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The Liberator was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp in 1831. Garrison co-published weekly issues of The Liberator from Boston for 35 years, from 1831 to the last issue in 1865. About 75% of the readers were free African Americans. Garrison saw moral persuasion as the way to end slavery. In the North, Garrison’s message challenged reformers to apply the principles of the Declaration of Independence to all people, no matter their color. The southerners reacted fearfully by trying to defend slavery as being a positive thing. The Liberator was what built Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist. The publication insisted that abolition rather than African colonization was the answer the problem of slavery.

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin, published in 1852 is an anti-slavery novel written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel was published in part to protest the Fugitive Slave Act. The novel included Stowe’s experiences on the Ohio Kentucky border and first hand slave narratives. It depicted the lives and treatment of slaves and was disliked by the south. The novel changed how Americans viewed slavery, and demanded that the US give freedom and equality to African Americans. The novel contributed to the outbreak of the civil war. The title itself became a racial slur.

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Dred Scott was a slave who fought for his freedom in the US courts. Emmerson, Scott’s master of the time, who was in the Army on duty had taken him to Illinois, then to Wisconsin territory, and finally back to Missouri where they started. Each destination was either a free state or free territory which prompted Scott and his wife to try and buy their freedom from Emmerson’s wife after Emmerson had passed away in Missouri. His wife refused and Scott took his argument to Missouri state courts. In 1850 the courts declared Scott free. In 1852 the decision, which became known as the Dred Scott Decision was reversed by the supreme court, ruling that African Americans were not citizens and did not have the power to sue in court. The decision created much tension between the North and South and increased sectionalism. It further intensified national divisions over the issue of slavery and was the leading cause for the failure of the Missouri Compromise.

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The underground railroad was a system or network of secret routes and safe houses used by slaves to escape slavery. The underground railroad operated at night where slaves were moved from station to station by abolitionists such as the most well-known contributor Harriet Tubman. The routes of the underground railroad all lead to free states in the North. Multiple people stopped in Philadelphia and many went on as far as Canada. The underground railroad helped thousands of runaway slaves escape to freedom.

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Frederick Douglass was a leading abolitionist. He was born into slavery in Maryland and later escaped at the age of 20. He escaped by borrowing the identification papers of a sailor and sailed to New York where he married a free African American woman and they started a family. Douglass and his family moved to Massachusetts where they became active in anti-slavery campaigns. In 1841 he was invited to give a speech to an anti-slavery meeting. He spoke about his life as a slave and his journey to freedom. William Lloyd Garrison invited him on a lecture tour of the US where he spent 6 months giving lectures on the abolition of slavery. His speeches challenged many people’s views and made a strong moral case against slavery fighting for freedom and rights of African Americans. He went on to write 3 autobiographies and was also helped Harriet Tubman and John Brown in creating the Underground Railroad.

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Harriet Tubman was born into slavery and endured a struggling early life where she constantly was abused by her masters. In 1849 she escaped slavery from Maryland, fleeing to Philadelphia and became a leading abolitionist. She nearly traveled 90 miles on the underground railroad. Tubman traveled back and forth on the underground railroad to continue to try and help free her family. Harriet Tubman was a mastermind of the underground railroads and efficiently knew the routes. Due to the fugitive slave law Harriet re-routed the railroad to Canada. In 1851 she guided a group of 11 fugitives’ northwards. She is widely known for her great contribution to the underground railroad and leading many slaves to freedom through her learned routes.