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Some info on hatching in incubator (FAO, 2010)

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Some info on hatching in incubator (FAO, 2010)

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More information can find in : http://www.fao.org/teca/new-search-result/technology-detail/en/?uid=6953

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Semi Free range "DUCK FARMING" unique methods

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                                           Overview 

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                                           Overview 

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Hai!! Welcome to our blog where we will guide you through an exciting journey of duck farm😉
First up, let us learn about the duck anatomy. Next, we will look at the life journey of a duckling grow into an adult duck. We will proceed to understanding the farming system of the duck as well as learn about the breeds of layer duck and breeder broiler duck. Don’t stop there, we will look at the delicious delicacy made from duck product. After letting your eyes have a great meal, we will go though farming practice and production process of broiler and layer ducks.
Before you start duck farming, you would like to know what is the benefit of farming duck right? No problem, we will brief you through before proceed to farming as a beginner duck farmer. Take notes on the tips on how to manage a duck farm, it will be a great help for you. Then, we will proceed to learn about biosecurity and animal welfare of the duck farming as we are responsible farmer that love and care for our animals. Lastly, we love our planet. Thus, we will learn about the sustainable farming practice as a closing for this journey. Congratulation!! You are now ready to become a duck farmer!!

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1. Ku Xin Yan
2. Chew Ker Ning
3. Low Li Hong
4. Chiew Siji
5. Cheng Wei Ying

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Produced more than 200 eggs per year

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Produced 340 eggs per year

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Produced 290 eggs per year

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Produced around 240 eggs per year

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Before start, please give us a "Like " ♥

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Before start, please give us a "Like " ♥

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Products that can be Generated from Duck 

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Products that can be Generated from Duck 

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(Johnson, 2019)

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Produced 300 eggs per year

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Produced more than 300 eggs per year

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Broiler : For Meat
Layers : For Eggs

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2. Integrated farming

Integrated duck-fish farming🐟

Integrated rice-duck farming🌱

→Duck dropping serves as fertilizers to stimulate the growth of zooplankton and phytoplankton (food for fishes)

→ Increase rice yields and average grain weight.

→Ducks can increase soil fertility with their dabbling

→Minimal environmental impact.

→Ducks serve as bio-aerators while swimming.

→Increase feed efficiency and body weight of ducks and fishes.

→Increase food and economic security.

→ Reduction of weeds in rice fields.
(Mofidian, S. and Sadeghi, 2015; Majhi, 2018)

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How to improve productivity in a SUSTAINABLE manner?

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How to improve productivity in a SUSTAINABLE manner?

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WELCOME TO  BIOSECURITY AND ANIMAL WELFARE

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WELCOME TO  BIOSECURITY AND ANIMAL WELFARE

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Let's go!

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Not to be confused with Biosecurity !

CLICK ⬇
Farm Biosecurity Manual for Duck Industry
https://www.farmbiosecurity.com.au/

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Journey of Duck Farm🦆

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1)      Positioning the duck
– The bird is held by both of its leg in horizontal position by one operator (Johnson, 1953).

2)      Everting oviduct
– Gentle pressure is applied on the left side of the abdomen around the vent of female duck to avert cloaca and expose the oviduct (Ghanem et al., 2017).

3)      Insemination
– One milliliter tuberculin syringe is used to inseminate the bird. About 0.1 ml of air is drawn into the syringe to aid pushing of the semen during insemination. The syringe is inserted into about one centimeter of the oviduct and pressed to release the semen into the bird (Stunden, 1993).

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1)      Abdominal massage of the drake
- One operator fixes the bird on a table while another apply message on thighs of drake with thumb on one side and the middle finger on the other (Watanabe, 1957).

2)      Semen assessment
- assess the motility, viability, and concentration of the semen collected (Ghanem et al., 2017).

3)      Semen dilution
- Good quality semen is diluted to 1:1 ration of semen: diluents to maintain the viability of the sperm and maximized the number of birds to inseminate. The diluent is comprised of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and distilled water (Donoghue and Wishart, 2000).

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- Duck farming combine with rice cultivation in Japan
- Duck is free to feed on food such as insect at the rice field
- Duck is free to move around in the farm

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Duck Farming in Rice Field - Japan Organic Duck Rice cultivation

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Commercial intensive duck layer farming  

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Commercial intensive duck layer farming  

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Automated egg collection system is used in the farm

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Duck Layer Farming - Automated Duck Layer Cage System

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✔Use wire mesh floor in the area for brooding to prevent wetness
✔Always ensure enough clean water in house, if not ducks may be suffered with pneumonia
✔Don't allow newborn ducklings into the pond at least for 15 days, can provide shallow water vessels in house
✔Ducks are sensitive to aflotoxin, eliminate groundnut cake from their feed
(Reddy, 2018)

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                                   Duck Farming Guide for Beginners📝

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                                   Duck Farming Guide for Beginners📝

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Duck Breed
-> decide to raise broiler (meat production) OR layer (egg production)
Food & water
->Ducks are mainly granivores.
->Normally feed on oatmeal, wheat & corn
->They also feed on leftovers from vegetables & insects (especially worms)
*For egg production, minerals/salts should be provided together with regular diet
Housing
->Intensive
->Semi-intensive
->Extensive
*Adequate entrapment is recommended or put gazing globes to protect flock from predators
Mating
->For heavyweight breeds (Eg. Muscovy), need 3 to 5 hens for one drake
->For lightweight breeds (Eg. Runner), 6 to 8 hens for one drake
->Ducks need an extremely quiet environment when mating
Brooding (sit on & incubate their eggs)
->Female ducks are not as good as chicken females at brooding.
->Poor brooding make temperature drop below desired levels which may put ducklings’ development in danger
->Can sent the eggs to brooder house
Health care
->Good hygiene
->Vaccination
(Delany, 2017)

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                                                   Way to Maximize the egg production of layer

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                                                   Way to Maximize the egg production of layer

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Provide fresh feed and water

-Fresh feed is required to support the egg production
-Fresh feed is provided depends on duck breed and flock size

Lighting

-Provide 15 hours lighting will help to increase egg production
-Lighting can help duck to realize egg production faster

Egg collection

-The egg collection method is important to prevent egg damage and expose to a moist environment

Egg cleaning

-Bacteria and microorganism able to penetrate into the newly laid egg and spoil the egg
-Prevent cleaning egg with cold water as cold water will attract bacteria that will spoil the egg

Storage

-Prevent storing the egg more than seven days as it will decrease the possibility of egg hatching
-The ideal temperature for egg storage is  13°C, and humidity of 75%

Incubation

-Create an environment with:

1. Regular checks on the incubator to ensure its working optimally

2. The right temperature and humidity

3. Adequate ventilation

(Sunbird, 2019)

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Why choose duck farming ?💰                                       ➠

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Why choose duck farming ?💰                                       ➠

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Housing facilities require for duck is inexpensive and simple

Duck is a hardy animal which requires less management from the farmer and more resistant to disease

Duck has a fast growth rate and shorter brooding period

Duck is an omnivorous animal. Duck can consume a wide variety of food such as cassava and corn

Duck able to grow longer and have a lower mortality rate compared to chicken

Duck helps to control the number of snails, grasshopper, and fleas in the farm  (Kunnath and Kumar, 2018)

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                     💡Fun Facts about Duck💡

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                     💡Fun Facts about Duck💡

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Q1. How long does ducks live?👀
-> Their lifespans depend on:
- Species of duck
- Living conditions (either lives in wild or raised on farm)
- Number of eggs they lay (more eggs, shorter life)
Normally,  wild duck can live for 20 years while domestic ducks typically live from 10 to 15 years in captivity.

Q2. Do ducks have teeth?👀
NO ! But they have teeth-like structures called as bristle along the edges of beak, that help them scoop & filter nutrient particles out of the water.

Q3. Do ducks chew their food?👀
NO! They mashes the food with their duck bill. They will shake their head to tear off the food into small pieces. Ducks will swallow little rocks, store the rocks in their gizzard, that help to grind up the foods when ducks swallow.
(Savedge, 2019)

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                         Layer Farm Sequence🦆🍳

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                         Layer Farm Sequence🦆🍳

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Brooding (Day-old to 6 weeks)
->Ducklings need some additional heat
Growing (6 to 20 weeks)
->Beak trimming & vaccinations are done
Moving (at 16-18 weeks of age)

->Moved into laying quarters
->Settled in before egg production begins
Adult layer (20 to/up to 78 weeks)
->Kept in a house at 21-28oC
Egg collecting and grading
->It takes ~26 hours for each egg to develop
->Each duck lays an egg later & later each day
->A sample of eggs is broken open to check internal quality
Marketing
->Eggs are stored at about 13oC
(Poultry Hub, 2020)

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📹Duck production in Malaysia from 2005 to 2018(in million heads)

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📹Duck production in Malaysia from 2005 to 2018(in million heads)

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                                            Animal Welfare 

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                                            Animal Welfare 

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Intensive system:

High risk of health problems (ex. lameness).

→ In 2012, avian influenza virus cause around 75 to 100% of ducking mortality in commercial farm.

Behavioral alteration =self-mutilations (ex. feather-pecking) and cannibalism.

Debeaking/ low intensity light= to minimize the damage caused by feather-pecking and cannibalism.

→ Prone to lameness.

→ Impaired visual development.

→ Increased fearfulness.

Ignored biological and behavioral needs (ex. lower access to water for swimming).

→ Suffer from heat stress.

→ Increased risk of infection.

→ For instance, around 65% of ducks drinking from ni℗℗le drinkers had at least one blocked nostril.

High stocking density.

→ Increased ammonia levels.

→ Susceptible to respiratory diseases.

→ For example, broilers exposed to ammonia levels of 25 ppm increased risk of airsacculitis, viral infection, blindness and reduced carcass traits.

→ Negative environmental impact.
(Abo Ghanima, et al., 2020)

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📹Know how to earn profit from fish cum duck farming

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📹Know how to earn profit from fish cum duck farming

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Know how to earn profit from fish cum duck farming

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Integrated Rice-Duck Farming; an eco-friendly & sustainable agricultural approach.

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📹Integrated Fish ©um Duck Farming a Profitable Model

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📹Integrated Fish ©um Duck Farming a Profitable Model

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Integrated Fish cum Duck Farming a Profitable Model

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Integrated Rice Duck Farming | Grow Rice & Ducks Together

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                                      Animal Welfare

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                                      Animal Welfare

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There are no mandatory skills required as a pre-requisite for farming ducks. However, animal welfare is a critical component. Good stockmanship and an affinity for livestock will provide both productivity and animal welfare outcomes.
Typical livestock nurturing duties include the following:
•providing fresh litter in sheds and removing spent litter;
•providing feed and water;
•monitoring shed temperature and humidity;
•monitoring feed consumption and growth rates;
•capturing and handling birds with confidence and patience;
•washing down equipment and maintaining hygiene standards;
•cleaning sheds after the removal of birds by mechanical or manual means;
•collecting, counting and recording mortalities;
•monitoring health and welfare
Recommended book for practice welfare: https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/3451
(Stein, 2012)

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       Common duck breed for meat purpose

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       Common duck breed for meat purpose

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                              Biosecurity

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                              Biosecurity

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Biosecurity ⏩ the measures taken to prevent, or control the introduction and spread of disease causing organisms to a flock.

1. Control of incoming animals 🐶🐱🐭🐀
2. Manage the movement of people, vehicles and equipment 🚶‍♀️🚗🚚⛏🔧
3. Animal health management 💉💊
4. Feed💦
5. Waste management💩
(Stein, 2012)

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        Relavence traits and performance testing

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        Relavence traits and performance testing

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📹Poultry consumption in Malaysia 2006-2019

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📹Poultry consumption in Malaysia 2006-2019

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Malaysia is the third LARGEST duck meat production in world after China and France!!!
(Adzitey and Adzitey, 2011)

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International Hatchery Practice - Volume 30 Number 6 (2016)
The global production of duck meat was roughly 4.3 million tons in 2012. It represents a valuable source for human consumption especially in Asian countries. Most of this duck meat is produced by growing Pekin ducks.
By Dr Hans-Heinrich Thiele, Consultant Geneticist, Gourmaud Selection (Group Orvia).

To improve the efficiency of this business, breeding companies have been selecting for superior performance in all traits of economic importance. Selection is focused on daily gain, meatiness and feed efficiency of broiler ducks, without neglecting the number of ducklings per female housed.

Using more precise data recording tools, as for instance RFID based data recording and more powerful IT technology to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values, the performance has been much improved over the last 20 years.

The production of duck meat increased remarkably during the last 20 years, up to about 4.3 million tons in 2012. The main producer is China, producing more than 80% of all worldwide duck meat. According to information of Guémené et al. (2011) roughly 90% of it is based on fattened Pekin ducks. Only 4% of is produced by Muscovy ducks and 6% of it is available as a by-product from Mule ducks, used for the fatty liver production. Ducks have been very popular in Asia since historical times and they remain popular until today. The Chinese not only like the high nutritive value and tastiness of the duck meat, but also utilise their feet, tongues and other by-products for human consumption and appreciate the high quality of the feathers. The duck varieties, especially the Pekin ducks, are very robust and can be kept under various climatic conditions, often in very simple housing. Several breeding companies are selecting ducks for meat production. Although most of them are based outside of Asia, their market share in Asian countries is high and their breeding work has to consider market demands in Asia. This article will focus on the selection of Pekin ducks for meat production.

Relevant traits and performance testing.

Similar to meat type chicken breeding programs, Pekin ducks are selected in specialised male and female lines, which are combined at the grandparent and parent level to produce commercial broiler ducks. In the male lines, the main focus of selection is on growth rate, feed efficiency, carcase yield and meat quality, while the female lines are also selected for egg production and hatchability. At 40-45 days, the broiler performance of all progeny of all pure lines and their crossbred offspring are tested. The data recorded by the selection crews are incorporated directly into the data bases. Since this is done very precisely with modern recording devices, the data are immediately available for parameter and breeding value estimation.

Improvement of feed efficiency by selection

Feed efficiency has become more and more important for all kinds of animal production, in response to rising feed cost and awareness of limited resources and environmental issues. Therefore, individual feed intake of the birds is measured and used in selection programs. In the past, individual feed intake of meat type poultry has been recorded in single cage systems, but this system is unfavourable for the ducks and may not reflect feeding behaviour under commercial floor conditions. The modern RFID technology enables the breeding companies nowadays to record even small meals of individuals under nearly practical housing conditions. In these testing units not only the amount of feed consumed can be recorded, it opens the possibility to observe also the feeding behaviour of the ducks, with the frequency of meals and the size of a single meal.

The availability and utilisation of these 'feeding stations' accelerates the genetic progress in feed efficiency. Companies which invested in this technology several years ago have already gained a huge advantage, while further developing their pure line breeding stock. Records of daily feed intake can be used to improve feed efficiency in combination with weight gain during the testing period as the commonly known FCR or, independent from metabolic body weight and weight gain, as Residual Feed Intake (RFI).
Residual Feed Intake (RFI) = FI - [a + b1 * BW0,75 + b2 * BWG]
FI = feed intake, BW = bodyweight, BWG = bodyweight gain
The laying performance is usually tested over a period of 45 production weeks. Traditionally laying birds are kept in single cage systems. Orvia is developing a fully automatic nest system to replace single cages in future. With the new nests the laying performance can be recorded in floor pens. During the testing period, time wise information about egg weight, shell strength, fertility and hatchability are recorded. Sperm quality is analysed before males are used for pedigree reproduction. For testing the fertility and hatchability of females, the use of pooled sperm is preferred.

Estimates of heritabilities and correlations among traits are summarised in Table 3. All selection criteria except liveability have a sufficiently high heritability to predict further improvement. Residual feed intake is (by definition) independent from body weight and a useful parameter to judge the conversion of feed to body mass. As in other poultry species, liveability has also limited genetic variation in Pekin ducks and will be a preferential candidate for genomic selection.

With the exception of egg weight and shell density, the reproductive traits have a lower heritability compared to the broiler performance traits, but sufficient variation to make future progress possible.

Genetic parameters and breeding values

In these days very powerful IT technology and software tools are available which enable the geneticists to estimate the breeding values.

A quick and precise data recording combined with those possibilities enables the specialists to select the progeny of each pure line. Based on line-specific indices, the quality of males and females is judged to select and mate ducks for the next pure line pedigree generation.

All economically relevant traits have to be combined in such a way, that the strategic importance of each line and its position in the crossbreeding program is taken into consideration. The main target is to improve the performance of the final product, while maintaining or improving the performance in the parent stock as well.

Results

The parent performance of the heavy package is around 230-240 ducklings in 52 weeks of production. Heavy hybrids have an outstanding broiler performance. They grow in six weeks of age to a bodyweight of 3300-3500g. Depending on the nutrient density of the supplied feed; the feed conversion is below 2kg feed per kg bodyweight.

Concerning meat quality, those broiler ducks produce 32-35% of muscles (skin included) of their live bodyweight and have at slaughter 72-75% yield. The annual selection progress for heavy packages can be predicted with 50-70g higher bodyweight at six weeks, 30-50g less feed for 1kg gain and about one more egg per parent.
References are available from the author on request
Summary

Pekin ducks contribute substantially to the production of food for human consumption, especially in Asian countries. The breeding activities can enhance the effectiveness of that special part of poultry production. Comparable to other poultry species the genetics are concentrated in only a few but highly specialised companies. Duck specific performance testing and breeding value estimation is done with sophisticated tools and will be constantly further developed. Genetic progress will continue in all economically important traits.

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International Hatchery Practice - Volume 30 Number 6 (2016) The global production of duck meat was roughly 4.3 million tons in 2012. It represents a valuable source for human consumption especially in Asian countries. Most of this duck meat is produced by growing Pekin ducks. By Dr Hans-Heinrich Thiele, Consultant Geneticist, Gourmaud Selection (Group Orvia).

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                                     Rearing Systems:

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                                     Rearing Systems:

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1. Extensive Farming (>80% ducks are raised in extensive small-scale farm in Southeast Asia.)
2. Semi-intensive Farming
-10 to 12 square feet per duck of run space (outdoor)
- A floor space of 3 square feet per duck (indoor)
3. Intensive Farming (Developed for more than past 50 years)
- A floor space of 4 square feet per duck
(Collage of Veterinary Science, 2019)

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Genus : Anas sp.
Family: Anatidae

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                                                                                              Life Cycle of a Duck

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                                                                                              Life Cycle of a Duck

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Ducks lay eggs but that has only one egg laying phase of their life cycle.  Hatching, maturing and mating are steps that will pass through during their life cycle.
Mating Habits
Duck do not mate for life. Each seasonal bond is monogamous which means only one mating partner is chosen at the beginning of the mating season.
Steps 1:  Laying Eggs
Mid-March until early July is an egg-laying season for ducks. Normally, ducks will lay around 12 eggs per clutch. The female duck will lay 1- 2 eggs per day until the clutch is completed.
Step 2: Hatching
The incubation process will be done by female duck. After the incubation, the duckling will hatch from the eggs. The hatching period normally takes 23 to 24 hours.
Steps 3: Maturing and Mating
Duckling is led to water within a day of hatching and will learn to identify edible food. Two months is required for ducklings to fly. Within a year, the mating process is ready and the new cycle will proceed again.                                                                                              (Michelle, 2017)

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Abo Ghanima, M.M., El-Edel, M.A., Ashour, E.A., El-Hack, A., Mohamed, E., Othman, S.I., Alwaili, M.A., Allam, A.A., Khafaga, A.F., El-Aziz, A. and Ayman, H., 2020.The influences of various housing systems on growth, carcass traits, meat quality, immunity and oxidative stress of meat-type ducks.  Animals, 10(3), p.410.
Adzitey, F. and Adzitey, S.P., 2011. Duck production: has a potential to reduce poverty among rural households in Asian communities–a review. Journal of World’s Poultry Research, 1(1), pp.7-10.
Collage of Veterinary Science, 2019. Duck farming. [online] Available at:<https://www.slideshare.net/gurramsrinivas39/duck-farming-132663833> [Accessed 23 August 2020].
Delany, M., 2017. Duck raising: the ultimate beginner’s guide. [online] Available at: <https://www.farmingstyle.com/ultimate-guide-duck-raising/> [Accessed 25 August 2020].

Donoghue, A.M. and Wishart, G.J., 2000. Storage of poultry 🤬. Animal Reproduction Science, 62(1), pp.213–232.
FAO, 2010. Technologies and practices for small agriculture procedures.[online] Available at:<http://www.fao.org/teca/new-search-result/technology-detail/en/?uid=6953>[Acceseed 7 September 2020].
Ghanem, H.M., Ateya, A.I., Saleh, R.M. and Saidhussein, M., 2017. Artificial insemination vs natural mating and genetic PRL/PstI locus polymorphism and their effect on different productive and reproductive aspects in duck. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 5(4), pp.179–184.
Giri, S.C., Sahoo, S.K., Karna, S.K., Saran, S., Sastry, K.V.H. and Kandi, N., 2014. Production performance of ducks under extensive system of management in tribal districts of Odisha. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 49(1), pp.97-100.
Hirschmann, R., 2020. Duck production in Malaysia 2005-2018. [online] Available at:< https://www.statista.com/statistics/659805/malaysia-duck-production/>[ Accessed 17 August 2020].
Hirschmann, R., 2020. Per capita poultry consumption in Malaysia 2006-2019. [online] Available at:< https://www.statista.com/statistics/757983/malaysia-poultry-consumption-per-capita//>[ Accessed 17 August 2020].

Johnson, A.S., 1953. Artificial Insemination and the Duration of Fertility of Geese.

Johnson, S., 2019. 6 duck breeds to raise for eggs. [online] Available at:<https://www.hobbyfarms.com/6-duck-breeds-to-raise-for-eggs-4/> [Accessed 22 August 2020].

Kunnath, S.K. and Kumar, A.P., 2018. Duck farming- an alternative to poverty alleviation. Indian Farmer, 5(3), pp. 258- 268.

Majhi, A., 2018. Role of integrated duck-fish farming and its economic efficiency: a study in Purulia district, West Bengal. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(3), pp. 1390-1395.
Miao, W., 2010. Distribution and characteristics of duck-fish farming systems in Eastern China. Rome: FAO.
Mofidian, S. and Sadeghi, S.M., 2015. Evaluation of integrated farming of rice and duck on rice grain yield in gilan, Iran. Acta universitatis agriculturae et silviculturae mendelianae brunensis, 63(4), pp.1161-1168.
Michelle, M., 2017. Life cycle of ducks. [online] Available at:< https://sciencing.com/life-cycle-ducks-5171810.html/>[ Accessed 17 August 2020].
Orvia, 2020. Duck meat production: breeding Pekin ducks for the world market [online]. Available at:< http://www.orvia.fr/en/News/Orvia/Duck-meat-production/>[ Accessed 17 August 2020].
Poultry Hub, 2020. Layer farm sequence. [online] Available at: <http://www.poultryhub.org/production/industry-structure-and-organisations/egg-industry/layer-farm-sequence/> [Accessed 21 August 2020].
Reddy, J., 2018. Duck farming business plan for beginners. [online] Available at: <https://www.agrifarming.in/duck-farming-business-plan-beginners> [Accessed 25 August 2020].
Savedge, J., 2019. Everything you ever wanted to know about ducks. [online] Available at: <https://www.thoughtco.com/fun-facts-about-ducks-4043231#:~:text=Like%20other%20species%20of%20birds,sure%20do%20look%20like%20them.> [Accessed 21 August 2020].
Stein, B., 2012. Introduction to commercial duck farming. [pdf]. Available at:< https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/poultry-and-birds/species/duck-raising/commercial-duck-farming>[Accessed 17 August 2020].
Stunden, C.E., 1993. Studies on reproductive characteristics and artificial insemination in captive mallard duckS (Anas platyrhynchos). University of British Columbia.
Sunbird, 2019. 6 tips for maximizing duck egg production. [online] Available at:<https://www.sunbirdled.com/post/6-tips-for-maximizing-duck-egg-production> [Accessed 23 August 2020].

Sandhu, T. S., 2014. Duck health care. [online]. Available at:< https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/programs/duck-research-lab/health-care>.[Accessed 17 August 2020].
Watanabe, M., 1957. An improved technique of the artificial insemination in ducks. J. Fac. Fish. Anim. Husb. Hiroshima Univ., 1(3), pp.363–373.
Watanabe, M., 1957. An improved technique of the artificial insemination in ducks. J. Fac. Fish. Anim. Husb. Hiroshima Univ., 1(3), pp.363–373.

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1. Feed

Duck are good foragers and scavengers.

Thrive well on locally available feeds and tolerant to harsh environmental and disease conditions.

Importation of raw ingredient can be replaced by the Ag by-products such as copra meal, peanut meal, palm kernel, rice bran and broken rice.

→ Readily available (convert waste into meat and protein).

→ Reduce production cost.

→ Improve management of Ag-waste disposal.
(Adzitey and Adzitey, 2011)

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                                    Production stages

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                                    Production stages

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Production period for meat ducks= 45 to 55 days
(Miao, 2010)

Brooding stage=1 to 4 weeks

→ Critical period throughout the production stages
Growing stage=5-16 weeks

→ raised in extensive, intensive or semi-intensive system
(Giri, et al., 2014)