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Aristotle  was the first explorer of the cosmos, and the physical universe who studied animals, plants, and all human activity, from psychology to politics. For two thousand years, his pioneering work set the course for thought and science in the West. Plato believed that ideas were the true reality and that the terrestrial and sensible world was only a copy of those celestial models. His disciple, Aristotle, on the contrary, believed that there is only the world that we perceive through our senses and that we understand through observation and reasoning and that's why he rejected his teacher's theory of ideas and went into investigating the reality he had n front of his eyes.

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It is a book dedicated to the "first philosophy" (the science about the first principles and causes of everything that exists, about being in general, about essence, unlike other sciences that study a specific, concrete being) unlike All other sciences, classified as natural and mathematical sciences, "Metaphysics" literally means: works that come after the physical, the part of philosophy that is dedicated to the more general problems of being, of the essence of knowledge that follows in today stands as one of the branches of philosophy, an abstract science that is the one in charge of asking the why of the existence of both living and non-living beings and of the same reality of which everything is part.

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METAPHYSICS AUSTRAL Collection number 399 fifth edition February 1954, translated by Patricio de Azcarate, 306

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METAPHYSICS AUSTRAL Collection number 399 fifth edition February 1954, translated by Patricio de Azcarate, 306

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Plotinus is the last great philosopher of antiquity (really practical philosophy which guided people in their behavior and conduct), was a Hellenistic (Hellenism or Alexandrian period refers to a stage of Antiquity that occupies the transition between the decline of Classical Greece and the rise of Roman power that will lead to the Empire. This stage is between the years of 323 a. C. and 30 a.) Greek philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism; although in more than one respect, a precursor of modern times. The Enneads bring together Neoplatonism's mystic passion and ideas from Greek philosophy together with striking variants of the Trinity and other central Christian doctrines.

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His thought has been understood as the culmination of a tradition and, at the same time, as the starting point of a new way of reflecting and experiencing the world, it tries to express in concepts the true system of the Whole, the combined universe that encompasses everything and travels (aldo as well as a unique deity from which everything emerges), so that the real unit and conceptual conjunction are correlative. It aims to build the real totality and thought as a whole. This thinker could give one of the principles of the influence of monotheistic religions.

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MacKenna, Stephen Translated- Published by London Faber And Faber Limited New Revised Edition, 1956

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MacKenna, Stephen Translated- Published by London Faber And Faber Limited New Revised Edition, 1956

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The historical context in which the philosophy of Epicurus is framed is the so-called Hellenistic period, marked especially by great social changes arising from the conquests of Alexander the Great, which led to the end of the ideal of the polis (In ancient Greece, a self-administered political community, generally made up of an urban grouping and the surrounding territory.) as it had been understood until then. The polis lose their autarky and appear only as provinces of a vast empire, which generated the appearance of a new mentality and a new mental space capable of addressing, in a new way, the different framework of human coexistence, so that the Loss of the feeling of collectivity that accompanied the loss of the ideal of the classical polis produced changes in all spheres of thought. On the one hand, the same religious conceptions changed: the domestic gods of the polis were replaced by more cosmic gods; on the other, along with it, the need to further theorize the private space appeared. In this environment, new moral schools and the new ideal of the sage emerge, of which Epicurean philosophy is an example.

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In Epicurus' letter to Meneceo, the most basic and probably the most important guidelines of his philosophical system are described, pleasure and happiness go hand in hand, a philosophy that becomes a perfect tool to heal the soul. Epicurus, its founder, is committed to the search for spiritual pleasures and the absence of fear in order to enjoy life: a hedonism that achieves liberation from the fears that enslave us. This philosophical branch influences a very free lifestyle, but keeping the mind and soul healthy. I could relate it to something that is perhaps very distant, but I think that Yoga seeks something similar, in that moment of peace with yourself (such as Ataraxia) while doing the activity. In that letter, Epicurus tells Meneceo that you should never stop philosophizing, even if you are very old or very young, you can always, which I find very interesting, as it highlights the importance of personal opinion and critical thinking.

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Cart a Meneceo Year 2012 Editorial Ediciones Tácitas

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Cart a Meneceo Year 2012 Editorial Ediciones Tácitas

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Banished several times for political reasons, since he tried to impose his philosophical ideal in the cities, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, where Aristotle studied. He was actively involved in teaching at the Academy and wrote on various philosophical topics, especially those dealing with politics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. The set of Plato's most famous works have been called Dialogues, due to their dramatic structure of debate between interlocutors. Unlike Socrates, who left no written work, Plato's works have been preserved almost complete and he is therefore considered the founder of academic Philosophy. Among his most important works are: The Republic, in which he elaborates the political philosophy of an ideal state. "The republic" presents the model of a city where justice prevails against disorder, confusion and perversion; However, the dialogue does not aim at the ideal construction of a perfect society of perfect men, but is a "treatise on political medicine" with application to the existing regimes of his time.

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Plato discovered the basic principles of political life from which the afterwards politics came, so it can be said that it was he who laid the foundations of a philosophical theory of the State, and this is so because his principles were based on the very nature of the State as such and therefore destined to be universal. The goal of Plato's policy is the improvement and happiness of all citizens. It affirms that each one is not self-sufficient, so that the human being needs to live in society. Therefore, to achieve a perfect state, look for the just city, made up of just and virtuous men.

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Ancient Philosophy originates from the splendor of the Greco-Roman world. It formally appears in 6th century BC Greece and extends until the decline of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD. It is a philosophy that encompasses a great variety of theses and arguments, whose main intent was to try to find the ultimate foundation of all things. Through a critical and reflective language, the philosophers of this period managed to transcend between the worldviews and mythologies that prevailed in their time. This work that ranged from logic and metaphysics to biology and natural sciences, passing through rhetoric, poetics, politics and ethics. A set of recommendations directed at first to the education of his son, his "Nicomachean Ethics" essentially raises and deals with the question of how human beings should order their behavior to achieve happiness. According to Aristotle, in addition to the specific intellectual virtues or faculties of man, there is a complementary capacity or moral virtue based on three pillars - nature (physis), custom ("ethos") and reason ("lógos") - which must be, in short, his pattern of conduct.

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It is one of the first books on ethics in ancient Greece that later influenced the ethics and morals of Western philosophy.