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Au XIXème siècle, les progrès scientifiques sont très nombreux. Certains scientifiques font douter de l'enseignement des Eglises. Dans un livre De l'origine des espèces (1859). Darwin prouve que les espèces évoluent et que l'homme partage un ancêtre commun avec les grands-singes. Il remet donc en question l'enseignement de la Bible sur la création de l'homme par Dieu.

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With the 2 classes of 4ème, we went to see the theater play Olivier Twist in Dijon. It was really interesting, and what was really cool too is that there were only 5 comedians but they did multiple roles. I really really liked the play because there were some emotional and stressful moments but there were some funny moments too.

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La théorie transformiste de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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La théorie transformiste de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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Pour Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, les caractères travailler/développer seront transmis à la descendance.

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Pour Georges Cuvier, les espèces disparaissent pendant des catastrophes naturelles donc d'autres espèces sont créées.

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Ceci est un tableau qui a été peint par John Atkinson Grimshaw, un peintre anglais de l'époque victorienne.

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Le Darwinisme et la selection naturelle 

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Le Darwinisme et la selection naturelle 

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Pour Charles Darwin,
certains êtres vivants vont être avantagés par rapport à leurs lieux de vie. Ils pourront donc plus facilement se reproduire.
De nos jours cette théorie est celle qui est la plus crédible.

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Avec l'âge industriel naissent de nouvelles idéologies. Pour les libéraux, les inégalités sociales nées de l’industrialisation sont naturelles et la propriété privée doit être respectée. L’État ne doit pas intervenir pour corriger ces inégalités ni se mêler de ce qui se passe dans l’industrie. Au contraire, les socialistes, reprenant la pensée de Karl Marx (Le Manifeste du Parti communiste, 1848 ) refusent ces inégalités et proposent que l’État intervienne.

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Quelles sont les différences entre la bourgeoisie et le prolétariat au XIXème siècle ?

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Quelles sont les différences entre la bourgeoisie et le prolétariat au XIXème siècle ?

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Dans les familles bourgeoises, les revenus sont souvent très élevés. Les bourgeois accordent beaucoup d'importance à l'argent. Ils peuvent se permettre d’employer des domestiques et de consacrer plus d’un tiers de leurs dépenses à la santé, aux transports, aux loisirs et à l’éducation de leurs enfants. Ils ont une vie confortable, voire luxueuse. Les bourgeois forment des alliances entre eux et cherchent à jouer un rôle politique pour servir leurs intérêts.

Au contraire, le prolétariat est très pauvre. Le maigre salaire d'une famille ouvrière est consacré à se nourrir, se loger et se chauffer, s’habiller, c’est-à-dire à des besoins de base. Il reste très peu d’argent pour se soigner, instruire les enfants, avoir des loisirs. Les conditions de travail sont aussi difficiles. Ils supportent des journées très longues, où les accidents sont nombreux.

A partir de 1850, la situation des ouvriers s'améliore. Les députés votent les premières lois sociales. Les ouvriers s'organisent en syndicat pour améliorer leurs conditions de travail. Le temps de travail diminue progressivement et les salaires augmentent.

Le XIXème siècle est marqué par de grandes inégalités sociales, qui restent encore très fortes en 1900.

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En comparant les deux parties, Turner a voulu montrer le passage d'un monde calme, ancien, ''traditionnel'' à un monde nouveau marqué par la révolution industrielle, un monde a la fois fascinant et effrayant.

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In Victorian Times, children had to work long hours.
They couldn't have long breaks.
They couldn't breathe fresh air.
They had to work in dangerous conditions
They couldn't get education.
They couldn't refuse to work because they had to help their families.

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La mise au point de la machine à vapeur permet de produire beaucoup plus, plus vite et moins cher. D'abord utilisée en Angleterre, dans l’industrie textile, elle est le point de départ de l'âge industriel.Manchester, située au Royaume-Uni, est la capitale du coton. A proximité des mines de charbon, les usines se développent, accueillant des ouvriers et ouvrières de plus en plus nombreux. La population augmente.L’industrialisation rapide conduit à une profonde transformation des paysages. Les usines, avec leurs hautes cheminées et leurs fumées, marquent la ville. Véritable nœud de communication, Manchester accueille la première ligne de chemin de fer dès 1830 et des canaux. Les transports deviennent plus rapides et moins chers. Les hommes deviennent plus mobiles, la circulation des marchandises est facilitée.

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Queen Victoria                                               

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Queen Victoria                                               

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She reigned from 1837 to 1900 so she reigned for 63 years. Until 2015, she had the record of the longest reign. She was Queen Elizabeth II great-great-great grandmother. As a child, she lived in Kensington.She became queen on June 20th,  1837. She was just 18. The people was enthusiastic. The new queen was enthusiastic for change, determined, hardworking and confident.She married Albert of Sachsen on February 10th, 1840. She had 9 children! Her husband was smart and ambitious. He advised her and influenced her a lot.During her reign, Darwin developed his theory. Engineers  invented the sewage system and the railway system. They built large bridges.But in 1845, there was a financial crisis. As a consequence, poverty and unemployment increased. The queen made political and social changes.  In the same time, the size of the British Empire quadrupled.  In 1861, her mother  and her husband died. From then on, she didn't attend Parliament. She just received ministers.  In 1876, she became Empress of India because India was now a colony of the British Empire and Disraeli convinced her to go back to public life.She died on January 22, 1901. She was then 81 years old.

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Charles Dickens                                          

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Charles Dickens                                          

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Charles Dickens was born in 1812 in England and he died in 1870.He had 7 brothers and sisters. Soon his parents had financial difficulties so his father went to prison and Charles worked in a factory at the age of 12 for 11 hours a day!Charles was ambitious. He was first a solicitor's clerk. But in 1831 he began his journalistic career. He loved writing! he first published a book in 1835,chapter by chapter, each week in a magazine.He married in 1835 and he had 3 children.  In his books, he described the modern industrialized world. Central characters of his books were not adults but they were children. In his books, he mixed comedy, tragedy, melodrama and documentary styles: that made his success!

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Charles Darwin                                                                   

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Charles Darwin                                                                   

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Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in England and he died in 1882.He had 5 brothers and sisters. His family was wealthy and open to new ideas but he had a Christian religious education.  In1825, he started studies in medicine at Edinburgh university but he stopped them in 1827 because he didn't like medicine and began studies in Divinity at Cambridge university.But he loved biology: that was his passion. So, in 1831, when he finished his studies, he participated in a scientific expedition on the HMS Beagle as a naturalist. The expedition lasted 5 years. He observed and collected specimens on 4 continents.  In 1838, he named his theory " natural selection" but he was silent for 20 years: he only published his theory in 1859. The title of his book was "the Origin of Species".When people read his book, they were torn between religion and Darwinism.

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Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland and he died in 1922.
He had 2 brothers.  His mother was deaf. He was a smart and confident boy.
He studied anatomy and physiology at London university.
He married one of his deaf student in 1877 and he had 4 children.
In 1870 he didn't stay in Great Britain but he left to go and live in Quebec, Canada. And in 1871 he moved to the USA. In the USA he worked with deaf people and created a school for deaf people.
in 1876, he invented the telephone, the transmission of human speech along a single wire.
He also invented the ancestor of fibre optic and laser communication system.