# data[].attributes.headline
1. What is 'waste management'? What are concerns come to mind when you think about waste management? 

# data[].attributes.subject
1. What is 'waste management'? What are concerns come to mind when you think about waste management? 

# data[].attributes.body
Please record your answer as a comment.

# data[].attributes.body
Please watch video and then answer questions 3. & 4.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Island solutions: Recycling sweeps into Saint Lucia

# data[].attributes.headline
3. What are some CHALLENGES with waste management in Saint Lucia?

# data[].attributes.subject
3. What are some CHALLENGES with waste management in Saint Lucia?

# data[].attributes.body
Please watch the video (#2) and record your answer as a comment.

# data[].attributes.headline
4. What are some STRATEGIES for waste management in Saint Lucia?

# data[].attributes.subject
4. What are some STRATEGIES for waste management in Saint Lucia?

# data[].attributes.body
Please watch the video (#2) and record your answer as a comment.

# data[].attributes.headline
5. What are some CHALLENGES with waste management in Grenada?

# data[].attributes.subject
5. What are some CHALLENGES with waste management in Grenada?

# data[].attributes.headline
6. What are some SUGGESTIONS or STRATEGIES for improving or reducing waste in Grenada? 

# data[].attributes.subject
6. What are some SUGGESTIONS or STRATEGIES for improving or reducing waste in Grenada? 

# data[].attributes.body
Helpful video explaining the circular economy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Explaining the Circular Economy and How Society Can Re-think Progress | Animated Video Essay

# data[].attributes.body
Helpful infographic on the circular economy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The circular economy system diagram, known as the butterfly diagram, illustrates the continuous flow of materials in a circular economy. There are two main cycles - the technical cycle and the biological cycle. In the technical cycle, products and materials are kept in circulation through processes such as reuse, repair, remanufacture and recycling. In the biological cycle, the nutrients from biodegradable materials are returned to the Earth to regenerate nature.

Dig deeper

Find out more about each side of the butterfly diagram - the biological cycle and the technical cycle. These pages focus on the different stages of the two cycles and explain the concepts used.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The butterfly diagram: visualising the circular economy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The butterfly model illustrates the main cycles in a circular economy system creating a continuous flow of materials.

# data[].attributes.body
This paper discusses why island nations are great cases for Industrial Ecology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Geographers accept Greenland as the largest island with 2.2 million km ² of land area, while Australia is the smallest continent at about 7.6 million km ². Human population does little to shed light on this distinction as Taiwan, population 22 million, land area 36 000 km ², is definitely an island although it is more populated than many continental states. The population of Australia is about 19 million, while that of Greenland is a mere 21 000.

Openness has also resulted in the phenomenon of 'brain drain', whereby the most well‐trained human resources leave an island to pursue greater opportunities elsewhere (McElroy & de Albuquerque, and de Albuquerque, K . (1990). Managing small‐island sustainability: towards a systems design. 1990 Nature and Resources, 26: pp. 23-31 ).

The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), formed at the Second World Climate Conference in 1990, and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), formed at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development in 1992, are examples of diplomatic efforts to gain recognition for concerns over the impact of global climate change on islands. Sea level rise is not the only impact of concern. While some studies show that large, continental nations, which have a diversity of climates, may realize some positive effects under certain climate change scenarios (Mendelsohn et al., ), islands often have a single climatic zone that would be negatively affected.

Industrial ecology encompasses a broad range of concepts and analytical tools. A subset of these deals with industry on a geographical level. For this discussion of island systems, industrial ecology will be used to refer to this subset. For a more complete taxonomy see (Boons & Baas, ).

The waste exchanges alone amount to some 2.9 million tons of material per year (Lowe (1995) et al., 1995 1995 Industrial Symbiosis Institute (1995) (Available at http://www.symbiosis.dk accessed 3 August 2002) ). Fieldbook for the Development of Eco‐Industrial Parks. Draft Report (Oakland: Indigo Development Company) ). Water consumption has been reduced by a collective 25% and 5000 homes received district heat (Industrial Symbiosis Institute,

On average, industry in Puerto Rico pays $0.10/kWh for electricity, well in excess of the USA average of $0.068/kWh paid by all sectors for electric power and only $0.045/kWh paid by the industrial sector in 2000 (Stewart, ; Energy Information Administration, Energy Information Administration (2002b) 2002 United States country analysis brief Available at US Department of Energy. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/usa.html b). Puerto Rico's utility monopoly and social policy contribute to the high cost of electricity for industry on the island.

A light rail system called Tren Urbano has been under construction in San Juan for over five years. It is currently faced with cost overruns and does not have a set date for the beginning of operation.

7.6 million litres in 2000 (Puerto Rico Planning Board, Puerto Rico Planning Board (2000) 2000 External Trade Statistics (Puerto Rico: Government of Puerto Rico) ).

At the time of this writing, it was not determined what portion of the secondary glass cullet used at Owens‐Illinois was recovered from Puerto Rico's waste stream and what portion was imported from the USA.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An island approach to industrial ecology: towards sustainability in the island context

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Geographers accept Greenland as the largest island with 2.2 million km 2 of land area, while Australia is the smallest continent at about 7.6 million km 2. Human population does little to shed light on this distinction as Taiwan, population 22 million, land area 36 000 km 2, is definitely an island although it is more populated than many continental states.

# data[].attributes.body
This lecture is based on research published here:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Highlights

*

Quantifies first comprehensive waste flows on Grenada using material flow accounting (MFA).

*

Focusses on three problematic waste streams: plastics, tyres, and motor oil.

*

Grenada generated 46,097 tonnes or 1.14 kgs per capita per day of waste in 2017.

*

Demonstrates a useful methodology for MFA in data-poor environments.

*

Suggests improved waste data collection, polluter pays principle, and management plans.

Abstract

Can a small island state be sustainable? Small islands often suffer from a myriad of sustainability challenges owing to their remoteness, size, dependency on imports, and limited waste absorption capacity. Most imports end up as waste accumulation in dumpsites at the end of their life-cycle, representing a one-way material flow. The concept of the "circular economy" (CE) is a promising resource management strategy for island nations to improve solid waste management. In a CE, waste is a resource to be continually circulated within the economy. This study uses material flow accounting (MFA) to quantify waste deposits in Grenada, a tri-island, Caribbean state (population: 110,874). Like many Caribbean islands, Grenada has waste challenges as a result of accumulation of materials in open dumpsites and the persistence of illegal dumping. We estimated that Grenada generated 46,097 tonnes or 1.14 kgs per capita per day of waste in 2017. Leveraging disaggregated trade and waste data, we quantified three problematic waste streams: plastics, tyres, and motor oil and demonstrate an approach for conducting MFA in data-poor environments. Based on the results, Grenada has opportunities to decrease waste production by implementing circularity measures. We recommend improving data collection, implementation of the polluter pays principle, banning substitutable, problematic materials, and developing waste management plans for problematic materials. It is critically important that Grenada transition to a more sustainable waste management system in order to realize the vision of sustainable development. The results of this study make an important contribution to island industrial ecology and sustainable development.

View Abstract

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
You can't manage what you can't measure: The potential for circularity in Grenada's waste management system

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Quantifies first comprehensive waste flows on Grenada using material flow accounting (MFA). * Focusses on three problematic waste streams: plastics, tyres, and motor oil. * Grenada generated 46,097 tonnes or 1.14 kgs per capita per day of waste in 2017. * Demonstrates a useful methodology for MFA in data-poor environments.

# data[].attributes.body
Please feel free to email me at aelgie@uwaterloo.ca or write a comment below.

I welcome any feedback on how I can improve this online lecture.