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Brown v. Board of Education Examples in Book/Today

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Brown v. Board of Education Examples in Book/Today

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Before the Brown v. Board ruling, the Plessy v. Ferguson case upheld the separation of black and white schools even though their education was in no way equal. While Elwood attended a black high school, he received second-hand textbooks defaced with horrible and discouraging curses from the white school (Whitehead 27)

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In the beginning of Chapter One of Nickel Boys, it is explained that there is a Fun Town that is only opened to the whites. Elwood really wanted to go and did not understand why it was such a big deal. Elwood says that he has "kept his stack of evidence for the day they opened Fun Town to all God's children" (Whitehead 12). This is an example of the Jim Crow Laws that were still being implemented by society in this time. The blacks were not able to go to the same places as the whites, no matter what. Elwood was still hopefully that one day, he will be able to do anything that the other children are able to do.

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Segregation began around 1800's between the blacks and whites. This racial segregation included separating blacks from public education ,housing, opportunities and more. Blacks resources were always lower quality than the whites due to segregation. "For almost sixty years, racial segregation had been established by law in the United States. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education changed race relations, mandating an end to segregation in public education". (Great Events From History by Michael H. Burchett)

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The Supreme Court declared the separation of black and white schools illegal and that separation in the area of education can never be equal (“Behind the Veil: Behind Brown”, written by Leslie Brown and Anne Valk).

A law to desegregate public schools was passed in 1955, "schools proceeded slowly", meaning that the law wasn't implemented right away.  ("Gale Encyclopedia of American Law" edited by Donna Batten 148-153).
Brown v. Board of Education was actually 5 court cases in one all stating in one way or another the segregation of schools was unconstitutional and went against the "Equal protection clause" of the 14th amendment. The case came before the court in 1952 but didn't get a verdict until May 17, 1954 because Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson died. It wasn't until Vinson was replaced with Earl Warren that there was a verdict. The court voted in favor of Brown and stated that the segregation of schools was unconstitutional. After this ruling schools all over the nation were required to desegregate, the ruling of this case then launched more peaceful protesting of the Jim Crow Laws and segregation from the African American Community. ( Brown v. Board of Education, History Editors).

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Leslie Brown, & Anne Valk. (2004). Behind the Veil: Behind Brown. Magazine of History, 18(2), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/18.2.38

Batten, D. (2011). Gale Encyclopedia of American Law. In Gale Encyclopedia of American Law.

Cengage Gale. Burchett, Michael H. "Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation." Great Events from History: The Twentieth Century, 1941-1970, edited by Robert F. Gorman, Salem, 2008. Salem Online, online.salempress.com

History.com editors. "Brown v. Board of Education." History, A&E Television Networks, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka. October 26, 2020.

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The Jim Crow Laws began in the North, but highly affected the South.  Congress started a civil war that discriminated and segregated the African Americans.
(The Forgotten Jim Crow by Steve Luxenburg)
Those who attempted to defy the Jim Crow Laws were facing arrest, fines, jail time, and death.  Some of laws included the segregation of African Americans  from the white society, including pools, schools, jails, hospitals, restaurants, transportation, and residential areas.
(Jim Crow Laws by Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, and Matt Mullen)
Jim Crow Laws also brought a glance of a forming community due to the fact of the increase in social activism.  These events were held to fight discriminations brought by these laws.  The limit of access to everyday life of African Americans impacted individual response and formed our society today.
(Jim Crow Laws by Judy Porter)

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Brown. v. Board
Ella Marino
Grace Duggen
Valda Brewer

Jim Crow Laws
Kendall England
Juan Solorzano
Chase Mancini

Segregation
Arturo Muro
Jonathan Villarreal
Ana Aceves

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An obvious and clear example of segregation in the book, was when Elwood first arrived at Nickel, it was made clear that the colored boys and white boys were in separate housing, on separate sides of the campus. When the boys were getting in their uniforms, it was also stated that there was a colored section which contained "more-threadbare items." (Whitehead 50).