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The development or progression of storylines from films and movies in any medium.

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How politicians or government generate influence (controlling) towards the media.

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To understand about how media brings effects towards economy while transferring messages to the mass audiences.

People wants the ownership of Media for profit and money (Economy)

Top 5 Richest People in the World - Amazon (Jeff Bezos), Microsoft (Bill Gates), Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook, Whatsapp, Instagram), Jack Ma (Alibaba) all are media owners and creators.

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With a net worth of $52.3 billion, Michael Bloomberg is the richest media mogul in the world, according to the latest CEOWORLD magazine Global Media Rich List 2019. The report includes 32 media billionaires around the world.

With a net worth of roughly $37.6 billion, David Thomson is the second richest media mogul in the world, followed by Rupert Murdoch ($19.1 billion), Donald Newhouse ($13.8 billion) and Charlie Ergen ($10.6 billion).

Jim Kennedy is the 6th-richest media mogul in the world, with $9.6 billion. Blair Parry-Okeden ranked 7th with a personal wealth of $9.6 billion, followed by John Malone with $7.3 billion.
Richest Media Moguls In The World, 2019 Who are they?

Michael Bloomberg cofounded financial information and media company Bloomberg LP in 1981.

David Thomson and his family control a media and publishing empire founded by his grandfather Roy Thomson.

Rupert Murdoch controls a media empire that includes cable channel Fox News, The Times of London and The Wall Street Journal.

Donald Newhouse is the owner, and President of Advance Publications Inc. Advance Publications owns an about 31% stake in cable entertainment company Discovery Inc. and a 13% stake in Charter Communications or Spectrum. Directly and through various subsidiaries, the group owns Discovery Channel, Condé Nast, the popular digital news website Wired, Lycos, Angelfire, Tripod, and is the majority shareholder in Reddit.

Charlie Ergen - co-founder and current Chairman of Dish Network and EchoStar.

Jim Kennedy is the chair of Cox Enterprises. Its major operating subsidiaries are Cox Communications, Cox Automotive, and Cox Media Group.

Blair Parry-Okeden inherited a 25% stake in Cox Enterprises in 2007 when her mother, Barbara Cox Anthony, passed away.

John Malone is CEO of Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI), a cable and media giant.

James Cox Chambers inherited an estimated 17% stake in media and automotive conglomerate Cox Enterprises from his mother Anne Cox Chambers.

Katharine Rayner inherited an estimated 17% stake in media and automotive conglomerate Cox Enterprises from her mother, Anne Cox Chambers.

Margaretta Taylor inherited an estimated 17% stake in media and automotive conglomerate Cox Enterprises from her mother, Anne Cox Chambers.

Charles Dolan is the Chairman and Founder, Cablevision Systems Corp.

Zygmunt Solorz-Zak founded Polsat, one of the most-watched television channels in Poland.

Sumner Redstone and his family own about 80% of the voting shares of CBS Corporation and Viacom.

Elisabeth (Liz) Mohn is a German billionaire businesswoman and the widow of Reinhard Mohn, whose family has run media conglomerate Bertelsmann for five generations.

Yvonne Bauer runs Bauer Media Group, which has been in her family for five generations since its founding as a small printing company in 1875.

Kalanithi Maran is the chairman and founder of the Sun Group based in Chennai, India.

Thomas Secunda is a cofounder of financial services and media company Bloomberg LP.

Ted Turner is known as the founder of the Cable News Network (CNN).

Roberto Irineu Marinho is the co-owner, chairman and CEO of Grupo Globo

Joao Roberto Marinho is chairman of the Editorial Board and vice president of the Globo Organizations.

José Roberto Marinho and his two billionaire brothers, Joao Roberto Marinho and Roberto Irineu Marinho, inherited control of Globo, Brazil's largest media group.

Krit Ratanarak is the chairman of Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company (operator of Channel 7).

Monika Schoeller and her brothers Stefan and Dieter von Holtzbrinck inherited publishing house Verlagsgruppe Holtzbrinck from their father, Georg.

Koos Bekker is the chairman of media group Naspers, headquartered in South Africa.

Stefan von Holtzbrinck, his brother Dieter and sister Monika Schoeller inherited publishing house Verlagsgruppe Holtzbrinck from their father, Georg.

Charles Zegar is one of four co-founders of financial services and media giant Bloomberg LP.

Stanley Hubbard is the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Hubbard Broadcasting.

Pierre Karl Péladeau is the president and CEO of Quebecor Inc., Quebecor Media Inc., and Sun Media Corporation.

Gretel Packer is the daughter of Kerry Packer. The Packer family company owned a controlling interest in both the Nine television network and the leading Australian publishing company Australian Consolidated Press.

Alan Gerry - founder of Cablevision Industries.

Subhash Chandra is the chairman of the Essel Group, an Indian media conglomerate.

Have you read?

Best CEOs In The World 2019: Most Influential Chief Executives.
World's Best Hotels For Business Travelers.
Richest People In The World.
Best Countries To Invest In Or Do Business.

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Media Billionaires: Richest Media Moguls In The World, 2019 > CEOWORLD magazine

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With a net worth of $52.3 billion, Michael Bloomberg is the richest media mogul in the world, according to the latest CEOWORLD magazine Global Media Rich List 2019. The report includes 32 media billionaires around the world. With a net worth of roughly $37.6 billion, David Thomson is the second richest media mogul in the [...]

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A Brief Introduction about the course.

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Medium, Media and types of media that showcase message to Mass Audiences.

It's plural for Medium, which stands for many Media.

Ex: TV, Radio, Newspaper, Magazine, Movies

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Customization/ Personalization

Mass Media presenting what the large audiences want and like on different platform or media, unbothered whether you like it or not. You could either listen or not to listen. Content are limited and restricted.

New Media (Present Media) focus on what you like, watch, see or what to decide. Audiences can customized what they choose to look and listen at, by selecting themselves, given the freedom of it.

User-Generated Content

Mass Media only allows people who works at that particular firms can generate content/ suggest/ produce - Advertisement, Production firm etc.

Present media allows people to create and develop your own content that you want - its about you or about others on the platform provided like Youtube and Facebook.

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Outsource Reference:
Blog Link

Media has become Digital Form

Outsource Reference:
Binary Code

1s and 0s, a Binary Code represents text, computer processor instructions, or any other data using a two-symbol system.

Everything you upload online/ content has been converted in 1s and 0s and become digital based.

(Newspaper - Mass Media)

People can only know and read through Physical Newspaper, which you have to buy and also find it at limited space, and its made up of hard copy.

(Newspaper - New Media)

Now we can read through E-News via online - perhaps subscribe but no need to buy, however can be read and done everywhere and anytime.

(Music - Mass Media)

People can only listen to music, either via radio, or via CD, Cassettes (Physical)

(Music - New Media)

Now we stream music, listen via online or can be listen it everywhere, anytime via Spotify, Youtube, iTunes, MP3, Ipod, Iphone (Softcopy)

(Picture - Mass Media)

Requires Film and Print it out to be viewed and shared.

(Picture - New Media)

Now we can capture it via online and shared through iClouds, OppoShare, Bluetooth, Google Drive etc.

Changes on Media Production

Outsource References:
Blog about Changes of Media Production

Back Then for Media Production

Outsource References:
Film Reels

Back in the days, after shooting videos with the shooting gadgets together and Film reels, the production team edit it bits by bits by cutting the film reels into snippets and combine it pieces to pieces. Then combine it with audio clips which is made up of another gadgets.

Current Media Production

Outsource References:
Shoot "Daughter" using only iPhone 11

Now we only need a phone that consists of many function for film production - camera, recording, editing, and publishing. We no longer depends on various materials and tools, all in one form.

Global Content

Outsource References:
Short clips about Global Content

To understand something, looking through Google is enough, as you can get information globally. Library is no longer as useful as before. Information is scale wise.

Better Interactivity

Outsource References:
Audience Feedback about the trendy TV Shows in China

Mass Media

Mass Media focus on one way communication, which they give out and transfer you the message, without hearing what is your response and feedback.

Present Media

New Media allows you to give response and feedback towards the production team, newspaper, radio, magazine etc, to be heard and viewed by the domain group. You could tell them how do you feel and they are able to look into it. There's a connection and also a bridge between one and another. Hence its two way communication.

More Mobile

Then

Music - MP3
Video Shooting - Video Recorder
Photo Shooting - Camera
Navigation - Maps
News - Newspaper
Payment - Cash
Watch Videos - TV

Now

Smart Phones (Spotify, Video Shooting, Photo Shooting, GPS, E-News, E-Wallet, Netflix)

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The changes of media is not because of how development enhance of the tools

Its because of the society demand and request.

Our demand and wants that pushes the improvement and development of the technology.

Going Cashless in the society is to avoid Fabricating of Fake Cash.

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Active Audiences

People who thinks, review and question about the information and messages from the media before absorbing and accepting it

Passive Audiences

Magic- Bullet Theory/ Hyperdermic Middle Theory

People who blindly support, accept and digest the information that sent out by the media.

It acts as a control system by the domain group

Ex: Government uses Media to tell you how good are they, but covering the scandal behind them via media.

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Media within North Korea - known officially as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - are among the most tightly controlled in the world, and fall under the governance of the Korean Workers' Party or, according to some - until his death - the "Dear Leader" Kim Jong-il himself.

The regime bombarded the population with flattering reports about Kim Jong-il and his daily agenda, with radio and television reports often leading on Kim's guidance visits to industrial, agricultural or military sites, where he was often photographed and filmed offering advice to local workers or servicemen.

North Korea's economic hardships or famines are not reported to the domestic audience, which is instead informed of technological advances as a result of the Leader's revolutionary thinking.

The internet is still not readily available within the DPRK, but mobile phones have appeared on the streets of the capital after a ban was lifted in 2008.

Tight control on radio, TV

Press freedom organisation Reporters Without Borders often cited Kim Jong-il as a "predator of press freedom", with only Eritrea ranked below North Korea in its 2010 press freedom index. While state media remain tightly controlled, the NGO noted that that there had been an increase in the flow of news and information into the North thanks both to foreign radio stations and organisations which send multimedia content across the border.

Korean Central Television is the state-run TV channel seen by North Koreans. The network carries news programmes, documentaries and other programmes praising Kim Jong-il and his father Kim Il-sung. It also reports on authoritative statements from the North Korean government, party and military. In addition, it carries revolutionary dramas, operas and other entertainment programmes.

Pyongyang also operates a number of national and local radio networks, including a station intended for servicemen stationed on the contentious border with the South. Newspapers, such as the official party mouthpiece Rodong Sinmun, are all owned by the state.

Radio and TV sets in North Korea are supplied pre-tuned to government stations and radios must be checked and registered with the police. According to reports from dissident and defector groups, some North Koreans purchase a second radio set that is not registered, enabling them to listen to foreign broadcasts.

One radio network is wired into most residences and workplaces. This carries news and commentary that is considered too sensitive for consumption outside North Korea, such as criticising economic activities that are inconsistent with national policy.

Reports from refugees say that there are also those who take the risk of opening the preset radios in order to be able to tune in other frequencies. A number of radio stations operate from the South, but it is difficult to find out how successful they are at reaching their intended audience.

Internet use remains restricted

Internet access in North Korea is restricted to a small section of the elite who have received state approval, and to foreigners living in Pyongyang. The only option, in the absence of a broadband network, is through satellite internet coverage, which is available in some tourist hotels.

Mobile phone use was banned in 2004, but a service was re-introduced in 2008, jointly operated by the Egyptian Orascom company and the state-owned Korea Post and Telecommunications Corporation. According to the Daily NK website, the new service, despite its cost, has proved popular among affluent party members in Pyongyang.

Domestic users are said to be able to access the official Uriminzokkiri web portal via the 3G mobile phone network.

Despite limited access within its borders, North Korea has become increasingly active on the internet for global users, opening official pages on YouTube, Twitter, photo-sharing website Flickr and Facebook.

The main North Korean news agency KCNA launched a new website in late 2010, replacing a previous text-only site that had operated from Japan. The new site, apparently operating from within the DPRK, offers its readers news reports, photographs and video in five languages, including English and Spanish.

BBC Monitoring selects and translates news from radio, television, press, news agencies and the internet from 150 countries in more than 70 languages. It is based in Caversham, UK, and has several bureaux abroad.

The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.

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Media within North Korea are among the most tightly controlled in the world.

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Factors that influence your point of view to be Passive or Active Audiences

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Factors that influence your point of view to be Passive or Active Audiences

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Social Institution

Cultural Background, Parents, Education, any form of parties in your life that create an awareness that what you should trust and what you shouldn’t trust

Lecture: All students should be Active – Do you really digest and believe it ?

In Malaysia, School always expect and push you to believe what teacher say, to be a Passive Audience, absorb what the teacher had said, cause what they said are always right, but in fact, is it really true ?

Fear and Moral Panic

If you think and accept what it is, it will influence what action that you take

You will truly believe and take it passively, perhaps you will do something crazy that are against moral

Ex: Holocaust – Hitler (Superiority of the Aryan Races) – Demoralized their rationality and killing others (Humanity)

Self Identity

Who Am I ?

Who should I be ?

What kind of information should I get and showcase myself in order to showcase my identity

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Antisemitism: an age-old phenomenon

Hitler did not invent the hatred of Jews. Jews in Europe had been victims of discrimination and persecution since the Middle Ages, often for religious reasons. Christians saw the Jewish faith as an aberration that had to be quashed. Jews were sometimes forced to convert or they were not allowed to practise certain professions.

In the nineteenth century, religion played a less important role. It was replaced by theories about the differences between races and peoples. The idea that Jews belonged to a different people than the Germans, for instance, caught on. Even Jews who had converted to Christianity were still 'different' because of their bloodline.

Hitler is introduced to antisemitism

The origin of Hitler's hatred of Jews is not clear. In Mein Kampf, he described his development into an antisemite as the result of a long, personal struggle. Supposedly, his aversion to everything Jewish came to fruition when he was living and working as a painter in Vienna (1908-1913). Most historians believe that Hitler came up with this explanation in hindsight. He would have used it to assure people who were not yet convinced of his ideas that they would eventually see the light.

One way or another, it is clear that Hitler came into contact with antisemitic ideas at an early age. To what extent he shared them at that point, is not certain. If he was prejudiced against Jews while living in Vienna, his prejudice had not yet crystallised into a clear worldview. After all, one of the most loyal buyers of his paintings in Vienna was a Jew, Samuel Morgenstern. ﻿

Imaginative explanations

There are countless imaginative explanations for the reasons for Hitler's antisemitism. Hitler is said to have been ashamed of his partly Jewish roots. Another explanation links his hatred of Jews to trauma caused by a poison gas attack in the First World War. Yet other theories suggest that Hitler had contracted a venereal disease from a Jewish prostitute. There are, however, no facts to support these explanations.

German nationalism and antisemitism

What we do know is that two Austrian politicians greatly influenced Hitler's thinking. The first, Georg Ritter von Schönerer (1842-1921), was a German nationalist. He believed that the German-speaking regions of Austria-Hungary should be added to the German empire. He also felt that Jews could never be fully-fledged German citizens.

From the second, the Viennese mayor Karl Lueger (1844-1910), Hitler learned how antisemitism and social reforms could be successful. In Mein Kampf, Hitler praised Lueger as 'the greatest German mayor of all times'. ﻿ When Hitler came to power in 1933, he put similar ideas into practice.

Hitler during the First World War

The First World War played a decisive role in Hitler's life. It gave his life, which had been rather unsuccessful up until then, a new purpose. In 1914, he enlisted in the German army, which, together with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was fighting France, England, and Russia. Although he saw little action, he did receive an award for courage shown.

When Germany surrendered in November 1918, Hitler was in a military hospital. His eyes had been hurt in a poison gas attack in Belgium. Confined to his sickbed, he heard the news of the German surrender, which plunged him into a deep crisis. He wrote that 'everything began to go black again before my eyes.' Stumbling, he groped his way back to the dormitory and dug his 'burning head in blanket and pillow. ﻿

Jews as the scapegoats for the lost war

The German defeat was hard to swallow for many Germans, and for Hitler, too. In nationalist and right-wing conservative circles, the 'stab-in-the-back legend' became popular. According to this myth, Germany did not lose the war on the battlefield, but through betrayal at the home front. The Jews, Social Democrats, and Communists were held responsible.

The prejudices about the role of the Jews in the war were false. An investigation carried out by the German Government proved as much. Over one hundred thousand German and Austrian Jews had fought for their fatherland. ﻿ Otto Frank, who had fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916, was just one of them.

Hitler goes into politics

After the First World War, Germany was in chaos. Once the German emperor had gone, rebellions erupted everywhere. Left-wing groups tried to seize power in many places. In Munich, for instance, a 'People's Republic' of Bavaria was proclaimed during a brief revolution. It provoked a right-wing reaction, which in turn resulted in bloodshed. Hitler was very much impressed by these events.

At that point, he was still in the army, and that was where he discovered his oratory talents. Before long, the army had him give training courses, intended to warn soldiers of the communist danger and to stir up feelings of nationalism. In his new role, Hitler got to know the German Workers' Party, the forerunner of the NSDAP. It was the start of his political career.

Radicalisation of Hitler's antisemitism

Against the backdrop of revolution and violence, Hitler's antisemitism was becoming increasingly radical. It is noteworthy that he said he did not support uncontrolled 'emotional' pogroms (outbursts of anti-Jewish violence). Instead, he argued for an 'antisemitism of the mind'. ﻿ It had to be legal and would ultimately lead to the 'removal' of the Jews.

As early as August 1920, Hitler compared the Jews to germs. He stated that diseases cannot be controlled unless you destroy their causes. The influence of the Jews would never disappear without removing its cause, the Jew, from our midst, he said. These radical ideas paved the way for the mass murder of the Jews in the 1940s.

Capitalism and communism: a Jewish conspiracy?

Hitler blamed the Jews for everything that was wrong with the world. Germany was weak and in decline due to the 'Jewish influence'. According to Hitler, the Jews were after world dominance. And they would not hesitate to use all possible means, including capitalism. In this way, Hitler took advantage of the existing prejudice that linked the Jews to monetary power and financial gain.

Hitler was not bothered by the apparent contradictions in his thinking. He held that communism was a Jewish conspiracy, too, as the larger part of the communist leaders were Jewish. Nevertheless, only a small proportion of the Jews were communists. This idea of 'Jewish communism' was to have awful repercussions in the war with the Soviet Union that started in 1941. The population and prisoners-of-war were treated brutally by the Germans.

Hitler's racism: not just the Jews

Hitler viewed the world as an arena for the permanent struggle between peoples. He divided the world population into high and low races. The Germans belonged to the high peoples and the Jews to the low ones. He also had specific notions about other peoples. The Slavic people, for instance, were cast as inferior, predestined to be dominated.

Hitler felt that the German people could only be strong if they were 'pure'. As a consequence, people with hereditary diseases were considered harmful. These included people with physical or mental disabilities, as well as alcoholics and 'incorrigible' criminals. Once the Nazis had come to power, these ideas led to the forced sterilisation and killing of human beings.

Holocaust

The ideas that Hitler developed in the 1920s remained more or less the same until his death in 1945. What did change is that in 1933, he was handed the power to start realising them. During the 1930s, he did everything he could to expel the Jews from German society. Once the war had started, the Nazis resorted to mass murder. Nearly six million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.

Literature

Brechtken, Magnus, Die nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933-1939 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2004).

Burleigh, Michael, The Third Reich: A New History (Londen: Macmillan, 2000).

Evans, Richard J., The Coming of the Third Reich (New York: The Penguin Press, 2004).

Hamann, Brigitte, Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man (New York, NY & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

Kershaw, Ian, Hitler: Profiles in Power (Londen 1991).

Kershaw, Ian, Hitler, 1889-1945 (London : Allen Lane, 1998-2000).

Longerich Peter, Hitler: Biographie (München: Siedler, 2015).

Melching, Willem, Hitler: opkomst en ondergang van een Duits politicus (Amsterdam: Bakker, 2013).

Ullrich, Volker, Hitler. Vol. 1: Ascent, 1889-1939 (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016).

References

1. Brigitte Hamann, Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man (New York, NY and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 356-359.

2. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (English translation, Boston 1971) p. 55.

3. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 204.

4. Die "Judenzählung" von 1916. Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin. https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/erster-weltkrieg/innenpolitik/judenzaehlung-1916.html [13 November 2018].

5. "Antisemitismus der Vernunft". In: Adolf Hitler, Gutachten über den Antisemitismus (1919) erstellt im Auftrag seiner militärischen Vorgesetzten'. Included in: Maser, Werner, Hitlers Briefe und Notizen (Düsseldorf 1973).

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Why did Hitler hate the Jews? Read more about his introduction to antisemitism, the role of the First World War and why he turned the Jews into scapegoats.

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Structure and Agency in social relationship 

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Structure and Agency in social relationship 

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Structure

Elements that cannot be changed, fixed

Cannot avoid and change it

But bind to it

Ex: Law (It’s written in stone)

Agency

Fluid and Flexible

You can change and play around it

Due to structure, Agency makes it flexible from it being unchanged

Follow the legality of the law or structure and be flexible

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The most basic Narrative Structure would be - Opening, Climax and Conclusion.

With a more complicated story plots, sometimes the entire narrative pattern would go far more beyond the three basic narrative structure as well, with rising action, turning point, conflicts, falling action, resolution etc.

People named it differently, some would called it as opening, introduction and even stable situation 1, depending on the situation.

In this chapter, we are going to learn the 3 basic narrative pattern, which are Stable Situation 1, Disruption and Stable Situation 2.

Stable Situation 1 (Opening/Introduction)

Once upon a time...….

A brief introduction to the setting, characters etc in order for the audience to have a background information what's going on.

Only with this, the audiences are able to understand the entire situation and drenched into the story plot, and the story plot are able to move on to the next stage further development and progression of the story.

Disruption (Questions, Enigma, Desire, Goal)

The story continues with the characters are starting to face certain challenges in order to excite the audiences.

This is where changes occurs, in which the life of the characters will be affected and a major conflict that destroy the current harmony and peace will occurs.

Plot Twist, Climatic Moment, Turning Point.

Stable Situation 2 (Resolution)

Which every of the conflicts in the movie or film has come to and end

The story has now become stable as everything has been settled (Solution)

No matter how the ending is, it will never be the same as the start (Stable Situation 1) despite at the end it become stable just like before (Stable Situation 2).

If the Stable Situation 1 has the same or similar ending as Stable Situation 2, then there's no point watching the entire film without seeing anything changes throughout the 2 to 3 hours. Something must have changed, its either physically (someone died, grew up, born, eliminated) or mentally (someone grown up, become mature, or realize something from it)

Disruption are there to link both stable opening and stable ending, and at the same time to change the entire story from the beginning to the end.

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Plot Mountain! | The Plot Diagram Song | Scratch Garden

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Media create content, they create content according to what they see around them and under what circumstances or situation that this is workable for execution.

Media people come out with content that they did from their past and think its work.

They did not based on what they like.

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The reason why we use or create media is to earn money from media.

Sponsorship, Advertising, Viewership, Subscribers, Followers

Example

抖音  Douyin/ Tiktok

People who do live stream receive cars, ships, aeroplane that you get can actually help them converted into cash from virtual user followers.

YouTube

Every millions views you get, you got converted into money

Social Media Influencer – KOL (Key Opinion Leader)

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以前问起志愿，大家都会说长大后要成为一名医生、律师等等的，但现在同样的问题，答案却截然不同了！许多人的志愿都是网红，也就是大家所熟悉的 YouTuber！但要成为一名成功的 YouTuber 有这么容易吗？！

刚入行不久的大马 YouTuber "我不是鱷鱼妹"，近日在个人频道上载一段影片，为大家揭晓 YouTuber 初期的收入和赚钱方式。其实把 YouTuber 当作职业，并不是你想象中的简单！

将近9分钟的影片一开始，"我不是鱷鱼妹" 分享道这是她当 YouTuber 的第5个月，就在这个月她终于拿到了来自YouTuber 的第一份薪水！

"我不是鱷鱼妹" 通过该影片向大家介绍 YouTuber 的赚钱方式和领薪水的流程，同时也让大家了解，一个拥有2万订阅者的 YouTube 频道，能赚取的收入究竟有多少。

首先，YouTuber 要如何才能开始赚到钱？

▼ 两大要点 ：YouTube 频道必须拥有最少 1000 个订阅者和4000小时的观看时间。

▼ 要达到这个目标其实并不容易！YouTuber 需要持续上传新的影片，而影片若符合观众，订阅者和点击率就能够更快速地增加！当然，这还是需要一点点运气的～ 而"我不是鱷鱼妹"就分享自己是花了1个月左右的时间，成功达到这个目标。

▼ 达到这两个目标以后，YouTube 就会进行频道的审核，审核通过才可开始盈利。而 "我不是鱷鱼妹" 等了2个星期才通过审核，据了解，2个星期已经是算快的，有些 YouTuber 甚至等了半年！

审核通过以后，YouTuber 就必须申请 Google AdSense 来获得验证码。若没有申请这封验证码，即使你的频道有赚到钱，你也无法取得那笔钱。据 "我不是鱷鱼妹" 分享，这封验证码一般会在3至4周内收到。

▼ 按照指示完成步骤就可以啦～

▼ 注意！验证完成并不代表就可以立刻拿到薪水，必须等到每个月的22号，也就是 YouTuber 的发薪水日才可以领钱的哦！

▼ 累计了5个月的薪水，"我不是鱷鱼妹"总共赚取873.63美元（ 约 RM3494.52）。

▼ 除以5个月，平均每个月的月薪是 RM698.90，也就是不到 RM700！

▼ 注意！收入必须超过100美元（约 RM410），YouTuber 才能收到钱哦！

每份工作都有它的好与不好！YouTuber 就和其它工作一样，一开始都不容易！万事起头难！

"我不是鱷鱼妹" 表示： 「很多人都以为做 YouTuber 是可以赚很多，其实并没有你想象中的那么简单、赚那么多。背后的工作还有很多，比如剪辑、上字幕、有时候还需要花费在道具上，扣除这些以后，其实也不是赚很多而已！」

▼ 一开始当 YouTuber，收入肯定是不理想的，但如果持续努力地做下去，累计越来越的订阅者和点击率以后，薪水确实是很不错的。比起打工，YouTuber 的收入就相等于老板的阶级了！

▼ 涨知识了！

▼ 好厉害呀～

▼ 越来越像姐夫--伟鸿了！哈哈！

▼ 同行就来留言表示羡慕啦～

▼ 网友们都期待"我不是鱷鱼妹"持续更新影片！

▼ 加油加油加油！会越来越好的哦！

来源： Youtube

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以前问起志愿，大家都会说长大后要成为一名医生、律师等等的，但现在同样的问题，答案却截然不同了！许多人的志愿都是网红，也就是大家所熟悉的 YouTuber！但要成为一名成功的 YouTuber 有这么容易吗？！ 刚入行不久的大马 YouTuber "我不是鱷鱼妹"，近日在个人频道上载一段影片，为大家揭晓 YouTuber 初期的收入和赚钱方式。其实把 YouTuber 当作职业，并不是你想象中的简单！ 将近9分钟的影片一开始，"我不是鱷鱼妹" 分享道这是她当 YouTuber 的第5个月，就在这个月她终于拿到了来自YouTuber 的第一份薪水！ "我不是鱷鱼妹" 通过该影片向大家介绍 YouTuber 的赚钱方式和领薪水的流程，同时也让大家了解，一个拥有2万订阅者的 YouTube 频道，能赚取的收入究竟有多少。 首先，YouTuber 要如何才能开始赚到钱？ ▼ 两大要点 ：YouTube 频道必须拥有最少 1000 个订阅者和4000小时的观看时间。 ▼ 要达到这个目标其实并不容易！YouTuber 需要持续上传新的影片，而影片若符合观众，订阅者和点击率就能够更快速地增加！当然，这还是需要一点点运气的～ 而"我不是鱷鱼妹"就分享自己是花了1个月左右的时间，成功达到这个目标。 ▼ 达到这两个目标以后，YouTube 就会进行频道的审核，审核通过才可开始盈利。而 "我不是鱷鱼妹" 等了2个星期才通过审核，据了解，2个星期已经是算快的，有些 YouTuber 甚至等了半年！ 审核通过以后，YouTuber 就必须申请 Google AdSense 来获得验证码。若没有申请这封验证码，即使你的频道有赚到钱，你也无法取得那笔钱。据 "我不是鱷鱼妹" 分享，这封验证码一般会在3至4周内收到。 ▼ 按照指示完成步骤就可以啦～ ▼ 注意！验证完成并不代表就可以立刻拿到薪水，必须等到每个月的22号，也就是 YouTuber 的发薪水日才可以领钱的哦！ ▼ 累计了5个月的薪水，"我不是鱷鱼妹"总共赚取873.63美元（ 约 RM3494.52）。 ▼ 除以5个月，平均每个月的月薪是 RM698.90，也就是不到 RM700！ ▼ 注意！收入必须超过100美元（约 RM410），YouTuber 才能收到钱哦！ 每份工作都有它的好与不好！YouTuber 就和其它工作一样，一开始都不容易！万事起头难！ "我不是鱷鱼妹" 表示： 「很多人都以为做 YouTuber 是可以赚很多，其实并没有你想象中的那么简单、赚那么多。背后的工作还有很多，比如剪辑、上字幕、有时候还需要花费在道具上，扣除这些以后，其实也不是赚很多而已！ 」 ▼ 一开始当 YouTuber，收入肯定是不理想的，但如果持续努力地做下去，累计越来越的订阅者和点击率以后，薪水确实是很不错的。比起打工，YouTuber 的收入就相等于老板的阶级了！ ▼ 涨知识了！ ▼ 好厉害呀～ ▼ 越来越像姐夫--伟鸿了！哈哈！ ▼ 同行就来留言表示羡慕啦～ ▼ 网友们都期待"我不是鱷鱼妹"持续更新影片！ ▼ 加油加油加油！会越来越好的哦！ 来源： Youtube

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Elements to consider when generating media content - Decision Making for Profit 

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Elements to consider when generating media content - Decision Making for Profit 

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High Cost of Producing Media

The production itself is very expensive, not even inclusive of actors, actresses, makeup artist, other living expenses like hotel and transportation etc.

The production fees inclusive of gadgets, crew, editing, shooting location and many more.

Youtuber – How they out-stand themselves ? They invest more money in crew/team/ quality of the content/ camera/ gadgets/ talents besides their own creativity for the production.

Unpredictable audience taste

I have the best content/ best creativity which I found it funny/ I invest a lot of money in the story, production and also the promotion.

However I don’t know whether people would like it or not/ does it meet the expectation target audience, gross that we aim and think it is?

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在2018年12月投放第一支YouTube video，截止2020年2月5日，已有28万点阅率，25万订阅者。短短不到两年内，低清是怎么样用117支影片，就达到这样的成就呢？从低清的爆红来看看企业可以效仿的市场营销吧！

◎ 6SENSE / 黄静仪 Wong Cheng Yee

Published their first video in December 2018, they have around 28K views and 25K subscribers within 2 years. How they reached the achievement in such a short time? Nevertheless, what marketing concepts can we learn from Dissy's success?

说到低清dissy，熟悉他们或者看过他们影片的人脑中都会响起："玩玩啊！你以为？"还有"steady bom 哔哔"这些朗朗上口的punch line。这些punch line被广为流传，在Facebook，YouTube，也在口耳相传。在这些使用punch line的人里面，有很大的一部分并不是直接从低清的影片中，而是从第三方得知的。而这些punch line也成为了宣传低清的一个管道。

You might hear about Dissy's punch line: "Play play ah, you think?" and "Steady Bom bi bi". Where you hear the punch line from? From Facebook? YouTube? Or from your friends, family? Dissy significant punch line becomes one of the methods to promote its YouTube channel.

"玩玩啊！你以为？ = 低清"这个公式带来的曝光度和推广是不容置疑的，那么企业要如何借鉴呢？在企业方面，slogan就是企业的punch line。低清有那么多经典又广为人知的台词，其中有几个原因：

朗朗上口，令人印象深刻 Catchy & Memorable punch line

一个slogan最重要的就是让人朗朗上口，让人印象深刻的同时也能在日常生活中运用。简单来说，就是够"洗脑"，既能"洗脑"观众，还能让观众"洗脑"他们身边的人，也就是潜在观众。同理，一个企业的slogan也需要合理、顺口、能广泛运用在日常生活中。

The traits of Dissy's punch line is memorable, catchy and also can be used for daily life. The same goes for a company, a slogan is working just like a punch line. Your slogan must be designed as reasonable, catchy and memorable for your customer to recall.

与影片形象相辅相成 Match with product's characteristic

低清的影片偏向于无厘头和搞笑，而他们的punch line和片的特性相辅相成。同理，企业的slogan必须和品牌的文化和特性相连，如同Pre-Tea Q艳芋茶社，一间以芋头为主打的台湾奶茶店，雇主想要让台湾的古早味与知音相遇，于是有了slogan： 芋见最美好的邂逅 。即把主打的产品带入slogan，也将Pre Tea Q的理念带了出来。

Dissy's comedy is classified as dank memes, which the comedy is excessively overdone and nonsensical, to the point of being comically ironic. The punch lines above represent the trait of their videos. Another example will be Gazoline as the first Esport theme restaurant in Malaysia. Their slogan: "Food life, Online, Gazoline" brings the elements of their business through the slogan, show their image clearly to the customer who unfamiliar with them.

符合目标受众的生活与语言习惯 Match with behavior and language used of the target customer

"Steady啦Bro！"这句话时常能在马来西亚的人口中听到。显然，"Steady Bom哔哔"这句punch line正是从大马人的口头禅衍生出来的。同时，这些台词都很适合在日常生活中使用。"Steady bom哔哔"和"玩玩啊！你以为"瞬间成为了马来西亚人，甚至拥有差不多语言习惯的台湾人的口头禅。成为了其中一个punch line成功的重要因素。

"Steady lah, bro!" is one of the verbal quirks of Malaysian. Obviously, the phrase "Steady bom bibi" is designed based on verbal quirk. Like we mentioned earlier, the punch lines are easily used in the daily life of Malaysian and also for Taiwanese who have similar language behavior with Malaysians.

Punch line在低清这个品牌里，不只是一段台词，不只是短短的一句话，它们被反复地、在合适的时机被提起。企业市场最容易犯的一个错误就是设计、决定了slogan之后就将它搁置一旁或者只是作为文案中的一部分，没有让slogan与品牌再有连接。顾客对slogan的认知就到此为止，没有再进一步的机会。

The punch line in Dissy is not only a short sentence or a line. They are used repeatedly in different videos in good timing. Some of the businesses left their slogan aside after it had decided. Those businesses lost their chance to inspire their customer through a slogan.

所以，在做出企业上的决策时，应把它们都建立在slogan的基础上。比如在设计menu的时候，推出促销活动的时候，甚至在设计公司未来策划的时候，都必须带入slogan，让顾客觉得slogan和品牌是相连接的。Pre Tea Q紧跟潮流，紧跟节日的脚步推出不同的menu和活动，在" 芋见最美好的邂逅" 的基础山玩出新花样。比如"我的少女时代"爆红时使用的"芋你相遇好幸运"或者是有号召力的"芋你有约"都是很好的例子。

Businesses should consider the slogan as a foundation while making decisions. For example, menu design, promotion events, and also for the company further plan to make it memorable, relatable and inspirable.

除了punch line以外，低清Dissy窜红的其中一个原因就是贴近时事。包括了早期介绍[马来西亚独有点餐方式]、讽刺现实的[Kopi钱]、针对YouTube现状的[Malaysian YouTuber收入有多少]都是用了夸张手法来反映时事。贴近马来西亚人生活的台词与内容再加上有意想不到的转折，与punch line相结合，掀起热潮。

Other than punch line, Dissy's videos are made based on current events, especially for Malaysians. They're using Hyperbole to bring the current events out to viewers.

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从低清 Dissy的窜红来看背后的市场营销

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在2018年12月投放第一支YouTube video，截止2020年2月5日，已有28万点阅率，25万订阅者。短短不到两年内，低清是怎么样用117支影片，就达到这样的成就呢？从低清的爆红来看看企业可以效仿的市场营销吧！ ◎ 6SENSE / 黄静仪 Wong Cheng Yee Published their first video in December 2018, they have around 28K views and 25K subscribers within 2 years. How they reached the achievement in such a short time? Nevertheless, what marketing concepts can we learn from Dissy's success?

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According to Karl Marx's Quote which emphasize that the content was generated according to the market demand and also references from the past.

It is to minimize the risk, maximize People Accepting The Media, maximize the profit

An old tactics that has been used from the past to present.

Boy Group

The concept of Boy Group has started many years ago (Backstreet Boys, Beatles, BTS, One Direction, EXO, Super Junior, West Life)

The concept first start off with Backstreet Boys, then follow by West Life, NSYNC, One Direction

Because they find Backstreet Boys is a huge success, hence they start to use this concept

Then the phenomenon of Boy group has come from Western to the Asian (Super Junior, EXO, BTS, Stray Kids) and still remain a hit.

The same goes to Girl Groups – Spice Girls, S.E.S, GG, Red Velvet, Blackpink

They try once, and it works, so they continue to produce various version that similar style concept of it, with different generation to generate more profit – Boy Band 1.0, Boy Band 2.0, Boy Band 3.0.

Books

An author wrote a best selling book Hence, the media noticed it, and buy the copyright of the book in order to shoot it as a movie to generates more profit.

Lesser the risk of unpredictable audience taste of audiences (cause its already best sellers, people has already loved it)

Ex: Sword Art Online, Naruto, Crayon Sinchan, Twilight, Faults in our Stars, Harry Potter.

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Visibility and more screen time

When a media company wants to promote their new movie, shows, or videos, they go talk show, and promote – Ellen Degeneres, The Idol, I Can See your Voice, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon etc.

Sometimes they will produce or have scandals, dating news, fighting news etc, to hype out the movie or the production to be well-known (its actually a way of promoting 炒作)

Casting A-Listers in your movie/ video/ shows/ media content

Shoot a movie and wanted to get attention from the public towards the movie, you find famous people to show cast them in your movie for more attraction and attention, using their popularity 流量

Ex: Find Kim Kardashian to star in a movie despite she’s not good at acting, however she has the fame and also the gossip queen.

It helps you to sell your media content.

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Kylie Jenner is arguably one of the most popular celebrities in the world. She garners attention with everything she does, though she has also received a fair share of backlash for her behavior as well.

Recently, Jenner appeared in Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion's "WAP" music video, and many people were not happy. As expected, social media has also been filled with negative comments about Jenner's cameo.

However, a critic is offering a different take on Jenner's appearance in the music video and pointing out that her cameo makes more sense than one might think.

Kylie Jenner | Karwai Tang/Getty Images

People have been demanding for Kylie Jenner to be removed from the 'WAP' music video

Aside from writing negative comments about Jenner on social media, some people have even been supporting a petition to get Jenner removed from the "WAP" music video.

The Change.org petition, which has been signed by over 68,000 people so far, explained, "The video was perfect until we saw K and I wanted to throw my phone."

Meanwhile, many of the petition signees shared they are unhappy with Jenner's cameo because she and her family has had a long history of profiting off of Black culture. Jenner in particular has been accused of "blackfishing" - a practice involving the use of Black features to get clout on social media. Jenner's makeup company, Kylie Cosmetics, has also been accused of stealing from Black creators.

Because of Jenner's controversial behavior, fans of Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion felt she should not have been included in a music video that is supposed to empower women of color.

Cardi B came to Jenner's defense
RELATED: Carole Baskin Has an Issue With Cardi B's 'WAP' Video and It Has to Do With Animals
However, despite the fan backlash, Cardi B seems to be standing on Jenner's side. According to Hollywood Unlocked, Cardi B posted a tweet explaining to fans directly her decision to include Jenner in the music video.

"Why did I put Kylie in my music video?" Cardi B wrote. "She treated my sister and daughter so lovely at her kid [sic] birthday party. Travis and Set are real close and Kris Jenner have given me advice on certain things I ask for and her husband real cool with mine."

She also added, "It was so important to me to include different women that are different races and come from different backgrounds but are so powerful and influential."

Why Jenner's controversial cameo makes more sense than people think
RELATED: Having Money Probably Isn't Actually Making Kylie Jenner's Life Better
As Cardi B noted in her explanation, she and Jenner get along well as do their family members. This is a reality that, according to writer Kuba Shand-Baptiste, many fans don't want to see.

"Us normies like to believe that the celebrities we root for are similarly aligned in who they themselves root against. And we like it even more when those figures we abhor are kept worlds apart from those we admire," Shand-Baptiste wrote in an article for The Independent.

Shand-Baptiste continued, "These people, no matter how much we like them, or see them as down to earth, all run in the same circles as those we don't. They may not make their living from crafting and promoting every inch of their lives in the exact same ways, but they have much more in common with each other than you or I."

As such, it makes sense that Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion did not see any problem with having Jenner in the music video.

"They likely recognise the pull of being connected to anything related to the Kardashian-Jenners in the first place," Shand-Baptiste said.

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Kylie Jenner's Controversial Cameo in 'WAP' Actually Makes More Sense Than People Think

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Kylie Jenner is arguably one of the most popular celebrities in the world. She garners attention with everything she does, though she has also received a fair share of backlash for her behavior as well. Recently, Jenner appeared in Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion's "WAP" music video, and many people were not happy.

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Creating Hits and Producing Stars

How does a celebrity become A-Listers?

Take A Movie

Won Awards in Ceremony – From the lowest to the highest rank (MTV, VMA, AMA, to Grammy)

The higher rank you get, the higher value you are, the more you earn, the more further to A-listers you are

Citizens Journalist and Critics

Citizen Journalist and Critics (Get news coverage and covered news and information) – This is what content creators do

However, they are not professionals.

Everyone can be a journalist, Fashion Critics, Food Bloggers.

Citizen Journalist has to sustain yourself by making themselves/ content interesting/ Sensational 主流

Hence many professionals doesn’t like them, they want to be them but they are not qualified, should not be there.

Lele Pons Vs Professional Model (Victoria Secret)

Where’s the quality and where’s the standard?

Professionals takes long time for study Journalism, however Citizens Journalist does not have the professional or similar background, but they do the same thing.

How far can the standard go ?

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Instagram vs Runway Models: Can Anyone Be a Model?

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Many of the media company that we know nowadays are not really independent company, however bought up and owned by other company.

Its either they are small company, or owned-company by a larger media company as below:

Disney

Pixar

Marvel

ABC Studio

National Geographic

Star Wars

20th Century

Time Warner

Outsource References: Time Warner Company

Cartoon Network

TMZ

CNN

TIME

FORTUNE

Malaysia Large Media Company

Astro

Outsource References: Astro Other Owned Company

MY FM

ERA FM

HITZ FM

Media Prima

Outsource References: Media Prima Other Owned Company

One FM

TonTon

Big Tree

Berita Harian

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People wants to have the ownership of media is because they have the power and authority to control the type of message that can be sent out to people.

Conglomeration

Merging of company

Walt Disney or Warner Brother started on with a private own media company

Later they want to tap into other field, although without any management skills about it.

Hence they bought away other companies - Radio, News, Broadcast, Production House

The more you taking over the area, the easier you can control over certain something/ Power

Vertical Integration

Main Board company goes vertically down (Like Hierarchy Chart)

Vertical Integration allows the main media company to process their product/ movie/ program one by one through their sub-companies (planning!)

To make a movie -> Studio -> Buy a Movie Production House -> Buy tele-management company to scout actors and actresses to star in my movie -> Buy a cinema to play my movie (Platform) -> Amusement Park (Buy it because your movie is a success)

Different from Horizontal Integration, Normally all of their company will named as the Main Company (BBC Radio, BBC Newspaper etc)

Horizontal Integration

I don't have a plan like vertical integration, however, when it comes to helping other same ownership company, all of my sub-companies can united and help each other to do so when the owner itself gave the order, cause it's my company I have the power to control.

One of my sub-company, Cartoon Networks is promoting a new cartoon, and I want all of my other sub-company helps me to promote It – Selling Merchandises, Free Merchandises although no relation with one and another, however same ownership

They will find a way to relate it, although it seems like non related.

Ex: Promoting Cartoon Networks in TIME

Horizontal Integration – Does not change their name as Vertical Integration, Doesn’t want people to know these sub-company’s ownership.

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Reason of Conglomeration and Integration

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Reason of Conglomeration and Integration

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Self- Promotion

Cost Minimization, Have Profit

Avengers (Comes from Marvel, Disney). Hence using Horizontal Integration, Disney helps Marvel to promote by giving out Merchandises/ advertise via Disney other production company/ team.

MYFM (owns by Astro) will help Astro Chinese Artist to promote their Chinese New Year Album annually as they came from the same owner.

Undermined Quality Content

As owned by the large media company, the owner can send out messages that he wants to their audiences through his company's media influences and power.

Hence, sometimes the information could be bias.

Media Control by Political Power

Similar to the above, the Political Parties who owned the media could control whatever messages that they want to be published, or to be hidden.

They can filter out the messages and came out messages that is healthy and good for their image, by buying the media company and control it.

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MP SPEAKS Last week, red-shirt vigilante members protested twice outside the offices of leading independent news voice Malaysiakini, only to be followed by a raid and seizure of their computers by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

All this transpired in quick succession of an allegation, later confirmed by Malaysiakini 's leadership, that the group had indeed received grant funding from the Open Society Foundation (OSF), founded by philanthropist George Soros. The conduct by the red-shirt protesters and the government reflects a sadly hypocritical state of affairs in today's Malaysia.

On one hand, Malaysiakini is subjected to such heavy-handed treatment for receiving a grant amounting to less than 10 percent of its total funds, when the prime minister is cleared of corruption charges despite pocketing RM2.6 billion into his personal coffers.

While Malaysiakini is attacked for being a mere grant recipient, the red-shirt protesters remain tight-lipped towards the fact that the bulk of Malaysia's media outfits are owned and therefore subordinate to our ruling party, BN, and their never-ending economic and political follies.
With foreign funding comes the need for accountability
Upon revelations of linkages to the OSF, Malaysiakini had no qualms disclosing that the media outfit is indeed a beneficiary of Soros' philanthropic arm. In fact, Malaysiakini's editor-in-chief Steven Gan, editors RK Anand and Jimadie Shah Othman held a meeting with red shirt protesters to dispel any confusion pertaining to foreign funding.

According respect to the public and addressing their concerns is befitting of an entity performing a public service. Such is the case for the media which performs public broadcasting; such is also the case for the prime minister who oversees public law and order.

Malaysiakini 's forthcoming disclosures are in stark contrast with Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak's course of action following the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) exposé that our preeminent leader had indeed received a personal donation of RM2.6 billion from Saudi Arabia.

First, Najib denied that he had ever received money for personal gain. Then, Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir asserted that it was an "investment in Malaysia", before months later saying that it was a "genuine donation with nothing expected in return."

Najib himself has remained reticent. Up till now, how Najib spent Saudi Arabia's excessively magnanimous donations, of which US$620 million was returned, remains undisclosed. More than a year has gone by, but Malaysians remain beguiled as to why the money was donated and how the money was spent. Indeed, with a clean conscience, there is nothing to fear and nothing to hide.
Balancing funding needs with independence
Jamal Yunos alleges Malaysiakini to be a puppet of George Soros, thereby having the vast potential to distort electoral results. But Malaysiakini's source of funding is manifold - ranging from grant agencies that support free and independent press, to subscription fees and advertising revenues. Malaysiakini has emphasised its prerogative to maintain diversity in funding sources, ensuring that any one grant that it benefits from never exceeds 10 percent of its total funding.

This is what enables Malaysiakini to keep faithful to the daily grind of journalism, while preserving its autonomy - strong and unyielding. If Malaysiakini is alleged to deceive the electorate, shouldn't even graver accusations be laid against our traditional media outlets?

In an ironic admission of media bias during World Press Freedom Day last year, Utusan Malaysia conceded that Umno owns half of the media outfit's shares. Despite being among the nation's most widely circulated newspapers, and the worst in facing defamation suits - the paper continues to wield its Umno slant to the detriment of journalistic integrity.

Extend our scrutiny beyond Utusan and one will realise that the ruling party's influence transcends scores of newspapers, TV stations and radio channels:

State-owned Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) owns TV1, TV2, TVi and manages 35 radio stations;

Umno-owned Media Prima has equity stake in TV3, NTV7, 8TV, TV9, New Straits Times, Berita Harian, Harian Metro, FlyFM, HotFM and OneFM;

Umno holds 49.77 percent of equity in Utusan Melayu (Malaysia) Berhad, which owns Utusan Malaysia, Kosmo! and Mingguan Malaysia;

MCA has a 42.46 percent shareholding of Star Media Group, which owns The Star, and four radio stations - RED FM, 988, SuriaFM and Capital FM.

In its own proud words, Media Prima has the "complete repertoire of media-related businesses", thereby shaping the discourse and moulding the perceptions of the Malaysian society. If this is not media bias skewing electoral perceptions at near-insurmountable scale, what is?
The vast distinction between minority grants and majority ownership
Although BN financially controls the bulk of Malaysia's media sphere, Malaysiakini is singled out for being a grant recipient. First of all, Malaysiakini seeks only grants from agencies whose missions are compatible with theirs of independent journalism, therefore remaining autonomous and uncompromised.

Secondly, neither Soros, nor any of his affiliated bodies owns Malaysiakini. This is in stark contrast to BN-affiliated media outlets, who owe their existence to the ruling party and would ultimately, serve the latter's preferences.

OSF's grant is simply one of Malaysiakini's many funding streams to ensure that its voice remains diverse, well-informed and independent. Celebrating its 17th anniversary this year, Malaysiakini's revenue model has proven sustainable through grants, subscriptions and advertising. If nothing else, Malaysiakini represents a successful model for independent media outlets worldwide.

Ironically, while Malaysiakini maintains its moral high-ground of journalistic integrity, our government - when accorded the same rigour in scrutiny - appears despotic and coercive. In fact, Malaysiakini is not the only casualty of late; respected polling centre Merdeka Centre too was brought in for police questioning for alleged links to Soros, twice.

When Malaysiakini and Merdeka Centre were confronted, they responded with openness, responsiveness and civility. Can the same be said for the BN government, whose wholly-owned entity 1MDB is under investigation in countries worldwide? At Parliament, our elected representatives are muzzled from debating matters related to 1MDB. Parliamentarians who do not toe the line face the risk of sedition charges.

Evidently, the same spirit of democracy that Malaysiakini has exemplified does not hold true for the incumbent government. There is a very clear line between receiving funds for operational needs and welcoming 'donations' that facilitates kleptocracy.

Victimising the former while emboldening the latter is hypocrisy at minimum, and destructive to the nation, at worst.

NURUL IZZAH ANWAR is the MP for Lembah Pantai and a vice-president of PKR.

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Who controls the media? BN hypocrisy exposed

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MP SPEAKS Last week, red-shirt vigilante members protested twice outside the offices of leading independent news voice Malaysiakini, only to be followed by a raid and seizure of their computers by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

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Impact of Conglomeration and Integration - Attention Economy 

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Impact of Conglomeration and Integration - Attention Economy 

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Conglomeration and Integration helps to generate the Hypes and also creating the trends.

The more you talk about it, or attention to it, the more money they are making.

Kiki Challenges/ Any Song Challenges/ WAP Challenges - People pay for the credit and also the ownership of the songs in order to play (The Trend).

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this is how much money mariah carey's "all i want for christmas is you" is raking in - cnn

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This is how much money Mariah Carey's "All I Want For Christmas Is You" is raking in

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Mariah Carey's "All I Want For Christmas Is You" still brings in millions of dollars.

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Derived from word called Semiology

Understanding of Sign and Sign System

No Smoking Sign, Toilet Sign, Gesture

Language is also a sign to represent what we want to say

How a Sign become a Sign?

Universally Recognized

Generally Accepted

A standardized sign that represent something can changed from time to time.

Ex: The Heart Sign

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We see the familiar symbol everywhere - in text messages, signs, cakes, clothing, and more. But we also know the real heart looks nothing like it. Historian Marilyn Yalom tells us how the anatomical organ became the symbol that we all know today.

In 2011, I went to the British Museum in London to see a collection of 15th-century artifacts, which included gold coins and jewelry that were part of the Fishpool Hoard found in England in 1966. I was particularly attracted to a heart-shaped brooch ( below, one of the heart brooches from the hoard).

That day, I noticed the heart's two upper lobes and its V-shaped bottom point as if I were seeing them for the first time. It quickly dawned on me that the symmetrical shape is a far cry from the ungainly lumpish organ inside us. From that moment on, the figure of the heart pursued me. I wanted to answer two questions: "How did the human heart become transformed into the iconic form we know today?" and "How long has the heart been associated with love?"

As far back as the ancient Greeks, lyric poetry identified the heart with love in verbal conceits. Among the earliest known Greek examples, the poet Sappho agonized over her own "mad heart" quaking with love. She lived during the 7th century BC on the island of Lesbos surrounded by female disciples for whom she wrote passionate poems, now known only in fragments, like the following: Love shook my heart, Like the wind on the mountain Troubling the oak-trees.

Greek philosophers agreed, more or less, that the heart was linked to our strongest emotions, including love. Plato argued for the dominant role of the chest in love and in negative emotions of fear, anger, rage and pain. Aristotle expanded the role of the heart even further, granting it supremacy in all human processes.

Among the ancient Romans, the association between the heart and love was commonplace. Venus, the goddess of love, was credited - or blamed - for setting hearts on fire with the aid of her son Cupid, whose darts aimed at the human heart were always overpowering.

In the ancient Roman city of Cyrene - near what is now Shahhat, Libya - the coin ( above) was discovered. Dating back to 510-490 BC, it's the oldest-known image of the heart shape. However, it's what I call the non-heart heart, because it is stamped with the outline of the seed from the silphium plant, a now-extinct species of giant fennel. Why in the world would anyone have put that on a coin? Silphium was known for its contraceptive properties, and the ancient Libyans got rich from exporting it throughout the known world. They chose to honor it by putting it on a coin.

The ancient Romans held a curious belief about the heart - that there was a vein extending from the fourth finger of the left hand directly to the heart. They called it the vena amoris. Even though this idea was based upon incorrect knowledge of the human anatomy, it persisted. In the medieval period in Salisbury, England, during the church ceremony in the liturgy, the groom was told to place a ring on the bride's fourth finger because of that vein. Wearing a wedding ring on that finger goes back all the way to the Romans.

During the 12th and 13th centuries, the heart found a home in the feudal courts of Europe. Minstrels in France celebrated a form of love that came to be known as "fin' amor." Fin' amor is impossible to translate: today we call it courtly love, but its original meaning was closer to "extreme love," "refined love" or "perfect love." Courtly love required the troubadour to pledge his whole heart to only one woman, with the promise that he would be true to her forever. Accompanied by his lyre or harp, he'd sing his heart out in the presence of his lady and the members of the court to which she belonged.

This explosion of song and poetry that started in France spread to Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Hungary and Scandinavia, each of which created its own variations. Through them, love staked out its place not only as a literary concept but also as an important social value and an intrinsic part of being human. A yearning for amorous love seeped into the Western consciousness and has remained there since. The illustration ( above) is from the German Codex Manesse, a compilation of love poems which historians place sometime between 1300 to 1340. Between the couple, a fanciful tree rises to form the outline of a heart, which carries within it a coat of arms bearing the Latin word AMOR (love.)

In 1344, the first known image of the indubitable heart icon with two lobes and a point appeared. It made its debut in a manuscript titled T he Romance of Alexander, written in the French dialect of Picardy by Lambert le Tor (and, after him, finished by Alexandre de Bernay). With hundreds of exquisitely ornamented pages, Alexander is one of the great medieval picture books.

The scene containing the heart image appears in the lower border of a page decorated with sprays of foliage, perched birds and other motifs characteristic of French and Flemish illumination. On the left-hand side ( above), a woman raises a heart that she has presumably received from the man facing her. She accepts the gift, while he touches his breast to indicate the place from which it has come. From this moment on, there was an explosion of heart imagery, particularly in France.

During the 15th century, the heart icon proliferated throughout Europe in a variety of unexpected ways. It was visible on the pages of manuscripts and on luxury items like brooches and pendants. The heart also turned up in coats of arms, playing cards, combs, wooden chests, sword handles, burial sites, woodcuts, engravings and printer's marks. The heart icon was adapted to many practical and whimsical uses, with most - but not all - related to love.

Frenchman Pierre Sala contributed to the history of the amorous heart with a book titled Emblèmes et Devises d'amour, or Love Emblems and Mottos, prepared in Lyon around 1500. His collection of 12 love poems and illustrations was intended for Marguerite Bullioud, the love of his life, although she was married to another man. (She and Sala wed after her husband's death.) Sala's tiny book was meant to be held in the palm of one's hand. In one of the illustrations ( above), two women attempt to catch a bevy of flying hearts in a net stretched out between two trees. The winged heart, borrowing from angels, had already appeared in earlier illustrations as the sign of soaring love.

Though some people assume that Valentine's Day is the creation of the modern greeting card industry, its history is much older - indeed, so old that its origins are clouded. Saint Valentine of Rome was added to the Catholic calendar by Pope Gelasius in 496, to be commemorated on February 14, the same day it still occupies. While there have been various theories of why St. Valentine became associated with love, it most likely developed during the late Middle Ages in the context of Anglo-French courtly love.

By the mid-17th century, the celebration of Valentine's Day in England was customary for those who could afford its rituals. Affluent men drew lots with women's names on them, and the man who picked a lady's name was obliged to give her a gift. The earliest English, French and American valentines were little more than a few lines of verse handwritten on a sheet of paper, but over time, makers began embellishing them with drawings and paintings. These were folded, sealed with wax, and placed on their intended's doorstep.

Then, the first commercial valentines appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. They were printed, engraved or made from woodcuts and sometimes colored by hand. They combined traditional symbols of love - flowers, hearts, cupids, birds - with doggerel verse of the "roses are red" variety. Thanks to the Industrial Revolution, mass-produced Valentine's Day cards obliterated the handmade variety in England and the US. The French, too, began exploiting the commercial valentine, with cards featuring angel-like cupids surrounded by hearts ( above, a French card, circa 1900).

In 1977, the heart icon underwent yet another transformation when it became a verb. The "I ❤ NY" logo was created to boost morale for a city in crisis. Trash piled up on the streets, the crime rate spiked, and it was near bankruptcy. Hired to design an image that would increase tourism, graphic designer Milton Glaser created the famous logo ( above) that has since become a cliché and a meme. With the logo, Glaser extended the heart's meaning beyond romantic love to embrace the realm of civic feelings and thereby opened the gateway to new uses. Once it became a verb, ❤ could connect a person with any other person, place or thing.

Twenty-two years later, a new graphic form appeared that brought the heart into a whole new realm. In 1999, Japanese provider NTT DoCoMo released the first emojis made for mobile communication. In the original set of 176 symbols, there were five concerning the heart. One was colored completely red, one included white blank spots to suggest 3-D depth, another had jagged white blanks at its center signifying a broken heart, one looked as if it were in flight, and one had two small hearts sailing off together.

Now there are more 30 different emojis containing a heart, and I suspect the heart image will keep evolving in unknown ways for centuries to come. While the heart may be only a metaphor, it serves us well, for love itself is impossible to define. Throughout the ages, men and women have tried to put into words the various shades of love they've experienced - fondness, affection, infatuation, attachment, endearment, romance, desire or "true love." But when words fail us, we fall back on signs. We add ❤ to our emails, texts and notes. We send valentines adorned with ❤ to those dear to us. We give gifts with❤ patterns. We make ❤ -shaped cookies for children. The continued global popularity of the heart as a symbol for love offers us a small dose of hope, serving as a reminder of the ageless assumption that love can save us.
This story was adapted from Marilyn Yalom's TEDx talk and from her book Watch her TEDxPaloAlto talk here: The Amorous Heart: An Unconventional History of Love, with the permission of Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group. Copyright © Marilyn Yalom 2018.

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How did the human heart become associated with love? And how did it turn into the shape we know today?

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In 2011, I went to the British Museum in London to see a collection of 15th-century artifacts, which included gold coins and jewelry that were part of the Fishpool Hoard found in England in 1966. I was particularly attracted to a heart-shaped brooch ( below, one of the heart brooches from the hoard).

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There are two component of Sign, which are Signifier and Signified.

Signifier

The physical form, the actual thing, the actual word we want to indicate.

Tree, Green, Leaf, Woods

Signified

Something that you think about that leads to sign, What comes to your mind

Peace, Environment, Mother-Nature (What makes you think about)

Signifier + Signified = Sign

Normally used in Linguistic Sign (Used in words) – Imagination

Ex: In Marlboro advertisement, the Cigarette acts as a signifier, which signified the meaning of adventurous and masculine.

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Charles Sanders Peirce - Theory of Sign 

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Charles Sanders Peirce - Theory of Sign 

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This theory focus more on image, Physical Form of object.

There are three elements that has been used in this theory:

Representamen

Point to that object and people immediately know what it is OR what is it meaning

Ex: Picture of Angelina Jolie let us know that She's Angelina Jolie

Interpretant

The idea and thought (Interpretation through mind)

Object

Focus more on the image, physical form of object

There are 3 classes of Sign:

Iconic

A sign that was directly drawn and replicates the real physical form.

Toilet sign (A Toilet Bowl) Fragile Sign (Item Crack)

Indexical

Sign that leads people to think and represent that the real thing that happened before this

Something that used to be here.

Footprint - someone has walked past here.

Symbolic

Sign that does not directly represent the image of the real item.

But universally people recognize them and know what it means.

Sign of No Entry

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Denotation

The meaning that shows from dictionary

What you see, what it is.

Ex: Spectacles

Connotation

Interpretation that based on feelings, belief and ideas.

Individual Connotation - Personal interpretation, its varies based on each individuals and their experienced.

Cultural Connotation - The meanings from the same cultural background.

Ex: Individual Connotation - Let me watch clearly

Ex: Cultural Connotation - I'm a very smart person.

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Intertextuality - borrowing or referring from other text to convey certain meaning 仿拟，引用

In both images and video, we can analyze what it refer to the sign through their costumes, make up, building, facial expression etc.

Ex:

From the building and also the traditional music that has been played from the background, it shows that this place took place in Japan.

The opening shows that the girl and the boy are actually standing right next to each other, however, one is wearing black and one is wearing white, showing that the gril is moaning for the boy, while the boy has passed away.

The next scene has showed that both boy and girl standing next to each other again, however holding their hands together.

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田馥甄 Hebe Tien [ 靈魂伴侶 Soul Mate ] Official Music Video

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Sets of Ideas, Concept, Theory that a group of people generally agrees it in the world.

Example of Ideology: Sign, Symbol, Language

English as the International Language - Everyone agrees that English is the international language that we use to communicate with one another.

Link Explanation: What is Ideology?

There are many ideology that exist in the world that we commonly known, however, never identify and realized about it.

Western Ideology: Freedom of Speech, Human Rights, Democracy, Equality

China: Communism

These are the ideology that they practiced and know in their society, they were plant with these mindset and ideas.

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"It’s all around us, here even in this room. You can see it out your window, or on your television. You feel it when you go to work or go to church or pay your taxes. It is the world that has been pulled over your eyes".

Morpheus, The Matrix.

Ideology is everywhere around us.

It is believed that our mind are are actually controlled by "people up there" (can be refer to authority) in order to believe what they want us to believe.

The ideology that they emphasized blind you or normalize what they want you to think, so that you think its normal.

Ex: India Caste System - It makes the Indians to think there's no equality, people who born dark or in the background of Dalits are slaves or dirty, it's normal to actually 🤬(r-a-p-e) woman as they were cheap and slave, or woman should always listen to man.

Outsource Reference: The story of Padman

In India, there's Ideology of Woman having menstruation are dirty.

Hence, whenever woman's having period, they have to stay outside of the house, or not staying indoor.

They are also not allow to sleep together with their husband.

The Indian society seeks Period as something dirty that might contaminate the gods, hence, there were no pads to be sell for the woman.

Even if there's pad, it would be sold in a very expensive rate.

The only way that woman can solve menstruation is through only wrapping with Sari.

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The Real Padman Speaks | Inspirational Story Behind Padman Movie | Arunachalam Muruganatham

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A concept proposed by the Psychological Theorist - Althusser

Proposed that we do something conscious in everyday life, however, while staying in the status of conscious, we are unconsciously doing something that we are not realizing it.

Ex: We know we have class for today (Conscious), hence, we automatically wake up early and attend the class (Unconsciously - Automatically without realizing it)

Ex: When we meet elderly, we have to call them (We are awake and conscious, however we unconsciously react and take action of calling others)

Similar to the concept of Depth Structure, proposed by Sigmund Freud, we never know that whatever we do, it has a deeper meaning into it on why we have to do like that.

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15 Scary Facts About Your Unconscious Mind

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How Media Implement Certain Ideology into us ?

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How Media Implement Certain Ideology into us ?

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Masking and Displacing

Censorship

It stops citizens or people from seeing something that they do not want you to see or exposed.

Given the excuses of protecting the mind of people, by not exposing inappropriate content and filtering out it, however was actually trying to hide certain content.

Ex: Banglalasia (2015) was banned by Malaysia Government due to the below reason, however it is believed that the main reason of the banned is due to that the movie itself sarcastically pinned point that Malaysia has many illegal labor and also the current phenomenon of Malaysia.

Incorporating or Containing

The ideology was put into the media or movie secretly without anyone noticing due to the control of media

Ex: D.C - Birds Of Prey - It emphasize on Girls Power, however as media promotes it, not people can really see the main motive of the movie, the ideology and the spirit that the movie wants to talk about - Unconsciously planted the mind set of Feminisms into your heart.

Pleasurable Text

Promoting the ideology through texts.

Many media has created content that is believed to bring relaxion and entertainment to the others. People read or know it just for the sake of fun, however, neither of they know that through these "pleasurable text", it has unconsciously planted some sort of ideology to your mind.

Ex: Quotation on Facebook/ Instagram - Owen JC - its for entertaining, but slowly the ideology has been implemented and affecting us.

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KUALA LUMPUR, March 23 - Namewee's latest film, Banglasia, was banned here for belittling the country's security forces, poking fun at national security matters and promoting non-heterosexual behaviour, according to the Home Ministry.

The ministry was responding to Subang MP R. Sivarasa who asked why the movie was banned from screening in Malaysia, when Singaporean cinemas had shown the 90-minute film in its entirety.

"This film has a title, theme, storyline, scenes and double meaning dialogue with implicit messages that were feared could raise controversy and public doubt," the ministry said in a written parliamentary response.

Among others, it said the film "mocked national security issues, specifically the Lahad Datu intrusion", "ridiculed the capacity and role of security troops in maintaining peace as well as national security", "includes allegations and negative perceptions towards government agencies related to citizenship", and "accentuates negative sociocultural lifestyles such as Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender (LGBT)".

"Before the decision was made, the Film Censorship Board had a discussion with the producers of the film and explained the negative scenes and dialogue that needed to be amended in the film," the response read.

"However the film producers did not carry out the amendments as suggested by the Film Censorship Board, leading it to be not approved for screening."

The film directed by Wee Meng Chee, or better known as Namewee, is about a multi-cultural group of individuals learning to put aside their differences when their cultural tolerance and understanding are put to the test.

The film was banned in Malaysia last year after 31 scenes were deemed inappropriate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board, however it has been screened at several film festivals including Osaka Asian Film Festival 2015 (OAFF), New York Asian Film Festival 2015 (NYAFF) and Singapore International Film Festival 2015 (SGIFF).

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Ministry: 'Banglasia' film banned for ridiculing national security, promoting LGBT | Malay Mail

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KUALA LUMPUR, March 23 - Namewee’s latest film, Banglasia, was banned here for belittling the country’s security forces, poking fun at national security matters and promoting non-heterosexual behaviour, according to the Home Ministry. The ministry was responding to Subang MP R....

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What is Hegemony

A leadership or a way that allows people with authority to use their cultural influences to "brainwashed" and affect the mindset of minority in order to build their power for their best interest.

Ex: Communist Party in China, North Korea - To brainwashed them that they are the best and it is essential to be loyal to the government.

How can we counter Hegemony?

Develop ideas that challenge the dominant or authority groups' assumptions, belief and their pattern of behavior.

Ex: How people counter Hegemony in North Korea - Escaping from North Korea and Exposed their act

Outsource References
Girl who Escape from North Korea: Park Yeon Mi

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Among the desperate and appalling chronicle of horrors presented across 372 pages in the full UN report into rights abuses in North Korea, the chilling testimony of a young woman called Jee Heon, sent to a prison camp after being returned from China, stands out.

Giving evidence to the commission's first public evidence session, in Seoul last August, Jee explained the camp guards' policy towards women who returned to North Korea pregnant. The country's strict rules over perceived racial purity meant most of these women endured forced abortions, lest their babies have Chinese fathers. One woman, however, successfully gave birth, Jee said.

"The baby was crying as it was born; we were so curious, this was the first time we saw a baby being born. So we were watching this baby and we were so happy. But suddenly we heard the footsteps," she said. The footsteps belonged to a guard, who ordered the mother to drown her baby.

Jee continued: "The mother was begging, 'I was told that I would not be able to have the baby, but I actually got lucky and got pregnant, so let me keep the baby, please forgive me', but this agent kept beating this woman, the mother who just gave birth. And the baby, since it was just born, it was just crying. And the mother, with her shaking hands she picked up the baby and she put the baby face down in the water. The baby stopped crying and we saw this water bubble coming out of the mouth of the baby. And there was an old lady who helped with the labour, she picked up the baby from the bowl of water and left the room quietly."

The evidence forms part of a particularly shocking section of the report on the experiences of North Koreans who escape to China and are sent back, often with the assistance of Chinese authorities. The report describes forced, late-term abortions without anaesthetic - sometimes using rusty instruments, the use of chemicals to induce labour, beatings, forced labour and poor nutrition.

The inquiry heard equally desperate personal testimony from Shin Dong-hyuk, perhaps the most famous escapee from North Korea - the only prisoner ever known to have successfully escaped from a so-called 'total control camp' for political prisoners.

Shin - who was born in Camp 14 in 1981 through a union engineered by guards between his unwilling parents - described his childhood there, including how a girl aged about seven was beaten to death after she was found to have slipped a few spilled grains from the guards' food rations into a pocket. Mice were rife in the camp but could only be caught and eaten on the rare occasions guards agreed, he said.

Shin also described what happened when he accidentally dropped a sewing machine at the factory where he was forced to work. "The guard told the floor manager to cut off my finger, so I got on my knees and I begged not to do so but that didn't work obviously. And, I thought my whole hand was going to cut off, but it was just a finger. So, at that time I was grateful, really grateful to the guard because I was only losing a finger instead of a hand," Shin said.

A number of the most disturbing stories in the report centre on North Koreans' experiences during the great famines of the 1990s, a natural disaster that the UN inquiry concludes was nonetheless exacerbated by state policies to divert food to citizens considered more valuable.

At the hearing in Washington one woman, Jo Jin-hye, described carrying around her severely malnourished infant brother, who could not be breast-fed as their mother did not have enough food to lactate. "Because there was no food, he was not able to stop crying," she told the panel. "My baby brother died in my arms because he was not able to eat. And because I was holding him so much, he thought I was his mom. So when I was feeding him water, he was sometimes looking at me smiling at me."

Another survivor of the famine, Kim Hyuk, became a street child - known in North Korea as kotjebi, or 'flowering swallows'. He was seven when his mother died and described being placed briefly in an orphanage, but leaving after 24 out of the 75 children starved to death. A nurse told the commission she saw many street children crushed to death after trying to sleep in coal stores for warmth.

Around the same time, the commission heard, the North Korean state spent almost £500m on monuments to the founder of the state, Kim Il-sung, when he died in 1994. The report also noted that even with stunting among children rife, North Korea spent nearly £400m on luxury goods for top officials in 2012 alone.

Perhaps the most illustrative personal testimonies in conveying the all-pervasive reach of the state come in the section on propaganda and official control over personal lives and thoughts. Among the evidence was of children's lives at school, where they were encouraged to draw only pictures of Kim Il-sung or images "which might have pleased Kim Il-sung".

One woman giving evidence anonymously to the hearing in Tokyo recounted being encouraged to train for a public mass gymnastics display through the heroic example of a young boy who died after practising through the pain of an acute appendicitis and was viewed as a hero.

The report describes the central role of the portraits of Kim Il-sung and his late son and successor, Kim Jong-il, which must be displayed in every North Korean home. One witness said his father had been sent to a political prison camp after mopping up a spilled drink with a newspaper containing an image of the elder Kim.

To control the flow of outside information, all TV sets are registered with the state, which modifies them to ensure they receive only approved channels. As another witness said of life in the nation: "You are brainwashed, [you] don't know life outside. You are brainwashed from the time you know how to talk, about four years of age, from nursery school, brainwashing through education, this happens everywhere in life, society, even at home."
Topics

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North Korea: 'You are brainwashed from the time you know how to talk'

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Among the desperate and appalling chronicle of horrors presented across 372 pages in the full UN report into rights abuses in North Korea, the chilling testimony of a young woman called Jee Heon, sent to a prison camp after being returned from China, stands out.

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A form of Subvertising

It exposes the power of media that implement certain ideology or message to the audience.

Ex: Fox News was owned by the Trump Group. It was used by Trump in order to build up a brand new good image of Trump and criticize anyone that is against him (For Example, Biden)

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President Donald Trump launched a Twitter tirade against Fox News on Thursday - the second one this week - accusing the network of "doing nothing to help Republicans" and himself get reelected in November.

The president has been quick to attack the network, especially after host Neil Cavuto criticized the president on Monday for saying he was taking hydroxychloroquine as a preventive measure against the coronavirus, despite health experts' warnings. Trump on Thursday listed Cavuto along with other hosts and contributors he is disgruntled with, calling them "garbage" and adding that Fox News used to be "great."

"Many will disagree, but @FoxNews is doing nothing to help Republicans, and me, get re-elected on November 3rd," the president tweeted. "Sure, there are some truly GREAT people on Fox, but you also have some real 'garbage' littered all over the network, people like Dummy Juan Williams, Schumerite Chris...Hahn, Richard Goodstein, Donna Brazile, Niel Cavuto, and many others."

He continued: "They repeat the worst of the Democrat speaking points, and lies. All of the good is totally nullified, and more. Net Result = BAD! CNN & MSDNC are all in for the Do Nothing Democrats! Fox WAS Great!"

Fox News did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Trump's remarks.

In a Fox News poll released on Thursday evening, 48 percent of voters said they would vote for former Vice President Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, if the election were held now, while 40 percent of voters said they would vote for Trump. Biden and Trump were tied at 42 percent in last month's Fox News poll.

Trump's relationship with the conservative network, which has generally covered him favorably, has been rocky in recent months. The president, who frequently criticizes the media, attacked Fox News last month and said it was being fed "Democrat talking points."

"The people who are watching @FoxNews, in record numbers (thank you President Trump), are angry. They want an alternative now. So do I!" Trump on April 26.

After lashing out at Cavuto earlier this week, calling him an "idiot," "foolish," "gullible" and "an asshole," the president swung at the network, saying in a tweet that Fox News is "no longer the same."

"We miss the great Roger Ailes," the president wrote of the onetime head of the network who resigned in 2016 after multiple accusations of sexual assault. Ailes, who died in 2017, had advised Trump on debate preparation during the 2016 election.

"You have more anti-Trump people, by far, than ever before," the tweet said. "Looking for a new outlet!"

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Trump attacks Fox News for 'doing nothing to help Republicans, and me,' get reelected

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President Donald Trump launched a Twitter tirade against Fox News on Thursday - the second one this week - accusing the network of "doing nothing to help Republicans" and himself get reelected in November.

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How media uses symbols and stereotypes.

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The American Family

4-5 family members in the family

having cats and dogs at the house

Mom would be blonde and curly hair

The Rednecks

White

Without Education

Poor

With Long Beard

Wearing Caps

The British

The Slang

Formal Look

Tall and Elegant

The Blonde

Wearing Shorts

Popular Kids

Leader of the Girl Gangs

Mean Girls

Golden Hair, Pretty and Sexy

African American

Bold

Chains

Glowing Skin

Sexy Lips

Braid Hair

Thick Lips

Sexy Body

Raps

Man very tall

R&B

Chinese

Small Eyes

Straight Black Hair

Calculative and Stingy

Indian

Black or Brown Eyes

Shaking Their Hair

Good Face Feature

Indian Dance

IT Geeks

Muslim

Terrorist

Hijabs, Tudung

War, Gun

The reason why we would have this kind of information and stereotypical perception towards a group of people is due to how media portrayed categorization.

Example: Blonde - Fun, People with red hair - Smart, But hot tempered, Asian - Chinese

Outsource Reference: The Red- Neck Stereotype by the media

Red-Neck is a stereotypical terms that used to describe poor white Southerner that dates back before the Civil War.

It also means the lower-class and working class southerner.

The term start back in 1930s which refers to White who does Farmer for living, because their neck would turn red after toiled in the field for long time.

People often stereotype them as violent, rude, hot-headed and racist too (mentally).

However, not all Rednecks works as a farmer, and some of them also did not behave like what the media or people perceived or stereotyped.

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In their book The Companion to Southern Literature, Joseph Flora and Lucinda MacKethan describe the characteristics of the "redneck," a stereotype of a particular kind of poor white Southerner that dates back to before the Civil War:

Redneck is a derogatory term currently applied to some lower-class and workingclass southerners. The term, which came into common usage in the 1930s, is derived from the redneck's beginnings as a "yeoman farmer" whose neck would burn as he or she toiled in the fields . . .

Rednecks are not necessarily poor and not necessarily farmers, although rednecks can certainly be each of these things. What differentiates rednecks from poor whites is the perception of rednecks as racist, hot-headed, too physical, violent, uncouth, loud, mean, undereducated-and proud of it. The stereotypes follow: Rednecks do not adopt politically correct speech and are proud to be brutally honest about their feelings about nonwhites. Rednecks like to fight to solve their problems, preferring to beat someone at a street dance than to talk about the problem and solve it diplomatically. Rednecks come to the dinner table barefooted not because they have no shoes, but to specifically sneer at rules. Redneck women smoke cigarettes, chew gum, and wear curlers and put on makeup in public. The redneck rebels against education and against standard English, refusing to speak as others would have him or her speak. Rednecks hunt proudly, take baths only occasionally, and work on old cars in their front yard. Rednecks are characterized by excess; they eat too much, drink too much, smoke too much, play too hard, and live too hard. The outsider's perception of all these things differentiates the redneck from the poor white.

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In their book The Companion to Southern Literature, Joseph Flora and Lucinda MacKethan describe the characteristics of the "redneck," a stereotype of a particular kind of poor white Southerner that dates back to before the Civil War: Redneck is a derogatory term currently applied to some lower-class and workingclass southerners.

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Depiction of Characters in Color - African American

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Depiction of Characters in Color - African American

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Normal Cast Vs Colour Cast

Normal Cast: The Whites (As long as you're white, you're the normal cast, which gets more opportunities in media compare to the others, despite you're from country beside America)

Colour Cast: Cast that besides the Whites - Chinese, Black, Indian etc

Back in the days, they have limited colour cast, and even if they do, they do not play a very general role, however, were meant to play roles that similar to their skin tone and ethnics.

Black people in the movie were actually portrayed by the whites, by color their face dark, opportunities were not given to the Black community to act out the role despite portraying Black.

Ex: The Jazz Singer - In order to sing, I have to colour myself Black.

Ex: The Birth of The Nation - Imagine the day that America are ruled by the Blacks - Mocking about how Blacks were so "negative", that the Whites should stands up and fight the Blacks.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) - White Supremacy and Anti-Color Community - They promote the pureness of white and their costumes were inspired by The Birth of A Nation. They would wore the costumes as a symbol to protest for the White Supremacy.

The reason why the director use White to portrayed the black is because (Director) the original BLACK can't act like what the Directors' ideal portrayal of Black.

For Instance, what I think of Indian is Gangsters, but not every Indian are gangsters, and hence when I ask them to act like Indian, they can't, and I'm not satisfied because they are not "Gangster" enough. And hence, I hire Chinese to act like Indian, to portrayed Indian role in the way we think it should be.

Hence, from here we can see that the impacts of media stereotype would bring to the community.

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Depiction of Characters in Colours - Latino

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Depiction of Characters in Colours - Latino

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Latino - People who speaks Spanish, Come from Mexico

They usually play a Greaser Role (Illegal Immigration Construction Worker Representation - Hamsap - Dirty) like how we stereotypical think of Indonesian and Bangla Workers.

Rudolph Valentino (not a Latino, but Italian) played roles as Latino, and hence, making the genre and perception of Latino in media from Greaser to Lover role.

And hence, there's many Latino were given the opportunity for acting in a movie as the Lover Roles purposely, as the community thinks that Latino guys are so charming, however, only Lover Roles.

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The Italian-born American actor Rudolph Valentino, starred in several well-known silent films was an early pop icon, a sex symbol of the 1920s, he was known as the "Latin Lover" or simply as "Valentino." His death which occurred at age 31, caused mass hysteria among his female fans and further propelling him into iconic status.

Rudolph Valentino was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filibert Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguella in Castellaneta, Apulia, Kingdom of Italy.

As a child, Rodolfo was indulged because of his exceptional looks and his playful personality. His mother coddled him, while his father disapproved of him.He did poorly in school and was eventually enrolled in agricultural school at Genoa, where he earned a certificate.

After living in Paris in 1912, he soon returned to Italy. Unable to secure employment, he departed for the United States in 1913.He was processed at Ellis Island at age 18 on December 23, 1913.

Displeased with playing "heavies," Valentino briefly entertained the idea of returning to New York permanently. He returned for a visit in 1917, staying with friends in Greenwich Village, eventually settling in Bayside, Queens. It was there that he met Paul Ivano, who would greatly help his career.

While traveling to Palm Springs, Florida, to film Stolen Moments, Valentino read the novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Seeking out a trade paper, he discovered that Metro had bought the film rights to the story. In New York, he sought out Metro's Office, only to find June Mathis had been trying to find him. She cast him in the role of Julio Desnoyers. For the director, Mathis had chosen Rex Ingram, with whom Valentino did not get along, leading Mathis to play the role of peacekeeper between the two

Dating back to the de Saulles trial in New York, during which his masculinity had been questioned in print, Valentino had been very sensitive about his public perception. Women loved him and thought him the epitome of romance. However, American men were less impressed, walking out of his movies in disgust. With the Fairbanks type being the epitome of manhood, Valentino was seen as a threat to the "All American" man.
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One man, asked in a street interview in 1922 what he thought of Valentino, replied, "Many men desire to be another Douglas Fairbanks. But Valentino? I wonder..."Women in the same interview found Valentino "triumphantly seductive. Puts the love-making of the average husband or sweetheart into discard as tame, flat, and unimpassioned."Men may have wanted to act like Fairbanks, but they copied Valentino's look. A man with perfectly greased-back hair was called a "Vaselino."

Some journalists were still calling his masculinity into question, going on at length about his pomaded hair, his dandyish clothing, his treatment of women, his views on women, and whether he waseffeminate or not. Valentino hated these stories and was known to carry the clippings of the newspaper articles around with him and criticize them.

On August 15, 1926, Valentino collapsed at the Hotel Ambassador, Park Avenue, New York. He was hospitalized at the New York Polyclinic Hospital and an examination diagnosed him as suffering from appendicitis and gastric ulcers, requiring an immediate operation. (His condition is now referred to as "Valentino's syndrome": perforated ulcers mimicking appendicitis.) Despite surgery, Valentino developed peritonitis. On August 18, his doctors gave an optimistic prognosis and told the media that unless his condition changed for the worse, there was no need for updates.However, on August 21, his condition did change for the worse, as he was stricken with a severe pleuritis relapse that developed rapidly in his left lung due to his weakened condition.The doctors realized that he was going to die, but as was common at the time with terminal patients, decided to withhold the prognosis from the actor, who believed that his condition would pass. During the early hours of Monday, August 23, Valentino was briefly conscious and chatted with his doctors about his future. He fell back into a coma and died a few hours later, at the age of 31.

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Rudolph Valentino- portraits of the "Latin Lover," an early pop icon & sex symbol of the 1920s

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The Italian-born American actor Rudolph Valentino, starred in several well-known silent films was an early pop icon, a sex symbol of the 1920s, he was known as the "Latin Lover" or simply as "Valentino." His death which occurred at age 31, caused mass hysteria among his female fans and further propelling him into iconic status.

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Depiction of Characters in Colours - Asian (Chinese)

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Depiction of Characters in Colours - Asian (Chinese)

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Asian consists of many races, however in the part, media only recognize Asian as Chinese or Japanese.

The characters are also being portrayed by the Whites.

How Asian looks like in Media? Ladies would be Mistress, Exotic Lover, Dragon Lady, villain. Men would be secret lover, villain.

The Yellow Peril

Because of how media portrayed the Asian as the secret lovers, exotics mistress, and hence the Westerner afraid that people might want to find Asian people as their spouse (clearly they don't support racial-mixed relationship because White Supremacy)

Hence, they came out with Yellow Peril, and Anti-Miscegenation

In the movie, as long as there are people fell in love with color cast, it will end up bad ending (Incorporating or Containing - Giving you the opportunity to see color cast, but wants to bring out the message that end of the day it will become very bad)

Anna May Wong, Sessue Hayakawa are the color cast that portrayed their own ethnics groups without using the Whites back in the days.

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Why So Many Asian Characters In Movies Have Dyed Hair

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What people promotes nowadays was that each general role can be portrayed by color cast, but not the Whites only, if only the color cast portraying their own ethnics role, then its still unfair because its own limited opportunity.

Every cast should be given the chance to portrayed different kinds of roles - the General Roles

Its fair and more job opportunities open up to more color cast.

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Beginning in 2022, films aiming for the top award will have to turn in a confidential "inclusion standard form." In 2024, they will have to meet two of four standards.

To take the top Oscar, filmmakers will have to explain how their productions reflected diversity on camera and off. Credit... Matt Petit/Getty Images

In June, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which oversees the Oscars, said it would add a diversity component to the Oscar race. On Tuesday, it explained how it's going to work.

Beginning in 2024 with the 96th Oscars, films hoping to qualify for the best picture category will have to meet inclusion standards both on camera and behind the scenes.

To meet the onscreen representation standard, at least one of the lead actors or a significant supporting actor must be from an underrepresented racial or ethnic group, whether that means Asian, Hispanic, Black, Indigenous, Native American, Middle Eastern, North African, native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.

There are alternatives: Thirty percent of all actors in secondary or more minor roles could come from two of the following categories: women, L.G.B.T.Q., an underrepresented racial or ethnic group, or those with cognitive or physical disabilities. Or the main story line must focus on an underrepresented group.

The move is part of a continuing effort to improve inclusion both within the organization and in the movies it honors. Over the years, the academy has come under fire for presenting all-white acting slates at nomination time, a fault many attribute to both the homogeneous makeup of the organization and the industry at large. These standards are meant to address the broader industry issues.

"The aperture must widen to reflect our diverse global population in both the creation of motion pictures and in the audiences who connect with them," the academy's president, David Rubin, and chief executive, Dawn Hudson, said in a statement, adding that the pending standards will "be a catalyst for long-lasting, essential change in our industry."

Beginning in 2022, for the 94th Oscars and again in 2023 for the 95th Oscars, each best picture candidate must first submit a confidential academy inclusion standard form to be considered eligible - a baby step, if you will, to get the industry thinking more about inclusion.

Then in 2024, to qualify, a film must meet two of four standards in areas of onscreen representation, offscreen creative leadership, apprenticeship opportunities for members of underrepresented groups and diversity in the ranks of the marketing and distribution departments.

Other standards involve filling the ranks behind the scenes with women or people of color; offering both paid apprenticeships and training opportunities to those in underrepresented groups; or hiring multiple senior executives from those groups at either the studio or the film company charged with marketing and distributing the films.

The standards will be enforced via spot checks of sets and through dialogue between the academy and a movie's filmmakers and distributors.

Two academy governors - the producer DeVon Franklin and Paramount Pictures' chairman and chief executive, Jim Gianopulos - headed up the task force to develop the standards. They took their inspiration from the British Film Institute, which in 2019 became the first major awards body to introduce diversity and inclusion criteria as part of its eligibility requirements.

In recent years, the academy has made efforts to diversify its membership in response to #OscarsSoWhite, a hashtag that emerged after the organization did not nominate any actors of color for Academy Awards two years in a row. Academy leaders vowed to double the number of people of color and women members by 2020, a milestone they hit this summer when they invited 819 new members including the actresses Awkwafina and Zendaya to join. The organization is still predominantly white (81 percent) and male (67 percent).

In June, it announced that it would delay the 93rd Academy Awards to April 25.

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Academy Explains Diversity Rules for Best Picture Oscar

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Beginning in 2022, films aiming for the top award will have to turn in a confidential "inclusion standard form." In 2024, they will have to meet two of four standards. In June, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which oversees the Oscars, said it would add a diversity component to the Oscar race.

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Sex

Biological Essentialist

Born with the biological reproductive system or sign

It may not the choice that you want, you were naturally born with it.

Male Hormones that make you look like a "MAN" - Testosterone

Female Hormones that make you look like a "WOMAN“ - Estrogen

But regardless of Gender, both male and female will have and produce Testosterone and Estrogen, its just that depending which one have more than the other one (depending on how much level of concentration does it produced)

Male produce more testosterone than estrogen -> Facial Hair, Deeper Skin

Female produce more estrogen than testosterone -> Less Facial hair, more sensitive emotional

Sometimes either one party has less identical than their category of of Sex, it's due to their certain body produces more different types of hormones than the normal

Gender (Only changing the behavior and appearance to another gender)

Social Constructionist

Based on society perceptions, how woman should look like, how man should look like (Society construct how we perceive Gender)

Something you can choose and determine by choices

Transgender, LGBT, Drag (They have man characteristics, but dressed like a woman)

I'm a man, but I feel like I want to be a Woman, and I started to wear makeup, behave like woman (like how society thinks that woman should be)

Transsexuals - Surgical changing your 🤬 through injection and also operations, and also changing the style, behavior into your ideal 🤬.

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Is Gender a Social Construct? in 7 Minutes

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Early Media

You can act, however in certain roles only as a female

Femme Fatale

French Words

Fatal Woman

Beautiful, Sexy, Seductive Roles but its a villain that might hurt you (Spy, assassin, Cause of a problem)

Trophy Wife/ Mom

Great character female role

Perfect wife, Mom and Woman

Sex Kitten

Just give viewing pleasure for male audiences

There to look good

Gold-Digger

Feel attracted and wants to get protected by wealthy man

Present Media

Changes and Objectification

Not really abolished, however decrease, but it still there

Ex: Transformer 1 & 2, Megan Fox was known for the 🤬 Kitten because all she needs to do is just to act sexy to attract male audiences, despite the movie officials known the character as a side kick but not 🤬 kitten

🤬 kitten: Just a beautified thingy that meant to attract people, no script, no acting, but to be sexy and no contribution to the movie scene (which if u take out the role, there's no big effects) .

Baywatch, 50 Shades of Grey, Comics Books (Costumes): Both male and female actors are just an object, which people came to see them its because of their body, appearance, abs, sexy etc, but not the storyline.

Comics - Woman wear sexy suits, with slim-fitting bodysuits, Man also having big abs, wearing slim-fitting abs.

Fame Seeker

Woman who likes having pose for fame in pictures

Ex: Social Media Influencers

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Early Media

Man would play the character of handsome, perfect, powerful, strong, rich (American Dream Man - Perfect man, family, wife)

Or Physically Strong and capable.

Media portrayed Masculinity as  - everything man did was right, and there's no wrong. The decision they make will always be a success.

Media "perfect" the role of the man, hence Man will always be the main lead back in the days - Hero .

But in someway it actually stereotype man should be like this - Physically Strong, Powerful, Must be successful, which eventually in real life, they are human too and not man are really that strong.

Man also need some care and love from others, but media portrayed them as wonderful and powerful, and hence, the society always seek more from the man to be strong and perfect.

Present Media

Western

Man are still being portrayed as physically strong, powerful, authority and determined (just like the perfect man)

However they start to accept and portrayed that man also have weaknesses.

Emotions, Insecurity, Failure through out the movie

Instead of Portraying the "Ideal Man" that makes people stereotype, the role of man in media has turned into a more life basis, which they are allowed to showcase emotions, failure like ordinary people did.

The role of man started to reflect on the exact real characters of man in real life, no longer "too perfect" to be true.

Asian (Objectification)

The same goes to Western Countries, Man are allowed to be imperfect, but not as perfect as what it is in media anymore.

They are allowed to show emotions, allow to fail, and also allow to have weaknesses which is the reflection of real life.

However, ever since the Korean, Japanese wave, man were also expected to be very "beautiful" and "handsome" until an extreme way, which does not allow them to be old, to be not "fair" enough

Whitening, Hair Removal - Which stereotypes man and woman should look like this (Clean) by the media to the society.

They have to be good-looking, and stay as young as possible in terms of appearance in order to be in the media, regardless they are getting older.

The media also portrayed the male to be much for "Femaleness", which male has to be as "beautiful", "cute" as woman, and could be very "sexy" and also "seductive" towards people through their appearance, makeup and dresses/ Shirt, which breaks the past days man stereotypes that how man should look like.

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Role Reversal

Strong woman in main lead

Man are given the opportunities to play roles that is beyond the "stereotype" roles

Ex: Eddie Redmayne "The Danish Girl"

Opinion - Female elaborate on how it changes role according from time to time

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America Media

Has more TV Station/ Variety of Choice compare to Malaysia

More sensational, more information and more freedom to express certain information and less constrain

Malaysia Media

Has less TV Station, less variety of choice compare to America

More restricted, censorship and filter before showcasing to the audience via media

Reasons why there's such a huge differences in terms of media content between both countries itself are due to two of the factors: Political System and The Government.

Its because of the political system that acknowledge and recognize certain rules, which gives the government has the authority whether to restrict or give freedom towards the media content.

By managing the media content, it would eventually affect and control what can the entire society sees.

For example, America has less restriction about media that allows media to report anything which is generally recognize as the truth. Hence, many Americans have their own perception towards the government, country or even certain issue, as the media was not restricted, however was free from any control.

Unlike America, Malaysia has a much more restricted control over media content, like censoring kissing scene, or words that is "generally inappropriate" in songs, and this cause our people to be more conservative than America, which the message that has been filter and censor by our government with the support of the political system.

America Political System

America is a fully democracy country as they have no kings or queen as the leader of the country.

The leader is chosen by the citizens and we all known it as President.

Malaysia Political System

Malaysia is semi-democracy - Monarchial Democratic, which we not fully choose our country leader as we have a king upon all of us - Yang Dipertuan Agong, as well as the 9 Sultans/ Yamtuan Besar/ Raja.

However, the nation can still pick the choice of their leader that could help to lead the country, which we known it as Prime Minister.

The reason that our political system are similar with the UK is because we were colonized by them before World War II until our Independence.

Conclusion: How to differentiate both America and Malaysia in terms of Political System

If we say both country are democratic, we are half right.

America is having Democracy as a rule.

However, Malaysia is having Democracy as a principle.

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LETTER | Following the announcement of the appointment of our eighth prime minister on Saturday evening, #DaulatTuanku and #NotMyPM started to trend on social media.

As the political battle waged on among supporters of both sides, there are those who accused some Malaysians to be disrespectful of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's decision. They say that it is due to the Agong's wisdom that we were able to move past the impasse and thus proves the resilience of Malaysia's democracy.

No learned person would dare question the legitimacy and the constitutionality of the Agong's decision. To further show his commitment to due process, the Agong actually took two days out of his schedule to conduct interviews with MPs. As a result, the subsequent appointment on Muhyiddin Yassin as prime minister of a new government is nothing but legitimate. So, the argument goes, Malaysia's democracy is much intact.

However, there appears to be a failure to recognise the difference between democracy as a system and democracy as a principle. It is true that the democratic system in Malaysia under the constitutional monarch has the capacity to overcome a political crisis. The survival of a democratic system, however, is not the same as saying democracy as a principle was fully respected.

Let's take the US as an example. No one dares say America is not a democratic country with a fully functioning democracy. The president was elected in 2016 through a democratic electoral process. That process under the electoral college system, however, puts into place a president that did not receive the majority of the popular vote. Is America still democratic? Of course.

Two years into the current president's tenure, we were shocked by the Cambridge Analytica scandal whereby Facebook users' data was manipulated for the political gain of certain politicians. Does the purposeful use of data to sway voters bring into question the democratic system in America? Perhaps, but no one would call America anything less than a flawed democracy.

Finally, when it was revealed that the US president asked for favour from his Ukrainian counterpart in order to undermine his political rival, no one truly doubts the workability of America's democratic system. After going through all legal and constitutional means of impeaching the president, Donald Trump was acquitted and is currently preparing for his second bid for office. It appears the democratic system is currently fully functioning in America.

What does America have to do with Malaysia's current political climate?

Similar to America, Malaysia's democracy has survived an attempt at a soft coup by former members of the Pakatan Harapan government. However, we still need to question the commitment and dedication towards democracy by our elected leaders. In other words, was democracy, defined as the people's power, fully respected by our politicians? I believe a cursory look at media headings from outside the country could give us the answer.

Of course, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has the right to appoint whomever he believes to command the majority support in Parliament as prime minister. Of course, technically, the electorate voted for individual MPs, and without an anti-hopping law, what Bersatu did together with former PKR member Azmin Ali's group of loyalists was not illegal.

Nevertheless, without any stretch of the imagination, we can make the argument that when Malaysians voted, they voted for the party or coalition. Most Malaysians cannot even tell who their MP is. But they sure can tell whether they crossed for a scale, a bruised eye, or a full moon.

Therefore, it is not incorrect to say that the people made it loud and clear that they were voting for change in the last general election. Given that we practice the Westminster parliamentary system, there is an expectation of party loyalty by MPs. For the result to be upended in less than two years is a tragedy.

At the end of the day, laws and morality are two very distinct concepts. An action can be legal yet immoral. Let's use the American example again to bring this discussion full circle. During Trump's impeachment trial, Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski admitted that the president's action was shameful and wrong, but it was not enough for him to be convicted of a crime. Here we can see the best example of how something can be deemed immoral but still very much legal.

It is true that Malaysia's democratic system survived through the wisdom of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The question is whether the democratic principle was respected by those in power throughout the debacle. I believe that when Malaysians lamented the "death" of democracy in the country, they meant to say democracy as a principle, not the system.
The views expressed here are those of the author/contributor and do not necessarily represent the views of Malaysiakini.

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The difference between democracy as a system and democracy as a principle

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LETTER | Following the announcement of the appointment of our eighth prime minister on Saturday evening, #DaulatTuanku and #NotMyPM started to trend on social media. As the political battle waged on among supporters of both sides, there are those who accused some Malaysians to be disrespectful of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's decision.

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Constitution of United States of America

There's two amendment that happened in the history of United States.

The first Amendment happens back in 1791 which emphasize on the freedom of speech, press, assembly and the right of petition towards the future government.

It prevents the government or the authority from abolished the nation opinion and expression as a democratic country.

It was adapted 1/10 from Bills of Rights.

Amendment - Revising the rule.

The second Amendment was also dated back in 1791, which emphasized on the right to keep and bear arm.

It was adapted from the other 9 Bills of Rights.

Both Amendment happened during the Presidency of George Washington, the First President of the United States.

First Amendment in The U.S
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances

The political system in United States allows the freedom of media to publish and post individually without any interruption from any of the authority (as above).

In Malaysia, we always think that we have the rights of freedom of speech, however in our constitution, we never highlighted it and hence, every media post or even the individual statement as well, has to be careful, as in Malaysia, the one that determine whether we violated the media rules or not are the government - Ministry of Multimedia.

Unlike the US, Freedom of Speech has been emphasized in the Constitution, which its above the government that any of the authority, regardless you're the president or not, have to follow.

Case study: 7 Things you need to know about the First Amendment of US.

Protect the freedom of Speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition to the government.

These freedom are protected by the amendment of the original document.

There's no legal age, citizenship that is require to be protected from the First Amendment, as long as you're in the US.

It protect people against government that may limits us on our freedom of expression.

It also prevent the government to say something you don't want to.

Student's have the right to pray in America's Public Schools without the disruption of school operation and employees.

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7 things you need to know about the First Amendment

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” – The First Amendment to t…

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United States: Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

However, due to the over-extreme freedom that has been given to Americans, certain individuals has taken the opportunities to create certain kiosks by fully exploit the freedom that has been given by the First Amendment of the US.

Hence, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) is there to police it.

The organization will in charge of managing and controlling every of the media content that seems to violate certain rules or might have cause certain kiosks towards the society - such as regulates US Communications, Issue Licenses, Setting of Charges and enforcement of communication rules.

It is an independent government agency, which it is free from the ruling and control of the government, and work by its own.

The principle and working ethics while become one of the 5 commissioners that control and manage US Media content was based on the US Constitutional, but not based on the ruling parties.

However, It was appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate 参议院 for 5-year terms.

Hence, it is still not really an independent agency as the person that was elected and appointed by the president, might have certain relation with him/her, which in someway over-power might occurs, as it is not 100% confirm that the commissioners can conduct their daily task without any prejudice towards Media that reports news that is harmful for the president.

The president somehow still plays an influential role in controlling the media, via the commissioners that he/she appointed.

Case study: Student Government

Student Government was there to represent student and help them out in solving certain issue and raise students concern to the management.

However, the student government was chosen by Independent Election Committee with the discussion and "guidance" from the management.

Hence, the management has an indirect control towards the student government by "indirectly" picking candidates that they think are "capable" enough to fit in the role, despite generally people will think that these two bodies has no relation and the student government is an independent body that helps student to fight for certain rights.

It is the same as how the Federal Communication Commissions' Commissioners were chosen and appointed.

Malaysia: Ministry of Multimedia and Communication

Unlike US, it is very clear cut that who has the direct authority to control, filter or banned the media content that is going to publish to the public - The Government's cabinet, The Ministry of Communication.

The government control and managed the media through a semi-government agency called Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission, which is established under the direct control of The Ministry of Communication.

Based on the law of Malaysia, the Federal Constitution, Act 589, Malaysia Communication and Multimedia Commission Act 1998, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) are given the authority to supervise and regulate the communications and multimedia activities in Malaysia, and to enforce the communications and multimedia laws of Malaysia, and for related matters.

Hence , although it is an agency just like the FCC, however, it is directly under the control and management of the government, so at the end of the day, Government can still manage and control any of the media content that exist in Malaysia, but just using MCMC as a platform to control and manage it.

The Commission members were elected by the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia, and some of them are governmental personnel, and some of them are not.

Other law that is under the control of MCMC inclusive of:

1. Communication & Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA)

2. Anti Fake News Bill 2018

Case study: Function about MCMC

Advise the Minister regarding any national policies that is related to communication and multimedia activities.

Implement or enforce communication and multimedia laws.

Regulate all matters and activities that is not listed in communication and multimedia law.

Consider and recommended any reformation of communication and multimedia law

Supervise and monitor any multimedia and communication activities

Encourage promote the development of communication and multimedia industry

Promote and maintain the integrity of all persons licensed or otherwise authorized under the communications and multimedia industry;

Render assistance in any form to, and to promote co-operation and co-ordination amongst, persons engaged in communications and multimedia activities.

Carry out any function under any written law as may be prescribed by the Minister by notification published in the Gazette.

Case study: The Latest Chairman of MCMC that has been appointed by the Minister of Communication and Multimedia

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PUTRAJAYA (Bernama): Dr Fadhlullah Suhaimi Abdul Malek has been appointed the new chairman of the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) for a two-year term, effective Wednesday (June 10), announced Communications and Multimedia Minister Datuk Saifuddin Abdullah Tuesday (June 10).

Fadhlullah Suhaimi will replace Al-Ishsal Ishak, who has served since October 2018.

The vice-chancellor and chief executive officer of Universiti Perdana is a former commission member and has 20 years of experience in the telecommunications sector.

Saifuddin, in a statement, also announced the appointment of Tan Sri Zamzamzairani Mohd Isa as his telecommunications adviser.

Zamzamzairani, who is currently UEM Sunrise Bhd chairman, previously led Telekom Malaysia as chief executive officer and managing director and has over 30 years of experience in the telecommunications sector. - Bernama

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Fadhlullah Suhaimi appointed MCMC chairman

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PUTRAJAYA (Bernama): Dr Fadhlullah Suhaimi Abdul Malek has been appointed the new chairman of the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) for a two-year term, effective Wednesday (June 10), announced Communications and Multimedia Minister Datuk Saifuddin Abdullah Tuesday (June 10).

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Everything that we did online are actually monitor by other parties (Government, The Site itself)

When you search for certain beauty product at Hermo, you will soon later seeing the product again and again from the other sites, as a form of recommendation.

This is because the site or the browser itself has keep track of your browsing data, using and knowing your psychology, and hence keep on appearing until hit certain goals - for example, keep on exist until you buy that product.

Your information has been leaked, as it is part of how sites earn money, by selling information and keep track on your online activity to understand your behavior so that they could tackle it and sell it for those who are interested.

Video: Social Dilemma by Netflix
Case study: Trump 2016 Presidential Victory with Cambridge Analytica vs Facebook

Cambridge Analytica (Middleman) was appointed by Trump and his political team (The customers) to collect data that is either Pro-Trump or Anti-Clinton from the Facebook Users.

Trump has been conducting several online campaign for his Presidential Election back in 2016, which he focus on online platform such as Twitter and Facebook more than physical Campaign.

Cambridge Analytica uses Facebook (Publishers/Platform) to insert the ideology that is Pro-Trump to any possible candidates that would change their votes from Clinton to Trump, or have no idea who to vote for.

Hence, that's why Trump was being said that he gained lots of young supporters from social media, and managed his online campaign very well, with the boost and help from Cambridge Analytica.

Video: How Ads follow you around the Internet

Founder of Cookies - Lou said that the invention of Cookies is to function as a memory for any of the online activity.

It was at first to bring convenient for the users, however as soon as they develop, it has become commercialize, as a tool for the businessman to tackle psychologically of the Internet users via Internet.

Business personnel (Brands)  -> Site Company (Middleman) -> (Platforms and Publishers) Launched and sell information about you -> Advertisement (in many forms without us knowing unconsciously) -> buy it.

Google and Facebook are one of those who is in charge of both Middleman and Platforms and Publishers provider, which if you would like to keep track of the current trend and consumers behavior,  and you could buy these information from them.

Even if you would like to advertise, they did it as well.

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The following are some of the speeches that are not protected by the First Amendment of US:

Defamation

Obscenity

Plagiarism

Invasion of Privacy

Inciting Insurrection

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Copyright vs Plagiarism: Similarities & Differences

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How politicians use media to project themselves towards the audiences via media to gain support from them.

Presidential Debate, Social Media Updates, Photos, Speech etc.

A way to generate connectivity with the audiences.

Politicians tend to use media as a tool to build up a good reputation or image that they want to portrayed to them, that they are really trying their best and they are really capable enough. This help the society to have a stereotypical understanding about them, through the media content that they project and transfer for the society.

It can be interpret as a tool from politicians to gain certain benefits in their political journey, especially in a democratic country which the nation supports matters.

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Other than your ability and strategy, in order to gain support, your image plays a very vital role as well.

How your political image could affect your votes and support?

Case Study: John F Kenndy Vs Richard Nixon

US Presidential Election has never live broadcast via TV before back in the 1960s.

Kennedy has little or few supports from the nation for his much more younger age compare to Nixon (People always has the stereotypical perception that younger individuals has less capabilities compare to the elder one, as they are lack of experiences)

The survey shows that more people supports Nixon over Kennedy.

However, after the live broadcast of the presidential debate, Kennedy eventually and shockingly won.

It all thanks to how Kennedy portrayed himself in front of the audiences - confident, capable, enthusiasm, positivity which lead people wanted to vote for him.

The another reason that Kennedy won was because he was somehow good-looking than Nixon.

From here, we can see that how politicians portrayed themselves in front of media could eventually cause such big impact, and some would even bring benefits to them as a public figure.

What you did and how you look and your appearance - Decent or Aggressive could affect how people have a certain perception about you, and eventually became one of the key elements on determine to succeed or to fail in your political journey.

Case Study: Najib's Bossku

Najib was once being criticized and disliked by the entire Malaysian nation due to the IMDB and corruption scandal.

We can see that from the General Election of 2013, which under the leadership of Najib, Barisan National lost for the first time in the history ever since the Independence of Malaysia.

During those days, no one supports Najib. However, using social media to update his daily life, Najib instantly get the support back again with only a year from the Malay society due to his constant friendly daily updates, which the citizens found it very "close" to the people.

Famous quote such as "Bossku", or the trendy action of eating Super Ring while watching political drama from Pakatan Harapan has suddenly become a rising trend.

Najib's action can be explained it as a very good strategy to "white-washed" and rebuild his reputation among the society, via the power of media.

It eventually change people perception about him through how he portrayed himself at social media.

Najib gains support back again can be seen during the law suit of IMDB in KL Court, in which 1000 of people march while chanting Najib's "Bossku"

Video: Thousand March with Najib chanting "Bossku"

From both events, we can conclude that how politicians portrayed themselves could have a directly impact on their political journey.

Just like how Barack Obama constantly updates  very close and friendly pictures on SNS to project himself as a very nice person, Najib did the same way, and hence regaining a group of Malays' Youth Support.

Link: Public Image of Barack Obama

Public Figure or Celebrities who turn themselves into a politicians

Celebrities or any other public figure gain themselves supports or votes easily when they are running for certain political roles.

Its because of how they constantly portrayed themselves in the media - via movie character, their personality, their competition - it gives people a very positive perception that you're capable and wanted to support you.

From here we can see that, once again, politicians gain support also based on their appearance from media, aside from their capabilities.

The basic criteria of being a politicians is to have a camera-friendly style and appearance, by able to look and acting comfortable on camera.

Case Study: Arnold Schwarzenegger (Governor of California 2003)

Arnold Schwarzenegger played as "Terminator" before in several series of the movie, causing him to be very famous among the nation by his appearance in the movie.

People perception: He's strong, he's capable, and he's undefeatable.

Sometimes immature voters never considered about the real abilities of the candidates itself (maybe he really did well), but just purely based on the character and the image they projected in media.

Case Study: Donald Trump

Donald Trump was once a TV Reality Star, businessman.

Back in 2016, it was believed that many would give their votes for Trump were very likely because of the image that he has built - A very successful rich businessman.

While Hillary Clinton has only a law and political background, Trump can be considered as an expertise in business, which he once bankrupt and in debt, but could come over again and build up his empire.

Many American relied on Trump so much that they believed that Trump would be a very good president that brings America great again (in economy as well), of course, to be as rich as China.

From here we can see that how media portrayed certain Donald Trump would eventually affect how people vote, like Trump, it brings people the perception as a business elite and could rebuild US economy.

Link: Celebrities to Politicians

Camera-friendly: Not afraid of the camera, confident, and able to speak fluently like a leader in front of media.

Politicians able to portrayed themselves as the stereotypical way of how people think a politician should be.

To gain the votes of the nation, you have to be the stereotypical ideal "leader" that they think it should be.

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Setting the stage - Campaign, Speech and Conferences.

PR Team plays a very important role in setting up the stage for politicians.

They have to arrange everything of the politicians from tips to toes - appearance, speech, their social media, and everything that could project themselves to the public, or everything that the publics could see.

Case Study: Setting and Layout of the Presidential Debate

Both candidates were standing while debating.

Since it was showcased not only in front of the nation, however broadcast online, hence how both Biden and Trump portrayed themselves plays a very significant role on how will the nation think and support.

Thus, everything that happen among them, the speech, the content, the hand gesture, the body language, the attire choice were actually well-planned by their advisory and PR Team, in order to portrayed as best as they could that gain the supports and trust from the society after getting certain psychological advise by their team on how to tackle and win with strategies.

They tried to play themselves confident, from the body language, hand gesture, language that they use, and even the way they behave and groom themselves.

From very small details, we can see that during the last debate, Trump wears a red tied that represents Republicans and Biden wore a red tied that represents Democrats.

Its a part of the setting that inform and tell the US audience to vote republicans for Trump and vote democrats for Biden.

Video: Democrats are Blue and Republican are Red in the US?

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To explore the ways audiences actively interpret and analyze media content, news and any forms of activity in the media.

To determine whether audiences are able to differentiate and think before completely digesting all of the information from the media, on whether they are active or passive audiences.

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A group of people who are engaged to certain news but instead of blindly following, they could interpret and response to the media content differently based on their perspective and ideology.

There are four ways to determine whether the audiences are active: Interpretation, The Social Context of Interpretation, Collective Action, Audiences as Media Producers.

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Video Reaction are part of the interpretation of Active Audiences, in which the public watched that particular media content and react accordingly based on their understanding.

Sometimes they defend and sometimes they agree, as they could clearly interpret whether the right or wrong, the good or bad, or even whether the value or ideology of the video itself matches the views perception.

Case Study: Uncle Roger reaction towards BBC Egg Fried Rice

For example, Nigel Ng's reaction video - Uncle Roger (Active Audiences) reaction video towards BBC Egg Fried Rice (The Media Content)

Nigel Ng as Uncle Roger voiced out the ways of how BBC Featured Chef, Hersha would have completely wrong if she's in Asia.

From here we can know that Nigel as the audiences did not directly digest everything that has been shown in the media, however, he think, he interpret and analyze whether its right or wrong based on his perception.

However  …..

The ability of how audiences react and digest the information from the media based on their own personal understanding.

Different people will came out or understand different meaning, as it all based on individuals' perception

Here's an example which one official news or statement from media would cause different reaction from netizens based on their understanding.

Case Study: Korean netizens have mixed feelings towards SM Entertainment new girls group - Aespa

In the news itself, as one of the members of Aespa has been exposed to be a bully and rude back in the days to the rest of the trainees, Korean netizens have mixed reaction and feelings towards  the negative news.

Some said that having such bad attitude, the management shouldn't have let them debut.

However some said that this might be their past stories and its only a rumor, the most important is we should focus on their ability and future.

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Uncle Roger DISGUSTED by this Egg Fried Rice Video (BBC Food)

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To get engage with the social news via Liking, Sharing, Commenting, Following, Subscribing etc.

Its a way to show how the society express their interpretation towards the media context.

If I like your video, I would subscribe to it and share it.

If I don't like it, I'll just leave it there.

I did not blindly subscribe to it because I overcome the process of thinking whether did I like the media content and whether its similar with my perception or the ideology that I have.

Case Study: China Press E-News

As one of the mainstream newspaper in Malaysia Chinese's society, China Press Constantly reporting news with inappropriate words that sometimes contains the elements of body-shamming, sexual harassments etc.

China Press has recently published an E-News about a boy in Mainland China finally get the chance to meet his online-dating girlfriend, which soon realized she was not as slim as he expected to be.

China Press reported the news with the tittle of "Online Dating with a girl that turns out to be a gigantic dinosaur".

People were very pissed off (as can seen in the comment section) for the inappropriate tittle that body-shames towards the girl in the news.

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其實我們都懂、也了解，

如果平時和朋友玩笑的時候，對方笑了可以當作平時的玩鬧，但也並不代表沒有造成了傷害。

但如果你看到一個不認識的人，你說「哇佬～ 為什麼你是那麼胖的」那就是Fat Shaming，你已經造成傷害，甚至成為他下一個決定的最後一根稻草。

平時和朋友玩鬧就算了，但是由媒體這樣來下標題，這樣好嗎？

我也懶惰去看下面的留言了。

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A group of people gather together to do a series of certain things that directly or indirectly linked to a certain media text, policies or content, that could have cause changes into it.

For example, Protest, Campaigns, Boycotts, Petition, Voting.

Case Study: #blackoutDay

To remember George Floyd who was killed by the racist police and to bring justice to him, people from all around the world gather together to do a series of activity to show their frustration towards the incidents (collective action from the mass audiences)

One of them was #blackoutday, which everyone posted a black and white photo simultaneously on the social media to raise awareness and to express their anger.

Case Study: #MilkTea Alliance

Even though Thailand domestics protest does not involve any external third parties, however, both Taiwan and Hong Kong mass audiences has show their support towards Thai people who are urgently fight for their rights.

The hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance was trending all over the Internet during that moment to raise awareness about the unfair and exposed dictatorships of Thailand government to the entire world via media.

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Although Hong Kong has been the main face of democracy movements in Asia over the past few years, it is not alone in its fight for political reform and fair rights. Together with Hong Kong stand its fellow Asian partners Taiwan and Thailand; both also engaging in a battle to ensure democracy not only survives, but thrives.

The link between the three has reached new heights recently under a new name: the Milk Tea Alliance. The name represents a shared passion for sweet tea drinks in Thailand, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

The hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance first became popular in April but the simple hashtag has now grown into a much bigger movement uniting like-minded political activists in Asia.

Although the name might sound cute, the message is clear and serious: Those in power will not be allowed to overrule the will of the people and continue committing gross human rights abuses and abusing political authority.

Internet war led by young netizens

The Milk Tea Alliance was the product of an online internet war between pro-China netizens and (at first) mainly Thai youngsters defending a famous actor. The drama all started with a retweet by Thai actor and star of the popular show "2gether" Vachirawit "Bright" Chivaaree of a photo categorizing Hong Kong as a "country".

The actor quickly apologized, claiming he had 'not read the caption properly.' But Chinese netizens were still not satisfied. They then went after his girlfriend and started criticizing her for a reply she made on one of her photos. When one netizen complimented her for looking pretty like a "Chinese girl" she replied "Taiwanese girl."

Chinese netizens were severely insulted by her reply, insinuating that she preferred to be compared to a Taiwanese rather than a Chinese. The hate levels further increased when she retweeted a post that said COVID-19 might have originated in a Chinese laboratory.

The celebrities quickly found support from Thais and other netizens throughout Asia. But instead of hurling back insults at the Chinese netizens, many internet users siding with the Thais chose to adopt a more humoristic approach and started posting memes on Twitter and other social media channels as a response to the comments being made by Chinese netizens. One Twitter user lashed back at a Chinese netizen for calling Thailand "poor" and instead had this reply:

The above Tweet is referring to Winnie the Pooh, which is banned in China because of memes comparing the cartoon character to Chinese President Xi Jinping.

Similar memes were posted by many netizens supporting the Thais -

The Twitter war quickly evolved into a much broader debate about China and supporting democracy movements in Asia. The angry responses by Chinese netizens only made the situation worse, giving the opposing camp more reasons to grow and make the once cute hashtag into somewhat of a political movement.

Hong Kong

Hong Kongers quickly joined the movement since the beginning in support of the Thais. The social media debate grew even larger when Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong tweeted in support of Thailand on April 12. He also mentioned how he was blacklisted and even detained by Thai authorities in 2016 when he traveled to Bangkok to give talks at several universities.

The political use of the hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance has since grown rapidly among Hong Kong netizens. Given their own experience fighting political oppression and protesting with massive numbers over the years, Hong Kongers seem to understand exactly what the Thais are going through.

On August 15, Joshua Wong again took to Twitter to express his solidarity with the Thai protestors, saying: "As the situation in Thailand turns critical, I hope all freedom-loving people can stand with Thailand." Hong Kong netizens have been expressing their support for the Thai democracy movement since July, when protests first started reemerging in Thailand.

Since then, Hong Kong netizens have continued to support pro-democracy movements in both Thailand and Taiwan by using the #MilkTeaAlliance hashtag.

Taiwan

In another example of the growth of the #MilkTeaAlliance, Taiwanese youth have also joined the conversation and are standing in together with their Thai and Hong Kong counterparts. One solidarity rally took place two weeks ago outside of the Thai representative office in Taiwan. More recently, on August 16, a large rally took place at Taipei Main Station to support democracy movements in both Hong Kong and Thailand.

The rally was organized by the Taiwan Alliance for Thai Democracy (台灣推動泰國民主聯盟, TATD). The event description for the demonstration even referenced the Milk Tea Alliance social media phenomenon; further evidence of its impact on real-life political activism.

According to the group, an estimated 150 to 200 people attended the event, including NGOs, and members from the Green Party. In their remarks, organizers reviewed the history of authoritarian repression in Thailand, beginning in 1932 up until the present day. The situation of political dissidents living in exile was also discussed.

Further, the protestors had several demands directed to the Thai government:

Dissolve the Parliament.

Draft a new democratic constitution (not one written by the military).

End the harassment of government critics.

Besides supporting the Thais, the protestors at the Taipei rally also showed solidarity with their neighbors in Hong Kong. They accused the current Hong Kong leadership of systematically eroding the freedoms of speech and assembly among other rights guaranteed under the Basic Law. The organizing group added that they hope to be able to "build pan-Asian solidarity against tyranny, especially against youth across the region."

According to a foreign ministry spokesperson, Taiwan respected the comments and positions of the Milk Tea Alliance on the development of the political situation in Thailand but it took no position itself.

Thailand

Democracy in Thailand has been under continuous threat since a 2014 military coup led by general Prayuth Chan-o-cha who overthrew the then democratically-elected government. Since then, Thailand was ruled by a military junta. Although elections were held in Thailand last year, many locals were skeptical about the validity of the results and allegations of a rigged election were many.

Widespread discontent with the government, lack of democratic rule, and overall lack in leadership have led to massive protests over the past few weeks. But what makes these protests even more significant is the tone young people are using to refer to the Thai Monarchy.

Despite it being illegal to criticize the Thai royal family, students have chosen to speak out anyway. The current king, King Vajiralongkorn, resides in Germany for most of the year and has been criticized for his indifference to the impact of the pandemic and worsening economic crisis back home.

But Thais weren't only protesting for their own rights. In fact, the Milk Tea Alliance was on full display during recent student-led protests in Bangkok, with signs representing Hong Kong and independence for Taiwan waved by the protestors at the demonstrations.

The hashtag has also been one of the top trending on social media sites in Thailand such as Facebook and Twitter. According to Reuters, as of Aug. 18, the hashtag was used in more than 100,000 tweets on Sunday alone and nearly 200,000 times over the past eight days. One student activist explained why Thais can relate to Hong Kongers: Thais "understand how the rights of those in Hong Kong are being taken away because we have faced the same thing".

In fact, the recent #MilkTeaAlliance protests are not the first time Thais show solidarity with their fellow Hong Kongers and Taiwanese. On the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Incident, June 4, young Thais took to the streets in Bangkok's Chinatown to demand freedom for Hong Kong. The student activists also made a statement saying "Chinese imperialism" is threatening the independence and livelihood in many nations, including Thailand.

Indeed, many young Thais have a rather negative perception of China. According to one Thai professor, "The Prayuth government has never been well-received among young Thais and because China never condemns coups in Thailand, there's a negative perception towards China among the young, which is why they feel that the call for democracy in Taiwan and Hong Kong is more suited to their current sentiment."

Broader response

The response to the #MilkTeaAlliance movement has been mixed, with both opposing and supporting sides. As expected, the main opposition to the movement has come from mainland Chinese netizens and Chinese government officials.

A spokesperson from the Chinese Foreign Ministry dismissed the newly formed alliance, stating that it is of no concern to China. "People who are pro-Hong Kong independence or pro-Taiwan independence often collude online, this is nothing new. Their conspiracy will never succeed," he said.

Despite the opposition, however, there are many more who support this pro-democracy movement. Besides Taiwan, Thailand, and Hong Kong, citizens from countries throughout Asia have also voiced their interest and support for the alliance.

Despite the geographical distance between these countries, a Philippine Milk Tea Alliance Twitter account has already been created. For example, many Filipinos have taken to social media to express their support for the Milk Tea Alliance given their own experiences with the Chinese government. The Philippines has been in a dispute with China for years over territories in the South China Sea, an issue that has greatly hurt China's image-especially among young Filipinos.

Countries situated along the Mekong River have also started joining the alliance, with many Vietnamese and Cambodian netizens taking to social media to protest China's use of dams in the Mekong region.

Many such posts on sites like Twitter and Facebook are already using the hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance

Even netizens from India have voiced their interest in the alliance after border skirmishes with China soured India-China relations earlier this year.

Stronger together

Although the Milk Tea Alliance started off as a relatively small group of netizens defending Thai celebrities, the hashtag has grown into a much bigger political movement. The tweets, memes, and online posts have now translated into offline action with pro-democracy protesters standing together despite their geographical differences.

The Milk Tea Alliance may well grow to include pro-democracy voices from many more countries in the region and its impact could be far greater than previous online-generated political movements. Even though the older generation of politicians and leaders may not see the voices of netizens or student protesters as a threat to their power, it is only a matter of time before the people rebel.

In the words of Joshua Wong: you can't kill them all. They can imprison, try and silence, arrest, and threaten, but this new generation will not simply stand idly by and watch their country, culture, city, rights, and values be destroyed by oppressive forces.

There is strength in numbers and strength in unity. This newly strengthened solidarity between the different protests groups in the region shows how seemingly weak and powerless people can have a voice and demand the entire world's attention.

With the world in shambles and leadership severely lacking, young people are proving that they are not afraid to fight for a better future and to stand together throughout this process. That is the true power and potential of this Milk Tea Alliance.

Gabriela Bernal
Korean Affairs Analyst
Opinions expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect FORSEA's editorial stance.
Banner Image: FCC Twitter: @FCCThai

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The Milk Tea Alliance: How Thailand, Taiwan, and Hong Kong are supporting each other's fight for democracy | FORSEA

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Although Hong Kong has been the main face of democracy movements in Asia over the past few years, it is not alone in its fight for political reform and fair rights. Together with Hong Kong stand its fellow Asian partners Taiwan and Thailand; both also engaging in a battle to ensure democracy not only survives, but thrives.

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Content creators in which ordinary people (despite those who work in the media industry professionally) could have produce their own content in media for alternative perspective.

Great Example of Media Producers would be online film narrative such as Amo Good, DenQ, Epic Asian etc.

These group of people creates content via Youtube or Facebook by arranging certain news that we has missed out or explain certain films that we want to watch.

It creates an alternative for those who want to know more beside from the mainstream media, making the content funnier, and sometimes, adding their own personal thought and perception inside the video.

From here we can know content producers could interpret wisely on the media content itself, and explain based on their own understanding to the crowds.

Here's an example video of Epic Asian's video:

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What's Wrong with EMILY IN PARIS in 2 minutes? 艾米丽在巴黎的一夜爱情

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People who were naturally with good-looking features tends to have a better opportunities, and get engaged and treated nicely compare to ordinary looking people.

It is due to their physical advantage that has caused most of the people double standard, by doing and treating people who looks ordinary differently.

It was all due to the society stereotype that think people who were good looking are good and nice; which we could only see and  imagine ourselves that the individual are nice.

However when the same situation goes to the ordinary looking people, or even the "not-so-mainstream-looking" people, they tend to be stereotyped by the society as ugly, which they will directly linked their behavior into something that is negative.

In Chinese, we have a saying that 人帅真好，人丑性骚扰, which means that people who were born in good-looking, when they are trying to know people who they interested, its called flirting. Meanwhile if you're not in the  general society's stereotype and perception of "good-looking", then you're considered as sexual harassments.

Case Study: The Double Standard of a Handsome Guy with a Ugly man! The importance of Physical Appearance.

Both "Ugly Man" and "Handsome Man" sat beside the female customers to see their reaction.

While the "Ugly Man" was ignored for the entire process until he tried to greet the female customers, "The Handsome Man" instantly got the attention of the female customers when he just sat next to them.

The female customers even voiced out directly that it would be good if its the "Handsome Man" sits next to them instead of "The Ugly Man" directly straight into his face.

The female customers also constantly trying to chat with the "Handsome Man" which their reaction was completely different compare to the "Ugly Man".

Case Study: Will you choose a handsome f**k boy or a loyal ugly man as a couple?

Mostly of the girl would like to go with good-looking F**k boy despite they know they would have hurt mentally by them, as they are good-looking and attractive.

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帅哥与丑男的区别对待！看完你就知道颜值多么重要了 1

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It discuss about how media reflects on our daily life.

The phenomenon of Fangirling is one of the effect that has been caused by social media towards our life.

How Idol or certain celebrities or even characters portrayed themselves in the media seems to be perfect, and hence there's many girls are deeply engaged and drenched into the "virtual" reality world.

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Due to the rising and advance of media, picture has played a main role on influencing and determining how public thinks about you.

Politicians will try their very best to take photos on any events, to be published online, for example - their visit to another country, meeting (to show they are hardworking), interacting with citizens (to show they are close and care about the nation).

A picture speaks a thousand words.

Hyper reality: A stage of reality, which every picture or every movement that seems to be "real" in daily life, was carefully planned to show to the nation via media (in the form of video, picture, article etc).

Best Example of Hyper reality: A picture of kissing baby.

Both Barack Obama and Donald Trump constantly interract with babbies, to show that they are a nice and friendly guy, but is that so?

It's called the Hyper Reality, which people portrayed a certain image of themselves in a very normal and daily life event under the lens and camera, which seems to be a very casual picture, however sometimes it might be arranged.

By using babies, people seems to believe that who are much more better person (Check out the comment of people at the picture forum)

It helps to create whether a true fact or illusion which somehow could boost their reputation if there's people choose to believe in it.

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WhatsApp - Google Chrome 15-Nov-20 7_00_36 PM

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Characters changes or growth is the main highlight that supports certain movie to move on progressing and continue from stable situation 1  until Stable situation 2.

Case study: The Life of Walter Mitty

Flawed Character

Got feeble, shortcoming characters

Normal and ordinary person

(Example) Dress in suits, come to work from 9 to 5, which everything seems peace, normal and stable (Stable Situation 1)

A weak characters and has a certain problem, which soon leads him to the problem and solution for the development and progress of the movie

Problem

Stages when problem has started to occurs and interrupt the peaceful life of the main characters, which push the character to settle the problem.

Walter Mitty was given the task of finding a certain picture that could have saved his company from bankrupt and closure.

Series of Test/ Character Growth

.The process of problem solving which questioning and challenging the characters' flaws.

He has to overcome this psychologically or physically, which would be a big challenge that changes his entire life and characters, bringing the storyline to a different ending compare with the opening.

It plays a main key role in changing the entire story into something new with the ending, something must have been changed to make the characters better.

Better Character

The ending of story which the character has changed after going through the conflict throughout the entire movie or story

After the challenges and problem that he had went through, he's character will started to change and develop to become better than before

Case Study: Eat Pray Love

Flawed Character

Elizabeth was a famous writer and she had a really good husband that loves her.

Problems

One day, due to work, she visited a philosopher in Bali named Ketu that foreseen Elizabeth's future that in 1 year, she will lose everything she has now.

Elizabeth didn't care about what he had said, and continue her living, until one day when she have a serious conversation with her friends, she started to realize that the life she was going through right now was not the initial life that she wants.

The life she was having at the moment seems to be the life which had arranged and she was just followed accordingly on what the society and norms think it should be - graduate from college, get a job, get married, and be prepared for babies.

She even realized that don't started by when, she and her husband has a huge gap between one and another, which both talks about their own events without caring or listening to the other half.

Hence, she started to take a leave to find for the meaning of life,

Series of Test/ Characters Growth

Elizabeth travelled around the world with all of the money that she earned from her living.

She has been working endlessly and saving up money for her family and for her future kids that she has never had a chance to have a break for herself.

Throughout the journey, she met different people who taught her the meaning of life.

Everyone has their own goals and definition of life, and she slowly she started to know that, before loving and caring someone, sometimes we have to care ourselves first.

Only when we are full and rich of love and everything that we wanted, then we have the abilities to love and sacrifice for someone else.

Better Character

Elizabeth soon found and know what she wants for the rest of her life, without restriction, without a circular form of life, however, freedom and free from any shackles and jess.

She also found her true love who supports her and willing to let her be what she wants.

She defined the ending as the life that she has been desperately desired about it.

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Watch the Official EAT PRAY LOVE Trailer in HD

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Point of view plays a significant role as well to enhance the watching experience and to express the story line.

Point of view can be done through its flow or its camera angle.

By looking through point of views, you can get certain important message and information from each characters.

Voyeurism (Voyeur) - Putting the role as a stalker in the film (第三视角).

Example Video of Voyeurism: INTI Student Production from Youth Motivation Camp

Identifications between main characters

If you're the main character, your point of view that explain what you think and your psychological moment will have lots of scene for the movie, in order to let the audiences to feel you and to understand you.

Generates Connectivity with Audiences

It can be defined through camera angle which brings the audiences to see what the main characters see

To make them feel that they are part of the story and drenched into the storyline or films

When they are able to immerse into your film and storyline, people will have emotion that they think the same thing happen in the movie happen to them as well.

A film can be considered as a successful film when it has successfully bring the audiences immersed into the film and feel the same emotion as actors (入戏)

Case study: In the Mood For Love
Explanation Video: In The mood for Love, Frames within the Frames

Being one of the academy and award winning films, In The Mood For Love used Camera Angle to bring audiences from reality to the movie itself and immersed into the both main character, Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo-Wan, by only revealing both of their faces for the entire movies.

In the video, despite both Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan has husband and spouses respectively, however, we never get to see their faces in the entire films. The director focus on the facial expression of both Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan whenever they are communicating with their other half, to let audiences feels what the characters psychological activity at that particular moment.

The story didn't make state the obvious that both Su Li Zhen husband and Chow Mo Wan wife have an affair with one another. The director only reveal it via the sound of both affair couples and let the audiences to set the imagination themselves. At this time, the camera is still focusing on the facial expression of Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan. It helps creates connectivity with the audiences and let them identify what are they thinking and who's the main characters.

The film also uses the techniques of Voyeurism, which can be constantly seen in the video when Su Li Zhen accompany her husband in playing Mahjong with the rest of the neighbors. However, we can only see the back of Su Li Zhen blurry, but see the entire setting and characters inside the room clearly (picture below). This is to show the point of view of Su Li Zhen to the rest of the audiences, to know what she's seeing at the moment.

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Resolution for the movie or story.

Closed/ Circular Ending

Stable Situation 1 -> Disruption -> Stable Situation 2

It is a standard/ general ending that most of the films did.

Closed/Progress Ending

Stable Situation 1 -> Disruption -> Unknown

Open/Unresolved Ending (Cliff-hangers)

There's no certain ending to tell you

Give you a question whether the story has come to and end

Give you the fear and discomfort

Normally in Horror Movie, however sometimes certain movie gives people a cliff-hangers just to introduce them the continuous series of the movie film.

Case Study: Avengers: Infinity War

In Avengers: Infinity War, we all thought that the Protagonist could win against the Antagonist, however, it became a plot twist.

The Protagonist started to disappear one by one, and the  ending was full of mystery and unknown, which the movie didn't explain where are all the superheroes going or where are they disappearing, leaving the people who watched the film to have a wild guess and thinks a lot.

The main motive of the movie of having cliffhangers is to generate the crowd and hype for people to continue watching the part 2 (or the second episode) of the movie series, and hence leaving a cliffhanger there.

In short, if you want to know what had happened to the others heroes, do watch Avengers: End Game.

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Avengers Infinity War Moment After Thanos Snapped His Finger & Post Credit Scene HD!!!

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Binary - Dual, Split into two things

Binary Opposition - Opposition towards each other (Yin & Yang)

Dynamic of Narratives

When there's good situation, then there must be a trouble

A Protagonist and An Antagonist

The story is always balanced with both two different elements, its either good or bad, positive or negative.

Ambiguous Binary

A character that embodied two things in one (Good and Bad)

Character itself is twisted with both bright side and dark side character.

The character itself is having conflict or battle within herself whether she's currently right or wrong.

Case study: The Hunger Games

As the Protagonist, the main motive of Katniss Everdeen join the Hunger Games is to save her sister from danger, and to survive until the end of the game.

She didn't have the intention to kill someone at the first place, but only to secure herself, however, people tends to try their way to kill her because she did not attack anyone, but only escape.

Slowly, though struggle, she still kill some certain participants, in order to survive.

To Kill or To Survive.

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Advantages of Internet for the Politicians

Speed (Which they could immediately react and defend themselves when certain news has came out, via releasing statement on social media.

Data Analytics (Knowing the trend)

Costs (Cheaper compare to physical Campaign, Press Conference etc)

Disadvantages of Internet for the Politicians

Speed (Yes, you can react immediately, however the authenticity is quite doubtful - like Trump's Tweet)

Data Analytics (Knowing the current situation - if your condition was not so good, it would cause a very bad phenomenon for you by showing a statistics of low supports from the nation)

Authenticity (Fake News that attack you)

Certain News Production House or company are either owned by the government sector / political party or have more or at least connection with any of the politicians.

Hence, some certain news that is harmful to them may be filtered out, and some news that is beneficial to them, may be over-exaggerated in order to gain certain support and benefits.

It also work as another way, which trying to twist and turn owners scandal, from bad to good, or criticize and attack opponent from good to bad.

This is how certain politicians use news as a weapon to defend and tackle some certain parties.

Case Study: How Fox News Covered Michelle Obama vs Melania Trump

Fox Production has been constantly accused of being owned by the Republican, by showing their biasness towards the Republican and deeply criticizing the Democrats.

It is not surprising to see that biasness of Fox towards Republican that constantly only attack the Democrats and their willingness to take the risk to against the ethics of Journalism for showing "partiality" news to the society, as the management team of Fox News consists of several then-US President relatives, like George W.Bush's cousin.

Fox News has been closely connected and interacting with the Republican, despite Fox constantly emphasize that they are free from political party and has their own ownership, however people still suspect that there's an uncut and link relationship behind these two parties.

In the video, we can show that how Fox News critics show their biasness towards both 2 First Lady in many ways.

From the speech, clothes, behaviors and gesture, Michelle Obama was sarcastically criticize for no reason, but for Melanie Trump, it will always be a compliment.

Political News and Campaign are now with Social Media

The first who introduce American Politicians to use Social Media as a campaign for his Presidential Election is Barack Obama.

He noticed that the significant and the heavily usage of Social Media by everyone in this world, and hence, change his strategy of holding an online campaign which is very different compare to the traditional physicals campaign in the past, and successfully created the trend starting from his Era.

We can see that right now, even during the 2020 Presidential Debate, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris has been constantly using Social Media to conduct several campaign and updates, in order to be known by the society nowadays.

We can see that social media has improve itself, from a purely social networking website, to the most effective online campaign strategy, which politicians would commonly use in order to tackle, defend themselves and connect with the others.

Article: Trump using Social Media for his campaign during 2016 Presidential Election

As a heavy user of Social Media, Trump has been constantly using Twitter to express certain statement during his presidency.

Whether to fire back or to defend himself, Trump soon decided to manage his Twitter by himself regardless knowing that every statement that he made could cause certain effect (because during the time, he was the president and it was seen as a official statement from both the Trump Government or himself).

Trump certainly understand that Social Media roles has a far more affect that we never expected, and hence during 2016 Presidential Election, he focus on social media more than physical campaign.

Research shows that about 1/5 of Adults Twitter users in US follow Trump, and Trump was benefited from it.

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Donald Trump on social media - Wikipedia

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The presence of Donald Trump on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in March 2009. Trump has frequently used Twitter and other social media to comment on politicians and celebrities, and he relied on Twitter significantly to communicate during the 2016 United States presidential election.

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To learn about alternative media other than the mass media - Social Media.

Generation Z are much more familiar with the Social Media as they were the digital native (born in a era with digital media and hence was familiarize with it ever since born)

Social media started to develop after the introduction of the World Wide Web (www) and the web browser became commercialized.

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Digital Natives

People or generation who were born in the digitalized era.

When you were born, the Internet has already inexistence.

However, the society always assumed that people who were born in Digital Natives are expertise and professional towards digital gadgets and application, however neither do they know, we only know the basic about the new media and sometimes in a bit further advance than the others only.

We know how to manage our social media or basic setting of it because we were used to all of it already, as we spent most of the time with it. However, to operate it professionally, we still do not have the skills of it.

Digital Migrants

Generation who "migrants" from a non-existing digital era to a existing digital era.

Normally refers to people who were born before 1990s, before the existence of Internet and World Wide Web.

Hence, when everything has slowly relied on Internet or becoming more digitalized, "digital migrants" have to learn from step by step in order to adapt with the current situation and phenomenon.

Article: Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants - How are they different

Digital Natives are people who generally born before 1980s

They were comfortable with digitals because they were used to it and they grew up together with technology.

Technology has been coexisting in our life ever since young and we have been interacting with it frequently.

We are considered as the "native speakers" with the digital technology, according to Prensky.

Research and observation shows that the younger the generation, the more adaptation and positivity has been shown towards the usage of Internet - Social Media, with lower anxiety scores.

Digital Natives are more likely to be multitasking, enjoy and learn new stuff through interesting ways such as gaming and video, and from here they could process the information quickly.

Digital Migrants refer to the older crew, which they were fearful about the technology as they were not used to it.

They were born before the spread of the digital technology  and was never being exposed to technology in their early age.

For digital migrants, they are more likely to be the opposite - working one thing at one time with full concentration, and would prefer a more serious official approaches learning system, which indirectly caused them to be processing the information slower than the digital natives

The best scenario to explain about the difference between Digital Migrants and Digital Natives are as the picture below.

Digital Migrants prefer something which they considered more "serious" and "official" - newspaper, TV News - they get the information via these official and serious medium.

Digital Natives prefer something which they consider more interesting and fun to learn - memes and videos - they get the information via funny and "non-professional" ways.

Digital Migrants know COVID-19 daily cases updated through the official report of Ministry of Health; Digital Natives know COVID-19 daily case updates through memes.

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There are various type of digital media (in many different forms) has been existing ever since the creation of Internet.

The following are the 5 main category of Digital Social Media:

1. Blog

2. Collaborative Projects

3. Content Communities

4. Social Networking Sites

5. Virtual Game Worlds & Virtual Social Worlds

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Was the first generation of digital social media

Came even before Friendster, MySpace, Facebook (SNS - Social Networking Site)

It was once a hype for everyone who use the Internet as everyone could write digital diaries, blogs, articles and whatever they like.

However, blog has lost the hype as soon as the crowd or the new generation has derived from blogs to Social Networking Sites and Content Communities.

Blogs are now more based on commercialized, which people wrote article as commercialized blogger - beauty blogger, fashion blogger, psychology blogger, travel blogger etc.

They share their opinions, critics or reviews towards certain brands/ product/ an item that eventually help them to be the spokesperson of certain company or brand.

Blogs are still exist nowadays (although is not as famous as before) as now it has transformed into a platform that shares daily life tips and review for everyone.

People click into blog for reviews, feedback and survey before purchasing.

Through the action of consumers surveying and researching, many bloggers were paid by the company in order to write good article about them, so that when people browse through the blog, they see and read positive information and comment about the certain products.

Article: How much money do bloggers and Social Media influencers make?

It is estimated that bloggers could have make at least RM720 to RM20k per post depending on the number of blog impressions (the more number of click and visit, the more money they could earned)

Video: Real-life Example from Internship

My internship company has paid at least RM5000 for Venuespace MY to write several articles and shot videos that promotes our venue space as the best venue space for a wedding (Featured and Sponsored Article)

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Cornerstone  IPC - Multi-functional Space For Your Next Event In Kuala Lumpur

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Wikipedia, Change Org, Kickstarter

Wikipedia

Everyone could come into this particular side and put all sorts of information into it to form a particular web page.

They could also constantly make amendment to it.

Information from Wikipedia are not allowed to be used into assignment references as it is not a reliable source - Everyone could edit and mix and match the information. If they were to make some fraud and wrongful information, they could, and could have cause misleading.

Kickstarter

A platform for up-coming entrepreneur, businessman/woman, artist, celebrities who wants to kickstart their career could come to this website and look for investors for funds with their idea and proposal of their project.

As a return, once the project has successfully launched and the project was a huge success, the investors could have the first try-on experiences before it goes into the market.

Change.Org

A place to file for petition and make a change in the society

Everyone could create the petition and share it to gather and collect signature from the others.

Once the signature has reached certain goals, it could be sent to certain authorities.

However, whether the authority will listen and accept the petition is still dependable.

Case study: Controversial Troll Doll was removed after the gaining over 54k of signature for the petition

Korea version of Change Org -  (국민청원 및 제안 / The Blue House Petition Board)

It was set up back in 2017 when Moon Jae In has stepped up after 100 days as the President of South Korea.

The aim of creating the website is to solve any concern of the nation had faced daily.

It is expected that the website received 600+ of petition everyday.

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국민청원 목록 1페이지 > 대한민국 청와대

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나라를 나라답게, 국민과 함께 갑니다.

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A platform for you to post and create your own content.

Instagram

I develop the content and I upload it (My picture of my own and I upload it to the platform)

Instagram started off with content communities at the first place, by only having the feature of follow, and post pictures.

However as time passed by, they started to be multifunctional, in which they have several feature which includes chat (communication).

But still, their main motive of the entire apps is to create your own picture and posted it, and hence, its a content communities.

Fan-Fiction / Wattpad/ Webtoon

Fans/ Ordinary people/ People who wants to be an author create story (novel/comics) based on their imagination at the platforms.

Hence, they are generating content.

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Networking, interact and communicate.

Pinterest

It is a social networking site - I launched, I scrolled and I keep people's content for my own references and collection. And sometimes, I commented their post and pin their post to my dashboard, it is a form of communicating and networking.

The only thing that differentiate whether Pinterest is a Social Networking Sites or Content Communities is the ownership of the artwork.

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It can be explained as releasing a statement (regardless Slander or libel) is proved to be false and has caused certain contaminate towards people reputation.

Slander - False Spoken Statement

Libel - False Written Statement

Case Study: Rebel Wilson Defamation Case with BEAU Magazine

Rebel Wilson was portrayed as a liar in magazines that were all owned by Beaur Comapny Group, which soon led her to lose her job due to false statement and accusation.

Rebel's upcoming roles such as Kung Fu Panda 3, Trolls were cancelled and fired due to her scandal and controversies which has typically affected how the society thinks about her.

Soon, the court has determined that the Bauer Media Group was guilty, as they can't prove that the statement that has been released is wrong and false, and hence they have to pay compensation for Rebel for her lost during the controversies happen.

Rebel doesn't really want people to focus on the money, however, what she wanted was to let Bauer Media Group to make a declaration about the statement, to prove that she's not a liar, to rebuild and regain her positive reputation that harmed by malicious comments.

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Media content sometimes may consists of "hidden messages" that seems normal, however not really.

It may contains other motives and initiatives that promotes indecent and inappropriate content which generally people doesn't know, however quietly instill the message without you knowing.

People would see a media content to be normal, but when you go in deeper, it may contains violation, sex messages and hints to the readers or viewers.

It is still very subjective and arguable about this matter, as the production house or the producers might given the excuse that they do not have the intention to do so, however, its the society norms who think it that way.

There's no direct guidelines or standard that could use to determine or proved that certain media content is promoting unpleasant content, like sexualizing the kids, violent etc.

Case Study: Sia's Music Video with Maddie Zieglar

Certain people argued that Sia's music video - Elastic Heart is actually sexualizing a kid, as they felt completely uncomfortable watching both Maddie Zieglar and Shia LaBeouf interracting so closely with a naked colour suit with Maddie, and a half naked body of Shia.

Certain people defended for Sia that its just a way of arts, which Maddie was only performing in suits that she wore in the music video "Chandelier". However, no one comment about that, but when it comes to "Elastic Heart", everyone was pissed off.

Both Maddie and Sia have defended the music video by explaining the video concept, and saying that their intention was to bring out the emotions of it, but not to promote pedophile.

Hence at the end of the day, its still very subjective, depending on how the people would think about it.

Other case study about Obscenity and Indency: Dumb Ways to Die (Cartoon) , The Blue Whale Challenge

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Hollywood sexualization affects child stars, too

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Every data that we key in or every message that we called is actually under the monitor of certain authority (government, offices, Google, Facebook)

This action is known as  Snooping (Government Snooping and Commercial Snooping)

Our information which should be keep it privately without the known of third parties can actually be traced and control by the government.

Ex: When the policies wanted to check some information or hints during investigation, they took use of their privilege to spy and hear the conversation or the information that you use in media, without your acknowledgement.

Another case is that whenever you search online, your web browser or any other media that uses online are able to trace your record.

The case of leaking users information can be widely seen in many media such as Facebook, Yahoo and Google. This is because when they are redesigning their website, they revert your account to unsafe default mode, and by accidentally, they leaked out the information after the system was attacked by hackers.

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Copyright, which the product like art, writing, songs, film, software, photos or videos that belongs to the owner is legally protected.

If want to use the owner's idea, you have to either buy it and get the approved from them - Authorization.

It can be done through copyrights or trademark.

If you have not register your work for copyright or trademark, then people can steal your art work anytime.

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Taking others work and say its yours, without attribution.

Even though you did a slight change, however you can still considered plagiarize cause its almost the same.

Copyright - I took away people work without telling them and use it for my own Good.

Plagiarism - I took people work and say its mine.