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One mode of transmission of this bacteria is by inhaling droplets from the body of an infected host.  -Tayte

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This bacteria is found to peak from December to April and it is found that males have a higher infection rate. -Tayte

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This capsule prevents opsonized phagocytosis and is composed of Glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine repeating units. This creates a molecular mimicry. -Tayte

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Lethality of infection with this bacteria ranges from 20-40% if treated, if untreated, this bacteria is 70-90% lethal. -Tayte

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If left untreated this bacteria can cause Necrotizing fasciitis which is the most common cause of death among patients with this bacterial infection. -Tayte

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This bacteria can be treated with penicillin but in severe cases penicillin is used along with Clindamycin. Resistance to Tetracyclines is observed. -Tayte

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PCR testing can be used to identify this bacterial infection but it is most common to do a swab onto a blood agar plate. -Tayte

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Major recommendation is to avoid all contagious people until they have been on antibiotics for for 24-48 hrs. -Tayte

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There are high risk individuals more likely to contract the disease such as immunocompromised people, babies, and people over 65 years old. -Shannon

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Could be a foodborne disease that has both environmental and animal reservoirs. Could replicate outside of the host. -Shannon

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Internalins A and B induce the phagocytosis of the bacteria into certain cells of the body to cause infection, and can then gain access to the bloodstream by using Actin A comet tails to leave the cells.-Shannon

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Initial infection from eating contaminated food, then bacteria gain access into intestinal cells. From there they can enter the blood stream and infect other parts of the body such as the liver, placenta, and brain. -Shannon

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Non-Invasive: mild infection from consuming large doses of the bacteria in food, symptoms include fever, diarrhea, headache, myalgia
Invasive: High mortality rate, 20-30%, occur in the immunocompromised when the bacteria escapes intestinal lining, symptoms include fever, diarrhea, myalgia, septicemia, meningitis. -Shannon

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PCR used to detect internalins A and B, can also culture from stool sample. -Shannon

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Antibiotics, either ampicillin or amoxicillin. -Shannon

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Proper food management; Clean all food surfaces/equipment, separate raw and cooked food, cook food thoroughly to safe temps, keep food at safe temps, high risk people should not consume risky foods. -Shannon

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There are many antibiotics used to treat Y. Pestis infection. These include;

Streptomycin

Fluoroquinolones (first line)

Gentamicin (first line)

Levofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is not common

Prevention

To control rodent populations, , use flea medication on pets, and use bug spray when outside. Avoid abandoned prairie dog mounds

-Hunter Keplinger

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No individual is of a higher risk, but most cases are cutaneous (through the skin) - Eoin

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Can be spread through either the skin (cutaneous), the lungs (inhalational), or through eating contaminated food (gastrointestinal) - Eoin

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The extracellular poly-D-glutamate (PGA) capsule protects this bacteria from environmental factors and host defense.
This bacteria also releases lethal and edema toxins to kill / harm the host. - Eoin

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This bacteria is phagocytosed by macrophages. It survives, multiplies inside the macrophage and then escapes into the host via lysis. - Eoin

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This bacteria exists as dormant spores (not contagious), where the spores will infect a host upon contact in one of three ways. - Eoin

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Lab culture can be done on body fluids / secretions to detect this bacteria. PCR can be conducted to find chromosome markers. - Eoin

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60 days of antibiotics can treat this infection and there is a vaccine to prevent infection. - Eoin

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Younger people are at the highest risk, though infection is rare in developed countries -Riley

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Respiratory droplets are the most common, but sore-to-sore contact can occur. Rarely fomites and milk.
Not zoonotic.
-Riley

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DT is the main factor (fatal at 0.1 micrograms/kg)--> gained through horizontal gene transfer or phages
Adhesion: Nine pilus proteins bind to pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lung cells
-Riley

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Inhalation of respiratory droplets-->adhesion-->DT is absorbed into bloodstream and also stops transcription--> cell death and systemic effects
-Riley

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Respiratory: sore throat, fever, coughing, pseudomembrane in throat, enlarged lymph nodes, myocarditis, paralysis, kidney failure, polyneuropathy (systemic issues)
Cutaneous: skin lesions/ulcers (localized)
Ocular: conjunctivitis and keratitis
-Riley

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Clinical signs and vaccination/travel history
*Culture*--> MALDI-TOF and Gram stain
PCR and histopathology
-Riley

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Erythromycin and penicillin
Antitoxin binds the toxin
Vaccine for prevention (DTaP and Tdap)
-Riley

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Slightly higher risk in males, and possibly those who are immunocompromised. Higher risk in developing countries. -Aron

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Infectious dose is 100,000 bacteria. Transmitted through contaminated ingestion, fecal-oral crossover, and poor sanitation. -Aron

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Type 3 secretion system is a needle like structure used to inject host cells with inhibitory factors like proteins and other virulence factors. Many proteins can be encoded and injected by the bacteria, that can disrupt inflammatory response, rearrange host cytoskeleton, and destroy epithelial lining of intestines. -Aron

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Ingestion of bacteria somehow, salmonella invade epithelial cells of intestines, make their way into blood stream and infect other organs. Can then be stored in the gallbladder for extended periods of time. Then shed in feces. -Aron

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Gastroenteritis- food poisoning, bacterial infestation of gut lining.
Bacteremia- bacterial infection of the blood stream.
Typhoid fever- highest mortality rate.

-Aron

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Samples can be taken from blood, bone marrow, feces. Bacteria are cultured on ss agar and xld. PCR used to define serotype of bacteria. Antigen testing available with Widal test. -Aron

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Oral antibiotics include ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Injectable antibiotics are ceftriaxone. However, the bacteria is very resistant to most forms of common antibiotic treatment, often making treatment difficult. -Aron

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Yersinia Pestis can infect anyone who lives in an area that the animal vector can live i.e. fleas.
-Hunter Keplinger

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The plague is a zoonotic disease , exists mainly in rodents, and is then spread to humans by fleas.
-Hunter Keplinger

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The type three secretion system functions like a needle to insert YOP proteins into host cells.

YOP proteins serve to inhibit phagocytosis and to down regulate immune responses in the host.

-Hunter Keplinger

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Flea takes blood mean from infected host--> Flea bites and transfers bacteria into human      -->Tissue macrophages engulf      Y. pestis-->Y. pestis produces T3SS and YOP proteins then lyses macrophages-->Y. pestis migrates into lymph nodes--> Either the bacteria moves into the lungs or the cycle begin again.

30-90% death rate if not treated

-Hunter Keplinger

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1. Bubonic (which causes buboes)

2.  Sept emic (which causes necrosis)

3. Pneumonic (when the bacterium infects the lungs).

Takes anywhere from 1 to 6 days for symptoms to occur
-Hunter Keplinger

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Y. Pestis is easily identified by its unique formation of buboes on the lymph nodes nearest to the infection sites.

Grows on Blood, Chocolate, and MacConkey agars. But it takes up to 72 hours

PCR is best

-Hunter Keplinger