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Throughout the Middle Ages, the kings were involved in a constant power struggle with powerful nobles. Unlike the Roman Empire, which flourished under a central government, the Western Europeans lacked this aspect and, instead, had many kings who granted fiefs to wealthy nobles. These nobles could become unhappy with the king's rule, and decide to revolt against them in the hope of gaining more power and control.

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The education system of the middle ages was highly influenced by the church. Schools were run by monks, and basic courses of study could include Latin language, grammar, logic, rhetoric, philosophy, astrology, music, and mathematics. Boys of upper classes used to learn how to read and write Latin, which was the official language of the Middle Ages. School books were very rare and expensive, so the only way to obtain an education was to seek out a teacher.

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Medical knowledge in the middle ages stood still, whereas all other civilizations pushed medical knowledge forward. Beliefs also affected scientific advances, which was a step back in medical knowledge. In the Holy Roman Empire, people did not know what caused diseases, and they believed that the ill were being punished. Rhazes wrote the first authentic description of what is now small pox. If they saw a problem, they either let out a lot of blood from the body or severed the limb entirely. They also used astrology to determine how to treat people based on their birth month.
Many superstitions present today have originated during the Medieval times. Sneezing was one of the first signs of the Black Death, and although people rarely survived, they believed that blessing those who sneezed would give them strength, and this is why we say "Bless you" to someone when they sneeze.  Another example is the bad luck that comes from walking under a ladder; many people believed  that the triangle formed when a ladder was against a wall symbolized the Holy Trinity, and that walking through that would disrupt it.

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Church Court
- judged by church officials
-lighter sentences
-could not be sentenced to death

Manor Court
-judged by villagers
-problems about land and farming
-dealt with assault, theft, drunkenness, and small crimes
-witnesses were very important

Royale Court
-judged by anyone in higher class
-took care of serious issues such as murder, treason, rape, and poaching from the royal forest
-royal courts followed common law
-sentenced people to death and took everything from the family, leaving them with nothing

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- The first castles were originally built out of wood, but were later converted to stone because they were constantly being burnt down
- As time went by, castles became more advanced and fortified to better protect the people; tall, thick walls and a rounded structure offered maximum security
- A noble's power depended upon his ability to defend his land
- Most castles were built to defend a location, generally a hill, river, or harbor
- It was preferred for a castle to be built on the highest part of the land, so castles were typically built on top of hills
- Most peasants did not live in the castles, but  would hurry inside the castle and close the gates if the estate were under attack
- Castles were built with moats and a drawbridge surrounding them to maximize protection and security

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During the Middle Ages, punishments were very harsh, but were religious in the sense that they gave everyone a fair chance. There were three main types of punishments; the first was ordeal by fire. For this punishment, the accused was to pick up an iron bar for 4 paces, then have their hands bandaged. After 3-4 days, they would return and remove their bandages. If their hands were beginning to heal, they were innocent, but, if they did not begin to heal, they were considered guilty.  Another form of punishment was ordeal by water: the accused is thrown in water and if they sank, they were innocent, but if they floated, they were guilty. The last form of punishment was ordeal by combat: the accuser and the accused w fight to the death, and the winner of the battle is innocent.

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The life of a knight is one of the more interesting lifestyles. Being a knight was one of the few jobs that was not hereditary. Starting  at the age of 7, a servant could start their training to become a knight. Then, at the age of about 15, the page becomes a squire. He would care for the horses, clean the armor, and accompany the knight onto the battlefield. Then, at age 21, they would hold a dubbing ceremony. The squire would kneel before their higher power and the king, vassal, or lord would  tap them on the shoulders with a sword, officially dubbing the squire as a knight.

The code of chivalry was what the knights lived by. They were supposed to show bravery, honor , courtesy, a great gallantry to women, which was incorporated with a courtly love.

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The lord and his family had private rooms in the highest, lightest, and most comfortable part of the castle

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Prisoners could be locked underground in a dungeon, with little to no hope of escaping

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Thick stone walls and tall towers kept the castle's inhabitants safe from attack, even when an enemy surrounded the castle

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The castle had vegetable gardens and orchards, sometimes kept inside the castle walls; some animals were kept close to the kitchen to provide fresh meat

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Long, streaming flags showed the symbol of the lord of the castle;

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The feasting room, where the lord would hold banquets for important guests

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The up-and-down stonework on top of the castle walls; also known as crenellations; when defending the castle, knights and soldiers could hide behind the battlements when the castle was under attack

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Serf: They had one of the toughest jobs during this time. Although they had a small role to play in the country at large, they had to support their husbands, work the crops, do their daily work, and tend to their families. Even though they did just as much work as the men, they were paid less and treated worse.

Royalty: They had it fairly easy. They were provided with all their needs and much more, whereas most people suffered. The downside was that they did not have any voice at all, and their main job was to provide a male heir to lead the land in the future.

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Serfs are bound to the land of their birth and were not allowed to leave the land unless given permission by the knight or lord. They labored the land and provided food/crops in exchange for protection. The serfs did not live an ideal life, and rarely traveled 25 miles from their home. The serfs jobs were determined by the needs of the lord and the estate. Comprised of endless work, a serf could labor at least two to three days.

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There was a lot of mutual trust passed down through the social hierarchy:

1)The king provided the vassal land (fief) in return for military aid and loyalty.
2)The lords gives the knights food, military protection, and shelter for homage and military services.
3) The knights allowed the serfs to stay on their land and in return, the serfs paid rent and cultivated the land.

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Self-sufficient manorialism is the idea of an estate operated by lords and managed  by serfs. Lords provide protection and housing for their serfs, in exchange for the maintenance of the land and the production of crops and services needed for daily life on the estate.

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the dominating social class in medieval Europe, consisting of a king, lords/vassals, knights, and serfs. Feudalism is based off of the exchange of land for loyalty and military protection.