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Moses Mendelssohn was one of the most important Jewish Enlightenment thinkers because he taught and expanded the amount of Torah study and Jewish education in Germany. In 1783, he wrote the book Jerusalem which explains how Judaism is compatible with enlightenment ideas and how there should be religious freedom.

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1789- 1799. France declared war and over time defeated and conquered almost all of Europe. The revolution ended with Napoleon as the emperor of France, and during his rule he granted the Jews citizenship.

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In 1791, Jews received legal equality by the French revolutionary parliament (Napoleon), which meant full citizenship without any conditions and an ultimately better life. French Jews were the first to be emancipated in Europe which made it easier for them to be successful than Jews in other countries were they were not granted citizenship and accepted in society until much later on.

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Napoleon issued a decree to financially weaken the French moneylending Jews and make them an equal, loyal, and normal part of society. He changed the Jews agriculture and divided their communities into districts to “emphasize the importance of loyalty to France and obedience to French Laws.” The Jews in France had people fighting for them and their rights, allowing them to prosper unlike other groups of Judaism.

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The rise of reform Judaism started in 1817 after the growth of the Hamburg Temple. The Hamburg Temple was a reform synagogue in Berlin that made reforms to public worship and parts of the services to make it more similar to the German Church. This event is significant because many different groups of Judaism did not approve of their way of practice, causing many disputes.

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(1819) Ultra Orthodox Hamburg Rabbinical Court Conference/Response

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(1819) Ultra Orthodox Hamburg Rabbinical Court Conference/Response

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In 1819, the Hamburg Rabbinical Court responded to the new reforms in the Hamburg Temple. The court, complied of all orthodox men, followed very traditional beliefs and thought Judaism does not change and should not change. They planned ways to separate themselves from Reform Jews which has greatly impacted the practicing and social aspect of Judaism.

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Wissenschaft des Judentums, adopted by Leopold Zunz's research, was a movement that aimed to study Judaism and Jewish History by applying modern, scientific methods to ensure objectivity. They encouraged people to select the traditions that can be implemented in the modern world while not abandoning all rituals that have a strong history and meaning in Jewish culture.

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(1819-1822) Conversion And Religious Reform In Germany

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(1819-1822) Conversion And Religious Reform In Germany

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While Moses Mendelssohn had been combining Jewish and European culture, the next generation like the Hamburg Temple and Heine started to neglect Jewish traditions and advocated religious reforms in Judaism in order to better adjust to modern life and to be accepted in society. They started learning less Hebrew, and became more culturally German.

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(1844-1846)  Reform Movement- Abraham Geiger

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(1844-1846)  Reform Movement- Abraham Geiger

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The Reform movement, run by Abraham Geige wanted to make Judaism more universal and modern. He wanted to modernize Jewish practice in synagogue worship and practices and make it more “dignified.” This event was significant because it brought a lot of change in the practice of Judaism and was new for many Jews in Germany at the time.

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(1845)  Positive-Historical School of Judaism- Zecharias Frankel

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(1845)  Positive-Historical School of Judaism- Zecharias Frankel

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In 1845, Zecharias Frankel left the Reform because he felt the reformers were moving too far away from what makes Judaism Jewish. He started the Positive-Historical School which recognizes that Judaism has a precedent of changing itself and that we have to study what Jews have done in the past in order to make decisions in the present.

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(1851) Neo Orthodoxy- Samson Raphael Hirsch

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(1851) Neo Orthodoxy- Samson Raphael Hirsch

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Samson Raphael Hirsch started the Neo Orthodoxy movement in 1851 because he believed that the differences between traditional Judaism and reform Judaism were becoming so vast, that creating a separate movement was the only way to save traditional Judaism. This movement was significant because it was aiming to kind of "un-do" the reforms along with the orthodoxy's isolation. This ultimately shows how the religious changes in Germany greatly affected the unification of the Jewish Community as a whole.