It is a national natural site in the cadastral area of ​​the village of Malá Lehota in the district of Žarnovica, in the Tribeč Mountains. It has an area of ​​1.4 ha, it was declared the natural site in 1975. It is a scientifically interesting preserved remnant of the front of a disintegrated lava flow with andesite.

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On June 29, 2019, the longest suspension bridge in Slovakia with a length of 78.5 meters was opened at Skalka. It is part of the via ferrata. The bridge with a length of 80 meters is made of up to 9 tons of material. The supporting structure of the bridge consists of 4 steel ropes, a total of 2.5 cubic meters of concrete was used. A maximum of 2 people is allowed to enter the bridge at a time. It is not recommended to enter the bridge in the event of icing or strong wind.

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Rocking stones are located near the village Žihle. It is a rock town of an unusual shapes. This rock town is a group of boulders of biolitic granite.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Bílé kameny / Sloní skály, Rynoltice, Česko

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White Rocks also called Elephant Rocks are located near the village Rynoltice. These rocks are conspicuous by their whiteness and rounded shapes.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Alum Lake is a lake located in Chomutov District. This lake was created by flooding the area after mining.

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Tisa Rocks are a well-known group of rocks in the western Bohemian Switzerland.

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Jeskyně Na Turoldu, U Lomu, Mikulov, Česko

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The caves na Turoldu are located near Mikulov. These caves are the only accessible caves in Jurassic limestone in the Czech Republic. Instead of stalactites the cave is decorated with corrosive shapes, similar to coral reefs.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Milešovka is located near the village Velemín. It is the highest mountain of České Středohoří. Milešovka is the windiest place in Czech Republic. At the top, the most storms in our territory are recorded every year. It is why Milešovka is also called Thunder Mountain.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Skryj Lakes are two small lakes located near the village Skryje. The Zbirožský stream flows trough the lakes. The lakes are only few meters apart.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Laka Lake is located in Šumava National Park. It is the smallest and highest lake in that area. Laka Lake is galcial origin.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Jewish ditch is located near the town of Bechyně. This canyon-like valley is one of the most romantic places in Bohemia.

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Slaven Mushrooms are located near the village of Slavný. These stone mushrooms are considered to be the most perfectly developed in the Czech Republic.

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Lysá hora is located between the villages of Krásná, Malenovice, Ostravice and Staré Hamry. It is the highest peak of Moravian-Selesian Beskydy and the very top is nicknamed Gigula.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Plešné Lake is located in National Park Šumava. It was formed after the retreat of a glacier and is named after the Plechý mountain, below which it lies.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Panská skála is located near the city of Kamenický Šenov. It is a remnant of small basalt hill protruding from the plateau. The whole formation resembles the pipes of an organ, which is why it is often called the Stone Organ. Panská skála is also known from the fairy tale The Proud Princess.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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The Devil's Heads are pair of high rock sculptures near Želízy. They are the second largest carved heads in the world and the location is called the ,,creepiest place in the Czech Republic.''

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Labský důl is rocky gorge crossed by the Elbe River located near Špindlerův Mlýn. This place was once excavated by a large glacier and imprinted with the characteristic shape of a horseshoe.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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The Adršpach-Teplice Rocks are sandstone formations located in northeastern Bohemia. The area is a popular destination for rock climbers and hikers.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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The Hranice Abyss is a karst sinkhole located near the town of Hranice. It was created by a collapse of the cave roof and it is the deepest flooded pit cave in the world.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Drábské světničky is a ruin of a 13th-century rock castle located near Mnichovo Hradiště. The castle covers a group of seven sandstone rocks, and it has been abandoned since the Hussite wars. The sanstone rocks are connected with wooden bridges.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Smraďoch Nature Reserve is located near Mariánské lázně. There is a strange smell over the whole landscape. It rises from small cracks, around which you will see no life. The gas, that flows here from depths of the Earth, is hydrogen sulfide. The higher content of hydrogen sulfide in the air smells like rotten eggs.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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Národní přírodní rezervace SOOS, Kateřina, Skalná, Česko

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The SOOS National Nature Reserve is located near Františkovy Lázně. It is an extensive peat bog and moorland, where a large number of mineral springs and pure carbon dioxide in the Mofets. The nature trail leads along the bottom of a dry lake, which had mineral water.

link: Kudy z nudy - Homepage

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The Wolf pit is located near the village of Potůčky. It was formed by the collapse of the Wolfgang mine, which was one of the largest mines in the area. The bottom of the Wolf pit is full of ruined boulders and dark holes in the walls of the gorge. People call it a place of eternal snow and ice. The climate here is such that ice and snow do not melt here all year round.

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Bozkovské dolomitové jeskyně, Bozkov, Česko

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The Bozkov dolomit caves are located near the Bozkov village. These caves are part of the largest cave system in northeastern Bohemia and are made of calcareous dolomite.

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Sněžka mountain is located in Krkonoše mountains. At 1603 metres, its summit is the highest point in the Czech Republic.

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Pančavský vodopád, Špindlerův Mlýn, Česko

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Pančavský waterfall is a waterfall located in the village Špinlerův Mlýn. It measures 148 meters, and because of that, it is the highest waterfall in Czech Republic.

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Mumlavský waterfall is a waterfall located in the protection zone of the Krkonoše National Park. It is one of the largest waterfalls in Czech Republic and is considered as one of the most beautiful one. The waterfall is surrounded by typical forest flora and fauna.

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The Macocha Abyss is a sinkhole, located in Moravian Karst, near the town of Blansko. It is part of cave system named Punkva Caves. The sinkhole is the deepest of its kind in Central Europe. The Macocha Abyss got her name from an evil stepmother, who married a widowed farmer from a nearby village. The farmer had a son but she didn't accepted him after she gave birth to her own son. When she realized, that her son wouldn't inherit anything, she decided to get rid of her step-son. She threw him in to the abyss, and when she realized, what she's done, she decided to end her life by jumping to the same abyss. Surprisingly, her step-son survived, and was saved by his father and other villagers.

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The Prachov Rocks are a rock formation located in Bohemian Paradise. The formations are made of sandstone in the form of plateau. The rock has been eroded by wind and rain into the unique forms. Several of the rock towers have inspired names due to their appearance, such as the Leaning Tower, Devil´s Kitchen, the Monk, the Elephant, and the Eagle.

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Black Lake is located in Bohemian Forest near Železná Ruda. It is the largest and deepest natural lake in Czech Republic. Black Lake is a glacial origin, and the water in it is oligotrophic.

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Říp mountain is a solitary hill where, according to legend, the first Czechs settled. The mountain is composed of basalt nephelites containing olivine granules, amphibole, leucite and magnetit. Today, almost all of the mountain is covered by an oak and hornbeam forest with some maple, pine ash, and linden trees. On the top of the mountain is a romanesque rotunda of Saint George.

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Koněprusy caves is a cave system located near Koněprusy village. It is the largest cave system in Bohemia. The Koněprusy caves are from limestone. The most beautiful area by experts is called Little lake of love.

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Pravčická brána is a narrow rock formation located in Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic. It is the largest natural sandstone arch in Europe, and one of the  most striking natural monuments in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.