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Aurora borealis  or the "northern lights" occur when particles released from the sun are attracted to the magnetic poles of Earth and react with oxygen to form a ribbon of bright colors in the sky.

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https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml
https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/giant-january-sunspots/
http://www.northernlightscentre.ca/northernlights.html

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Explosions occurring on the sun. Solar flares often occur near sunspots.

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Large arches of glowing gas that extend outward from the sun’s surface

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Dark spots on the surface of the sun. They appear darker because they are cooler than the surrounding areas. They occur in an 11 year cycle.

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[image-36]

[image-51]

An enormous sunspot, labeled AR1944, slipped into view over the sun's left horizon late on Jan. 1, 2014. The sunspot steadily moved toward the right, along with the rotation of the sun, and now sits almost dead center, as seen in the image above from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.

Sunspots are dark areas on the sun's surface that contain complex arrangements of strong magnetic fields that are constantly shifting. The largest dark spot in this configuration is approximately two Earths wide, and the entire sunspot group is some seven Earths across. For comparison, another giant sunspot, five to six Earths across, is shown below from 2005. The image was captured by the European Space Agency and NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.

[image-63]

Sunspots are part of what's known as active regions, which also include regions of the sun's atmosphere, the corona, hovering above the sunspots. Active regions can be the source of some of the sun's great explosions: solar flares that send out giant bursts of light and radiation due to the release of magnetic energy, or coronal mass ejections that send huge clouds of solar material out into space. As the sunspot group continues its journey across the face of the sun, scientists will watch how it changes and evolves to learn more about how these convoluted magnetic fields can cause space weather events that can affect space-borne systems and technological infrastructure on Earth.

For more information on sunspots and space weather, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/spaceweather/index.html

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image-36] [image-51] An enormous sunspot, labeled AR1944, slipped into view over the sun's left horizon late on Jan. 1, 2014. The sunspot steadily moved toward the right, along with the rotation of the sun, and now sits almost dead center, as seen in the image above from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.

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Core - 15,000,000 degrees. At the very center of the sun.

Radiative Zone - Light from the core radiates into this zone

Convective Zone - Light converted to heat rises and cools in a circular pattern here.

Photosphere - This is considered the surface of the sun

Chromospere - The chromosphere is the layer above the photosphere. It appears as a red glow around the sun and is almost transparent.

Corona - Which means crown is the outermost layer of gases that surround the sun. It is only seen during a solar eclipse.

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Here are my favorite Top 10 facts about the sun ( especially for Kids) Sun is a star , it's the closest star to the earth Sun is prett...

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T he real sun

The uite contrary to our everyday experience there is no such thing as a 'heavy' mass. An apple falls because it is attracted by earth. So where great physicist Newton told us that q today's solar fusion theory assumes the biggest forces - at the center of a celestial body - they are in reality zero. Gravitational forces at the center of a celestial body simply cancel out. This may seem paradox at first glance but is basic vector math (see end of this page**) . Gravitational forces decay to zero when you approach the center.

How today's astrophysics sees the nuclear energy production in the sun ( see e.g.: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/fusion/index.html )

This cancelation of the gravitational forces at the center of a celestial body is the reason why we find a solid core at the center of the earth (and as newer evidence shows at the center of the moon and the sun ( see here or here : " solid body rotation") also, the gas and ice giants (Jupiter, Saturn...) are since long supposed to pocess a solid core and also the small bodies (see e.g. here) and this is the reason why celestial bodies of very different sizes are possible.

On Dec 13,2010 NASA reported: "The whole solar hemisphere erupted simultaneously in an avalanche effect that had been triggered in the tiny solar core and propagated outwards". This brings more and more solar experts to agree that the sun has a solid core (Why this takes so long till it is fully accepted is the fact that this invalidates today's astronomy (and astrophysics) in whole - except f.i. But also ". If you can't believe it, you should read the whole wobbling stars. In a nutshell, today's astronomy classifies stars according to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. While this is in the first place only a luminosity/spectral type diagram, it is interpreted according to today's stellar astrophysics ( fusion-theory) as a direct indication of the supernovae etc. are constructs and interpretations of the fusion theory. Read more here and here.). It seems this was the event and the reason that solar researchers started in 2011 for the first time to take into account that: " the sun might not be symmetric on the inside thread. masses of the stars. This connection was introduced in 1926 by Arthur Eddington in his book'The Internal Constitution of the Stars', initiating thereby today's astrophysics. Wikipedia:" In the process of developing his stellar models, he sought to overturn current thinking about the sources of stellar energy. Jeans and others defended the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism, which was based on classical mechanics, while Eddington speculated broadly about the qualitative and quantitative consequences of possible proton-electron annihilation and nuclear fusion processes."

Then there is the fact that t he surface of the sun has a much lower average temperature than the corona, 5800 kelvin compared to the corona's temperature of one to three million kelvin. There is absolutely no lucid explanation how a fusion reactor at the center of the sun should heat the corona through a rather cold solar surface. Which now also other scientists see as 'mystery' which needs explanation. See also here andhere. See also "The Sun as an X-ray Source". The search experiments for the missing solar neutrinos has reached thethird generation. Popular explanation. But also otherevidence challenges the assumption that H-fusion is the main source of energy that powers the Sun .

And " Despite more than 50 years of effort, today's nuclearfusionreactors still require more power to run than they can produce ". And compare this Sun spot record over last 60 years with the oscillogram that the More here or underlinks here downloadable program computes (not a windows program). You will be surprised... .

Now if there are additional surface forces added (e.g. tidally induced ) - as for example in the case of the central body of a planetary system - we have a shining star (explanation below). These forces additionally melt the thin outer crust. This is the whole 'mystery' of stars and therefor our sun.

Already in 2015 the mainstream astrophysics theory tried to build a bridge to a complete new understanding: " Effects associated with rotation can modify stellar properties, altering the luminosities, surface temperatures, sizes, and shapes of stars in ways that are unaccounted for in nonrotating models. " There should be no doubt that already this statement invalidates all actual textbooks on astronomy and astrophysics.

As is known since long t he sun rotates 1.2 x 10. The difference to the here on earth measurable 2.6 x 10 very much faster at its equator than at the poles, another fact for which today's solar fusion energy theory is not able to give a plausible explanation. The here downloadable program calculates the thus produced energy (in a preliminary calculation - if we understand the process fully, much better calculations will be possible) to ²²Ws to 2.0 x 10 ²³Ws ²⁶Ws to 1 x 10 ²⁷Ws is due to plasma processes and other not regarded sources of heat in this preliminary calculation.Any theory which is not able to give a satisfying explanation for this differential rotation is bound to fail in the end.

Friction in the shear-layer produces heat (the measured 5800 Kelvin on the surface of the sun) which in turn produces convectional plasma flow in turbulent warps and waves. This turbulent action and induction produce in the plasma layer electric currents and magnetic fields which are responsible for the flares and coronal mass ejections of magnetized plasma gas. The flares heat the corona through resistive heating. This functions very similar to the toaster you use in the morning to toast your bread. The mass ejections are short circuits when two inversely polarized flares attract each other and finally collide.
Rotation period on the surface of the Sun

" The Sun is a ball of plasma and gas, and does not rotate like a rigid body. Its outer layers rotate differentially with equatorial regions being faster than the polar regions" (image:NASA)

Credit: The satellite Solar and Heliospheric observatory an international project of ESA and NASA

Rotate a glass of water in the below shown manner - you will get a rotation of the water as you see in the pictures above (expressed a little bit more scientifically ' spin-orbit-coupling'). And although this movement is really small and slow - this is the reason why it has been detected so late - it has, considered the enormous mass of the sun, enormous consequences as you can see in the photos above. And you don't need a degree in physics to understand that flares occure exactly there where you would expect them to occure (in the high resolution pictures above you can see them also on the surface of the sun). For more indepth simulations see here.

The NY-Times: The Wobbling Sun

Another big problem of astronomy is solved as a side effect. A big mystery for astro physics in general has always been the much too low angular momentum of the sun ( ). search for angular momentum problem. The Sun contains about 1000 times more mass than all the planets combined, but it possesses a mere 0.3 (0.5) percent of the total angular momentum of the solar system. " Jupiter (..)has about 60 percent of the solar system's angular momentum. The four jovian planets account for well over 99 percent of the total angular momentum of the solar system". (see also: "Astronomy today",Chaisson,McMillan,2005 Pearson Prentice Hall) (Non-uniform rotation presents a certain problem besides others. So the number should be taken as an orientation.)

other links if you want to read more on the subject:

http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4210m1j5rv56144/

http://www.zipcon.net/~swhite/docs/astronomy/Angular_Momentum.html (sun 4% of total angular momentum)

www.phys.utk.edu/daunt/Astro/.../Ch_15.ppt (four jovian planets account for more than 99% )

http://science.jrank.org/pages/6266/Solar-System-angular-momentum-problem.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses ( the nebular/protoplanetary hypothesis is almost disproved)

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast221/lectures/lec17.html

http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1969PASJ...21...25O/0000026.000.html

at the end of this paper there is a condensed rough representation of today's theory concerning this point but also what makes today's theory so vulnerable to the argumentation of creationists etc:

http://cass246.ucsd.edu/~ppadoan/new_website/PHYSICS_1A/Lecture21.pdf ( no more accessible to the public? )

Links to Esa sun videos and photographs:

http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?topic=Sun&subtopic=Surface+features&subm1=GO&keyword=+--%3E+Keyword (solar surface)

http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?topic=Sun&subtopic=Sunspots&subm1=GO&keyword=+--%3E+Keyword (sunspots)

http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?topic=Sun&subtopic=Eruptions&subm1=GO&keyword=+--%3E+Keyword (solar eruptions)

http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?topic=Sun&subtopic=Atmosphere+%28corona%29&subm1=GO&keyword=+--%3E+Keyword (solar atmosphere)

Soho: http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/Movies/comets.html (Comets)

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/Movies/flares.html (FLARES & CMEs)

Some videos of the sun on YouTube

photos NASA/ESA and The satellite Solar and Heliospheric observatory an international project of ESA and NASA

In case there are other copyrights involved please tell me!

** Symmetry conditions at the center of a celestial body dictate the cancelation of the forces. A very much simplified mechanical 2-d model of a celestial body would consist of a ring and many springs symmetrically attached to that ring which are connected to each other at the other end. If all springs are of equal strength this connection point is located at the center of the ring. Now if you pull this center connection of the springs to any point inside the ring you get a rough impression of the forces at that point. (Outside the ring things get much more complicated and this simple model is no more applicable.) As you can clearly see the forces at the center cancel out and are very moderate in the vicinity of the center. You may even move this center point nearly halve way to the outer ring without exertion of too big forces. This is also in conformance with You will find many university servers with a similar statement.) Formerly it was assumed that the matter at the center of the earth is fluid - 'heavy' masses should exert biggest 'pressure' thereby liquefying the matter. It has even been "". ( A And last but not least this is also the reason all newer measurements to the inner structure of the earth and mooted in the past (..) that a natural nuclear reactor exists deep within the Earth... the possibility of such an underground reactor" (...cannot be ruled out) "but" (..data from KamLAND and Borexino) "place upper limits on how much heat could be produced by the reactor deep, if it exists This arcticle is from July,2011!) The gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn..) are since long supposed to pocess a solid core. for the perfect round shape of celestial bodies (centrifugal forces from rotation and gravitational irregularities neglected). condensed historical overview of the way to today's solar fusion theory you can read here. here and here and here and here. And the moon as well. And also what all newer helioseismic measurements say (also here or here, popular article). " Solar experts (..) say the sun has an iron core". (Which leads to such remarkable statements as this one: " The innermost layer of the sun is the core. With a density of 160 g/cm^3, 10 times that of lead, the core might be expected to be solid. However, the core's temperature of 15 million kelvins (27 million degrees Fahrenheit) keeps it in a gaseous state." Original quotation from http://fusedweb.ppl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SunLayers.html where your browser will tell you that this governemental site is not trustworthy ??. After this site linked to that page the address changed to: https://fusedweb.llnl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SunLayers.html Should this quotation disapear once again, search for "sun density 160 g/cm^3"

It should be noted that this model is really very much simplified and is only thought to demonstrate the cancelation of the forces. It has some severe deficiences in other aspects. This model serves the purpose to demonstrate that

gravitational forces don't push or press. There is no 'highest pressure' because of 'heavy masses' at the center of a celestial body. Gravitational forces attract, pull, they exert a tug.

300 years after Newton it is high time to put finally an end to this medieval thinking.

How today's physics sees the nuclear energy production in the sun ( see: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/fusion/index.html ) :

If you want to read more on nuclear fusion (articles to the real theoretical problems are not freely accessible in the net):

If you want to experience the actually changing view in science you should compare these two descriptions http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SunLayers.html (new view, so it seems it is only a matter of time...) and wikipedia\Nuclear fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.html(old view, the 2 pages are local copies of Sep 12, 2011 since wikipedia is ever changing) or this description: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/fusion/index.html

http://www.jet.efda.org/fusion-basics/conditions-for-a-fusion-reaction/

http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/what-is-fusion.htm

Neutrino problem - despite contrary assertions it is not solved: and http://www.tim-thompson.com/fusion.html http://crio.mib.infn.it/wigmi/pages/cuore.php and http://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.1639

Nobel Laureate William A. Fowler ( 1988) ". . . we do not even understand how our own star really works."

Einstein wrong? Lab Claims Faster-Than-Light Particle

Read : Why Einstein was wrong here .

(should any link on this page be non functional: please tell me. I'll upload local copies in this case.)

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T he real sun The uite contrary to our everyday experience there is no such thing as a 'heavy' mass. An apple falls because it is attracted by earth. So where great physicist Newton told us that q today's solar fusion theory assumes the biggest forces - at the center of a celestial body - they are in reality zero.