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SITI NABILAH BINTI BAKRI
DAYANG FAIZA NIKI BINTI ABANG MA’AMON

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Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested. We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch. Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.

IMPLIED MAIN IDEA: Californian scientists found traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.

REASONING: Inductive reasoning

SUPPORT: Observation

INFERENCE:  Californian scientists tested on 40 phones

DRAWING CONCLUSION: Everything that we touch leaves molecules, chemicals and bacteria even after washing hands thoroughly.

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Article 1
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Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested.We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.

REASONING : Inductive
TYPE OF SUPPORT : RESEARCH FINDING : “Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested”
INFERENCE : “molecules, chemicals and bacteria are everywhere”

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article 2.
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A part of the brain linked to emotions and empathy, called the insula, was found to be particularly small in girls who had suffered trauma.But in traumatised boys, the insula was larger than usual.This could explain why girls are more likely than boys to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the researchers said.Their findings suggest that boys and girls could display contrasting symptoms after a particularly distressing or frightening event, and should be treated differently as a result.

Type of Support : research findings
reasoning : inductive
implied main idea : Post-traumatic stress disorder develop differently in boys and girls due to their different development of insula after traumatised.

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ARTICLE 2 , PARAGRAPH 3
The researchers scanned the brains of 59 children aged nine to 17 for their study, published in Depression and Anxiety.One group, of 14 girls and 16 boys, had suffered at least one episode of severe stress or trauma while a second group, of 15 girls and 14 boys, had not been exposed to any.In the group of traumatised boys and girls, there was evidence that one area of the insula - the anterior circular sulcus - had changed in size and volume compared with the group with no trauma.This shows that the insula is changed by exposure to acute or long-term stress and plays a key role in the development of PTSD, the researchers said.

IMPLIED MAIN IDEA : In their study , one group of 14 girls and 16 boys had suffered atleast one episode of severe stress or trauma because there are evidence that one area of insula , the anterior circular sulcus had changed in size and volume compared the group with no trauma
REASONING: Inductive reasoning
SUPPORT: Research findings.

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NUR HANIS ADNAN AND MARVIN KATAT
PARAGRAPH 2 (ARTICLE 2 )
IMPLIED MAIN IDEA : The insula is an area of the brain which is proseses feelings and pain or insular contex,is a diverse and complex area,lacated deep within the brain which has many connection
REASONING: Deductive Reasoning
SUPPORT: Research Finding

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ARTICLE 1 PARAGRAPH 1
REASONING:Inductive reasoning
SUPPORT: Research finding
IMPLIED MAIN IDEA: California Scientist found traces of molecules, chemicals, and bacteria on everything we touch even though we washing hand completely would not prevent the bacteria.

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Article 2, Paragraph 2.

Reasoning: Inductive reasoning.

Support: Research finding.

Conclusion: Insula is an important part of the brain that processed our feeling, pain and detecting cues from other parts of the body.

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PARAGRAPH 1

A part of the brain linked to emotions and empathy, called the insula, was found to be particularly small in girls who had suffered trauma.But in traumatised boys, the insula was larger than usual.This could explain why girls are more likely than boys to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the researchers said.Their findings suggest that boys and girls could display contrasting symptoms after a particularly distressing or frightening event, and should be treated differently as a result.

IMPLIED MAIN IDEA :
The researcher assume that the boys and girls have slightly different symptons after having trauma and it should manage contrary as a result.
REASONING:
Deductive reasoning

SUPPORT:
Research findings

INFERENCE:
Girls are more likely develop post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because the insula was found to be particularly small.

DRAWINGS CONCLUSION:
Insula is the part of the brain  linked to emotions and empathy respond to a person that alreadu suffered the trauma.

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IMPLIED MAIN , REASONING , SUPPORT , INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION  

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IMPLIED MAIN , REASONING , SUPPORT , INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION  

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Mohamad Daniel Irfan Bin Hazizan
Norfarzana Binti Norizan

ARTICLE 1
PARAGRAPH 1
Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested.We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.

1. IMPLIED MAIN IDEA  (Paragraph 1)

Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested, even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects.

2 .REASONING(Paragraph 1)

Inductive paragraph

3. SUPPORT (Paragraph 1)

Research findings

4. INFERENCES (Paragraph 1)

There are traces, shown that bacteria and molecules at almost everywhere and everything that we touch and cannot be seen by naked eyes.

5.CONCLUSION (Paragraph 1)

Washing hand is not a good method to make sure that your hand free from bacteria or molecules. ���

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A part of the brain linked to emotions and empathy, called the insula, was found to be particularly small in girls who had suffered trauma.But in traumatised boys, the insula was larger than usual.This could explain why girls are more likely than boys to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the researchers said.Their findings suggest that boys and girls could display contrasting symptoms after a particularly distressing or frightening event, and should be treated differently as a result.

The research team, from Stanford University School of Medicine, said girls who develop PTSD may actually be suffering from a faster than normal ageing of one part of the insula - an area of the brain which processes feelings and pain.The insula, or insular cortex, is a diverse and complex area, located deep within the brain which has many connections.As well as processing emotions, it plays an important role in detecting cues from other parts of the body.

The researchers scanned the brains of 59 children aged nine to 17 for their study, published in Depression and Anxiety.One group, of 14 girls and 16 boys, had suffered at least one episode of severe stress or trauma while a second group, of 15 girls and 14 boys, had not been exposed to any.In the group of traumatised boys and girls, there was evidence that one area of the insula - the anterior circular sulcus - had changed in size and volume compared with the group with no trauma.This shows that the insula is changed by exposure to acute or long-term stress and plays a key role in the development of PTSD, the researchers said.

Lead study author Dr Megan Klabunde said it was important to consider the different physical and emotional reactions to stressful events."It is important that people who work with traumatised youth consider the sex differences.

"Our findings suggest it is possible that boys and girls could exhibit different trauma symptoms and that they might benefit from different approaches to treatment."And she added: "There are some studies suggesting that high levels of stress could contribute to early puberty in girls."Dr Klabunde said they would now look at other regions of the brain connected to the insula to see if they could detect similar changes. l\�޺�2F

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Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti-depressants on 40 phones they tested.We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch.Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.

Using a technique called mass spectrometry, the University of California San Diego research team tested 500 samples taken from 40 adults' mobile phones and hands.They then compared them to molecules identified in a database and produced a "lifestyle profile" of each phone owner.Dr Amina Bouslimani, an assistant project scientist on the study, said the results were revealing."By analysing the molecules they left behind on their phones, we could tell if a person is likely to be female, uses high-end cosmetics, dyes her hair, drinks coffee, prefers beer over wine, likes spicy food, is being treated for depression, wears sunscreen and bug spray - and therefore likely to spend a lot of time outdoors - all kinds of things," she said.

Most of the molecules are thought to be transferred from people's skin, hands and sweat to their phone.Mosquito repellents and sunscreens were found to linger for a particularly long time on people's skin and phones, even when they had not been used for months.

Previous research by the same team found that people who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of hygiene and beauty products on their skin.The study said the testing method could identify an object's owner in the absence of fingerprints, check if patients were taking their medication  and provide useful information about a person's exposure to pollution

The researchers now want to find out more about the multitude of bacteria that cover our skin - and what they reveal about us.Senior author Prof Pieter Dorrestein said there were at least 1,000 different microbes living on the average person's skin, in hundreds of locations on the body.