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THIS PADLET IS CLOSED 15TH FEBRUARY 2017

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THIS PADLET IS CLOSED 15TH FEBRUARY 2017

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Shoulder dislocation:
A dislocated shoulder occurs when the humerus separates from the scapula at the shoulder joint.
Symptoms:

Pain in the shoulder.

Inability to move the arm

Numbness of the arm.

No palpable bone on the side of the shoulder

Treatment
When is the first time you have to apply ice and heat and stay at rest an do rehabilitation. When it occurs more times you have to be surgeried.

This is an image of the shoulder dislocation:

This is a video of the shoulder dislocation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDePRKeB4kc&t=50s

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DIEGO DEL OLMO GARCÍA DE DIONISIO 3ªA

Meniscus tear or break when the knee undergoes a violent twist.

SYMPTOMS

-At the time of the break the patient feels a living pain and often a click.

-In the following hours the knee can produce more joint fluid (spillage) but is not very important.

-The most classic and typical symptom is the blockage of the knee: The patient can not stretch it completely. This situation indicates that the broken part of the meniscus has moved towards the center of the knee and obstructs its movement. The blockage usually disappears when the patient moves his or her knee, noticing (and often hearing) a click.

-It is more frequent to notice pain in the side of the knee corresponding to the broken meniscus when the patient makes turns of the knee.

TREATMENTS

-Local cold, effective during the first 72 hours. The typical bag is used with ice cubes or the "cold pack" (sealed bag with a gel inside that cools in the refrigerator); In case of lack of these means we can serve a bag of frozen peas or other type of vegetable. Never in direct contact with the skin to avoid frostbite. The usual thing is to keep it about 20 minutes every hour taking care not to exceed three total hours per day.

-Minimum rest of 24 to 48 hours, to avoid increasing the lesion.

-Elastic, non-rigid compression bandage to prevent blood circulation

-Elevation of limb for several days. If the patient is lying down, a pillow is placed under the leg, so that the foot is higher than the heart. If the patient sits down, he will rest his leg on a chair.

CAUSES

When the undergoes a violent turn, usually because the body moves relative to the fixed leg: a ski is blocked, an opponent enters in the soccer, rises abruptly from a squat position, etc.

This is a video about meniscal tear:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QviesmjU8Q0

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A knee sprain is an injury of the ligaments that connect the bones of the upper and lower leg at the knee joint.

CAUSES
A knee sprain can be the result of a knock also can be the result of a bad movement.

SYMPTOMS
-Knee pain and swelling
-Instability
-Difficulty bending and straightening the knee.

TREATMENTS
- The best course of action is to follow the PRICE principles (protect, rest, ice, compress, elevate )
-Knee brace: A knee brace helps to reduce any pain and instability after a knee sprain
-Rehab: Then when you feel able (usually in just a few days), start some exercises to improve the strength, movement and function of your knee.

Antonio Pacheco Losa

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WRIST FRACTURE
A wrist fracture is a medical term for a broken wrist.Some wrist fractures are stable. “Non-displaced” breaks, in which the bones do not move out of place initially, can be stable. Some “displaced” breaks ,which need to be put back into the right place.Other fractures are unstable.
Some fractures are more severe than others.
CAUSES
Wrist fracture occurs from an injury such as falling down onto an outstretched hand. Severe trauma such as car or motorcycle accidents cause more severe injuries.
SYMPTOMS
When the wrist is broken, there is pain and swelling. It can be hard to move or use the hand and wrist. Some people can still move or use the hand or wrist even if there is a broken bone.It's usual that the hand swell up or appears bruises.
TREATMENTS
At the moment you break your wrist,you should put something cold in your hand.Then,the doctor will put you a band for mantain the wrist straight.

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The tibia, or shinbone, is the most common fractured long bone in your body.A tibial shaft fracture occurs along the length of the bone, below the knee and above the ankle. Is easier  to break a long bone than a short bone.
There are many types of fracture such a stable, displaced, transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted and open fractures.

CAUSE
High-energy collisions, such as an automobile or motorcycle crash, are common causes of tibial shaft fractures.
Sports injuries, such as a fall while skiing or running into another player during soccer, are lower-energy injuries that can cause tibial shaft fractures.

SYMPTOMS
The most common symptoms of a tibial fracture are:

Pain

Inability to walk or bear weight on the leg

Deformity or instability of the leg

Bone "tenting" the skin or protruding through a break in the skin

Occasional loss of feeling in the foot

TREATMENTS
In planning your treatment, your doctor will consider several things, including:

The cause of your injury

Your overall health

The severity of your injury

The extent of soft tissue damage

There will be at least 12 weeks of gradual progression from non-weight bearing to full loading.

Physiotherapy

The long term aim of treatment is to reduce the effects of potential arthritis of the ankle or knee due to the injury.

PEDRO ANTONIO MARTÍN ZARCO DÍAZ MALAGUILLA.

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Santos González-Albo Chacón.

The wrist is the part that connects the hand with the arm.

The most common ligament to be injured in the wrist is the scapho- lunate ligament.  It is the ligament between two of the small bones in the wrist, the scaphoid bone and the lunate bone. Another common ligament injured is the TFCC.

CAUSES:

Wrist sprains are common when a person falls. The wrist is usually bent backwards when the hand hits the ground.

SYMPTOMS:
After injury, the wrist will usually swell and may show bruising. It is usually painful to move.

TREATMENT:
Treatment may range from wearing a splint or cast to surgery. Surgery may consist of arthroscopic or open surgey. Some injuries require open surgery, where an incision is made to repair the ligament. Patients are usually placed in a splint or cast that may need to remain on for several weeks after surgery. Your doctor will determine the best course of treatment.

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Muscle cramps:
A muscle cramp is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles.
Treatment:

Drinking plenty of fluid, such as water, may be helpful in treating simple muscle cramps.

Medication.

Relax and stop exercising.

Gently stretch the affected muscle.

Massage or put pressure on the area.

Symptoms:

Sudden or involuntary muscle contractions or spasms.

A hard knot of muscle tissue that may be visible beneath the skin.

Extreme pain.

Causes:
Muscle cramps are felt to be caused by excessively excited nerves that estimulate the muscles. This can occur after injury to nerve and/or muscle; dehydration; with low blood levels of calcium, magnesium, or potassium; from certain medications; and even at rest.

Goyi Romero de Ávila, 3ºA

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Blanca María Gª Abadillo Gallego

What is an ankle sprain?

Most people have twisted an ankle at some point in their life. But if your ankle gets swollen and painful after you twist it, you have most likely sprained it. This means you have stretched and possibly torn the ligaments in your ankle.

Even though ankle sprains are common, they are not always minor injuries. Some people with repeated or severe sprains can develop long-term joint pain and weakness. Treating a sprained ankle can help prevent ongoing ankle problems.

What are the symptoms?

With most sprains, you feel pain right away at the site of the tear. Often the ankle starts to swell immediately and may bruise . The ankle area is usually tender to touch, and it hurts to move it.

In more severe sprains, you may hear and/or feel something tear, along with a pop or snap. You will probably have extreme pain at first and will not be able to walk or even put weight on your foot. Usually, the more pain and swelling you have, the more severe your ankle sprain is and the longer it will take to heal.

How is it treated?
In many cases you can first use the RICE approach to treat your ankle:

Rest. You may need to use crutches until you can walk without pain.

Ice. For at least the first 24 to 72 hours or until the swelling goes down, apply an ice pack for 10 to 20 minutes every hour or two during the day. Always keep a thin cloth between the ice and your skin, and press the ice pack firmly against all the curves of the affected area.

Compression. An elastic compression wrap, such as an ACE bandage, will help reduce swelling. You wear it for the first 24 to 36 hours. Compression wraps do not offer protection. So you also need a brace to protect your ankle if you try to put weight on it.

Elevation. Raise your ankle above the level of your heart for 2 to 3 hours a day if possible. This helps to reduce swelling and bruising.

Proper treatment and rehabilitation (rehab) exercises are very important for ankle sprains. If an ankle sprain does not heal right, the joint may become unstable and may develop chronic pain. This can make your ankle weak and more likely to be reinjured. Before you return to sports and other activities that put stress on your ankle, it's a good idea to wait until you can hop on your ankle with no pain. Taping your ankle or wearing a brace during exercise can help protect your ankle. Wearing hiking boots or other high-top, lace-up shoes for support may also help. But use caution. Don't force your foot into a boot if you feel a lot of pain or discomfort.

If your ankle is still unstable after rehab, or if the ligament damage is severe, your doctor may recommend surgery to repair the torn ligaments.

What kind of rehabilitation program should you follow?

Rehab exercises can begin soon after the injury. You can try to walk or put weight on your foot. You may need to use crutches until you can walk without pain. Depending on your pain, you can also begin range-of-motion exercises while you have ice on your ankle. These exercises are easy to do-you just trace the alphabet with your toe. This helps the ankle move in all directions.

Ask your doctor about other rehab. Stretching, strength training, and balance exercises may help the ankle heal totally and may prevent further injury.

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HAMMERED FINGER

This injury appears when we hit us in the extreme of the finger.

It happens when you strech to take a ball and the ball hit in the extreme of the fingers instead of the palm.

Inside of the finger there are a partial tearing of a tendon. From the exterior we can see a little, but the sensation is that you can't extend the finger. When this injury happens it is recommended that get an x-ray.

The hammered finger can heal by himself if the doctor placed you a nipple during several weeks.

This injury is usual in the goalkeepers.

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Patellar tendon ruptura:

Patellar tendon rupture is a rupture of the tendon that connects the patella to the tibia. The superior portion of the patellar tendon attaches on the posterior portion of the patella, and the posterior portion of the patella tendon attaches to the tibial tubercle on the front of the tibia. Above the patella are the quadriceps muscle, the quadriceps tendon attaches to the top of the patella. This structure allows the knee to flex and extend, allowing use of basic functions such as walking and running.

Diagnosis:
Patellar tendon rupture can usually be diagnosed by physical examination. The most common signs are: tenderness, the tendon's loss of tone, loss of ability to raise the straight leg and observation of the high-riding patella. Radiographically, patella alta can be detected using the Insall and Savalti method.

Treatment:
Patellar tendon rupture must be treated surgically. With a tourniquet applied, the tendon was exposed through a midline longitudinal incision extending from the upper patellar pole to the tibial tuberosity. The tendon either avulsed (detached) from the lower patellar pole or lacerated. Even so, continuity and tone of the tendon should be restored taking in consideration the patellar height.

A cast or brace is then put over where the operation took place. The cast or brace remains for at least 6 weeks followed by an unidentified time of rehabilitation of the knee.

A video of Patellar tendon rupture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBRV_ouF4YY

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Vertebral compression  fracture

Vertebral compression fracture (VCF) is a break in a part of the vertebra. Vertebrae are the round, strong bones that form your spine. VCFs most often occur in the thoracic (middle) and lumbar (lower) areas of your spine. Fractures may be mild to severe.

Symptoms

What are the signs and symptoms of a VCF?

You may not have any signs and symptoms with a mild VCF, or you  may have any of the following:

Sudden, severe, and sharp back pain

Back pain that gets worse when you stand or walk

Muscle spasms in your back

Problems urinating or having bowel movements

Sudden weakness in your arms or legs

Causes

What causes a VCF?

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes your bones to become weak and brittle. People with weak bones can get fractures by bending forward, standing from a seated position, sneezing, or strong coughing.

Injuries to the spine can occur during a vehicle accident, a fall, or while playing sports.

Diseases of the spine, such as cancer, infection, and avascular necrosis, can weaken your bones and cause fractures.

Treatment

Medicines:

NSAIDs , such as ibuprofen, help decrease swelling, pain, and fever.

Acetaminophen decreases pain and fever.

Prescription pain medicine may be given.

Bisphosphonates and calcitonin may be recommended to help your bones get stronger.

Physical and occupational therapy may be recommended.

Surgery may be needed if your pain, weakness, or numbness does     not go away after other treatments.

Vertebroplasty is a procedure used to place bone cement into the fractured vertebrae.

Kyphoplasty is a procedure that uses a balloon to make a space in the fractured vertebrae. Bone cement is then put inside the space made by the balloon.

Open surgery returns bones to the right place and holds them together with wires, pins, plates, or screws.

Vertebral Compression Fracture Explained by a Top Pain Physician in Las Vegas, Nevada: https://youtu.be/dLiOQfr4e_A

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Meniscus tear
It is a common knee injury. Each knee have two meniscus one at that outer edge of the knee and one at the inner edge. The meniscus keep your knee steady by balancing your weight across the knee. A torn meniscus can prevent your knee from working rigth

Causes

A meniscus tear is usually caused by twisting and turning quickly. Meniscus tears can occur when you lift something heavy or plat sports. As you get older, your meniscus gets warm. This can make it tear more easily

Symptoms

There are three types of meniscus tears. Each has its own set of symptoms
•Minor. You may have slight pain and swelling. This usually goes away in 2 or 3 weeks
•Moderate. It can cause pain at the side or centre of your knee. This may make your knee feel stiff and limit how you can bend your knee, but walking is usually possible. These symptoms may go away in 1 or 2 weeks but can come back if you twist or overuse your knee
•Severe. The pieces of the torn meniscus can move into the joint space. It may swell and become stiff right after the injury or within 2 or 3 days

Treatment

It may include:
•Rest, ice, wrapping the knee with an elastic bandage, and propping up the leg on pillows
•Physical therapy
•Surgery to repair the meniscus
•Surgery to remove part of the meniscus

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Meniscal injury

The meniscus is a cartilage located in our knees. In each knee, there are two menisci (internal and external). Their function is to make easier the fitting between femur and tibia to make their corresponding movement and to give damping to it.

Causes

There are two types of causes: degenerative ones or traumatic origin ones (in sport).

Symptoms

·         Pain and snaps in the knee mainly

·         Articular block and effusion

·         Decrease in joint motion

Treatment

Depending on the degree of the injury and its importance, we can access to two types of treatment according to the traumatologist’s opinion:

·         Non-surgical (for minor injuries): It’s based on rehabilitation and recovery of the joint.

·         Surgical (for more serious injuries): Removal of the cartilage (partial or whole), meniscus repair or inserting meniscus grafts.

After the surgical intervention, the time you’ll recover yourself will be about 1 to 3 months, depending on the gravity.

Here we have a picture of a meniscus tear and a video about it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc8LtPUQ13E

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Broken Collarbone

The collarbone is a long, thin bone between your breastbone (sternum) and your shoulder. It is also called the clavicle.
You have 2 collarbones, 1 on each side of your breastbone. They help to keep your shoulders in line.
Symptoms
Most often, patients with a clavicle fracture complain of shoulder pain and difficulty moving their arm.   Common symptoms of this injury include:
• Pain over the collarbone
• Deformity of the collarbone
• Swelling and bruising around the shoulder.  Over time, the bruising may extend down the chest and armpit.
• Difficulty raising the arm from the side
• Numbness and tingling can occur down the arm
Treatment
The treatment of a clavicle fracture is accomplished either by allowing the bone to heal, or performing a surgical procedure to restore the proper alignment of the bone and hold it in position.  In addition, resetting the bone is not performed because there is no way to hold the bone in alignment without performing surgery. In making a decision about surgery, some of the following factors may be taken into consideration by your doctor:
-Location of fracture and degree of displacement of the bone.
-Other injuries that may have occurred.
-Age of the patient.
-Expectations of patient.
Your doctor can have a discussion with you about the pros and cons of surgery.  While the vast majority of clavicle fractures can be managed without surgery, there are some situations where surgery may provider a better outcome.
Several types of supports are used for a non-surgical treatment of clavicle fractures.
Causes
Common causes of a broken collarbone include:
Falls, such as falling onto your shoulder or onto your outstretched hand.
Sports injuries, such as a direct blow to your shoulder on the field, rink or court.
Vehicle trauma from a car, motorcycle or bike accident.
Birth injury from passing through the birth canal.

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MARIA DEL SEÑOR ALMARCHA JAIME

A tendon is the fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone in the human body. The forces applied to a tendon may be more than 5 times your body weight. In some rare instances, tendons can snap or rupture. Conditions that make a rupture more likely include the injection of steroids into a tendon, certain diseases (such as gout or hyperparathyroidism), and having type O blood.

Ruptured Tendon Symptoms:
An injury that is associated with the following signs or symptoms may be a tendon rupture:

-A snap or pop you hear or feel

-Severe pain

-Rapid or immediate bruising

-Marked weakness

-Inability to use the affected arm or leg

-Inability to move the area involved

-Inability to bear weight

-Deformity of the area

Ruptured Tendon Treatment
For all ruptured tendons, regardless of the site, follow the standard RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) home therapy procedure as you seek medical attention. RICE involves:

-Resting the affected extremity

-Applying ice to the affected area

-Apply ice in a plastic bag wrapped in a towel or with a reusable cold pack wrapped in a towel.

-Applying ice directly to skin may lead to further damage if left on for a prolonged period of time.

-Compression of the affected area to minimize swelling

-Apply compression by loosely wrapping the affected area with an ACE bandage.

-Be sure that the bandage does not cut off blood flow to the area in question.

-Elevation of the extremity if possible

-Try to keep the area above the level of your heart to minimize swelling.

-It is recommended that the quadriceps rupture should be immobilized in an extended (straight knee) position and that biceps rupture should be immobilized in a sling with the elbow bent at 90°.

Prevention
To prevent future tears, avoid the cause of the ruptured tendon or treat the problem that led to the tear.

Outlook
The prognosis for both surgery and nonsurgical treatment varies with the location and severity of the rupture.

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it is an disease that afect the growing in different bones especially the ones wich are in the joins.
This disease consist in a bone or some of them, dont recieve blood so they slowly get destroied.
SYMTOMS
small pain, small swelling and elevation of the sensibility.
CAUSES
The causes of the osteocondritis is unexplored right now but professional doctors said that it can be a genetic disease or a problem in underdeveloped countries because of the growing of bones in terrible conditions.
TREATMENTS
There isn´t any treatment that is 100% efective but there are some natural capsules that low the pain.
Other of the treatment are surgery and fisioteraphy to stop a bit the desgast of the bone.
Also to prevent the movement of the bones it can be put a objects that hold the zone.ANDRES LARA ROMERO DE AVILA

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Sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities or exercising.
A very common sport injury is a Patella fracture. A patella fracture is a fracture of the kneecap, which is one of the most common knee injuries. It is usually the result of a hard blow to the front of the knee. A patella fracture is a serious injury that can make it difficult or even impossible to straighten your knee or walk.
Types of patella fracture:

Stable fracture

Displaced fracture

Comminuted fracture

Open fracture

Symptoms:
The most common symptoms of a patellar fracture are pain and swelling in the front of the knee. Other symptoms may include:

Bruising

Inability to straighten the knee or keep it extended in a straight leg raise

Inability to walk

Treatment:

Nonsurgical Treatment: If the pieces of bone are not out of place, you may not need surgery. Your doctor may apply a cast or splint to keep your knee straight and help prevent motion in your leg

Surgical treatment: If the pieces of bone are out of place, you will most likely need surgery.

Recovery:

Pain Management: Most fractures hurt moderately for a few days to a couple of weeks

Rehabilitation: rehabilitation will play a vital role in getting you back to your daily activities.

Weight Bearing: Your doctor will tell you when you can begin to bear weight on your leg

This is an image of the patella fracute:

This is a video of the patella fracture:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qe6VNxxOJaw

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JOINT INJURIES (dislocation)
One example of joint injures is: Dislocation
It is a frequent injury If a bone out of the joint and does not return to its natural position, occurs a displacement or dislocation. Dislocation occurs by a Flex or joint extension beyond the normal limits or by a direct hit at the joint, but, unlike the sprain, the surfaces are separated and accompanied by tearing or rupture of ligaments.
Symptoms:
·Pain very intense, especially to the attempt to move the joint or load weight.
·Swollen and bruised area.
·Be limited in movement.
· Loss of strengh.
·With a different color and deformed.
Treatment:

Always that  we have a dislocation we have to go to a doctor.

The manoeuvre to reduce the dislocation consists of returning the bone to its natural position.
If there are injured, before immobilizing the Member must be clean and cover with sterile gauze or a clean cloth.
Apply cold (ice, cold water bags) to reduce inflammation and pain.
Leaving the joint in complete rest.
Once secured the joint, move the injured person to a hospital so become relevant evidence and manage him adequate treatment.

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BROKEN CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS

A ligament is a set of  fibers  and whose function is to limit the movement of the joint.The stability of the knee is ensured by four ligaments.
The most important injury is that of the anterior cruciate ligament, whose function is to prevent the tibia from moving forward with respect to the femur. The fracture may be partial or complete.

CAUSES:
Ligaments injury is caused by  a sudden change in direction of the knee. It can occur, for example, when the limb is supported badly after a jump.

SYMPTOMS:
-A snap.
-An intense pain in the area.
-Difficulty when trying to support the leg, even being unable to use it to move.
-Instability of the knee joint.
-Some instability in the running.
TREATMENT:
Treatment for an CL tear will vary according to the patient's individual needs. For example, it is likely that the young athlete who performs agility sports requires surgery to safely resume sports. The less active person, usually older, may return to a more sedentary lifestyle without undergoing surgery. The treatment may be:

- Surgical Treatment:
-Reconstruction of the ligament through an operation.

-Non-Surgical Treatment:
-Orthopedic elements / immobilizers.

-Physical therapy.

RECOVERY:
-In these first 7 days the patient has already supported the leg without loading weight.

-From the 3rd to the 6th week, without crutch.

-From the 6th to the 8th week, complete joint balance.

-From 8th to 12th week, progressive muscular exercises.

-From the 12th to the 16th week, intense muscular potentiation.

-From the 16th week, progressive return to your sporting activity..

Here I put an image of cruciate ligaments fracture:You can link in this video to show this injury:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ6fxecYAJA

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Gregorio Uriel Crespo 3A-C BILINGUAL SECTIONS

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Gregorio Uriel Crespo 3A-C BILINGUAL SECTIONS

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ACHILLES TENDON TEAR
A tear is when the muscles

The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. With the Achilles tendon you can jump,run,play...stand up to the floor SYMPTOMS: -Impossibility to stand on tiptoe -Abnormal gait -Tendon lack of continuity -Thompson test TREATMENT -Place an ice pack in the area right after you injure yourself. -Keep your foot elevated when sitting. -You can take ibuprofen REABILITATION: -Stay in good shape and do stretching before any exercise. -Avoid high-heeled shoes. -Ask your doctor if you can play tennis, basketball, and other sports that you stop and accelerate. SOME VIDEOS OF THE THOMPSON TEXT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyJMs2oKbRI PHOTO:

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MUSCLE STRAIN INJURIES

Muscle strain injuries refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put undue pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities.
Symptoms:
-Increased pain during contraction and possible inability to perform certain movements
-Localized pain during palpation
-Occasionally, there may be deformity: a depression or cavity at the location where muscle fibres have been torn
-Loss of strengh
-Appearance of a haematoma

Treatment:
Application of ice and rest are both recommended as soon as possible following such an injury.
During the initial assessment, the physiotherapist will be able to determine the severity of the injury and establish a plan for treatment and the resumption of activities.
The physiotherapist may apply taping techniques to help athletes resume sporting activities.
Rest:
In the acute inflammatory phase (days 1 to 5 after injury), rest promotes pain control. After the resolution of acute inflammation, only submaximal activity is recommended, to prevent further injury or reinjury. The tensile properties and contractile ability of the muscle-tendon unit are altered after injury, and an early return to full activity predisposes to additional injury.

Here you have more information:
http://www.spine-health.com/video/back-strains-and-sprains-video

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Example JUAN NIETO GUERRERO
Break in the bone is known as fracture. Fracture is one of the most common injury most of the people get at least once during their lifetime. Age factor plays great role in fractures. Severity and possibility of fractures is noticed more in the aged people.
Symptoms of Fracture:

Following are some of the common symptoms of any fracture:

Swelling of the affected area

Inability to carry out functions of the injured area

Deformity of limb.

Bruising around the affected area.

Treatments for Fracture:

Use of splint or cast for ensuring immobilization

Realigning the bone with the help of surgery known as open reduction.

Rehabilitation is conducted as preventive measure against stiffness.