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automatic modes the camera determines all aspects of exposure, choosing exposure parameters according to the application within the constraints of correct exposure, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity

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Manual mode both shutter speed and aperture and independently set manually (with ISO sensitivity also set manually), where proper image exposure requires accurate manual adjustment

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Aperture priority or Aperture value enables manual control of the aperture, and shutter speed is calculated by the camera for proper exposure (given an ISO sensitivity)

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Shutter priority or Time value enables manual control of the shutter speed, and aperture is calculated by the camera for proper exposure (given an ISO sensitivity)

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Program mode has the camera calculate both shutter speed and aperture (given a manually or automatically selected ISO). Higher-end cameras offer partial manual control to shift away from the automatically calculated values (increasing aperture and decreasing shutter time or conversely). The difference between Program mode and Full Auto mode is that in program mode, only the exposure is automatic, while other camera settings (e.g. shooting mode, exposure compensation, flash) can be set manually; in Full Auto mode everything is automatic

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ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor.

The same principles apply as in film photography – the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain

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grainy veil in a photograph, obscuring details and making the picture appear significantly worse

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measurements of film speed, or sensitivity to light. ASA is a scale created by the American Standards Association, but it is no longer widely used

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random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles (or dye clouds) it is not the same thing as such. It is an optical effect, the magnitude of which (amount of grain) depends on both the film stock and the definition at which it is observed. It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged photographic film photograph

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electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image

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digital single-lens reflex camera. Inside the camera body is a mirror that reflects the light coming from the lens up into an optical viewfinder, by way of either a prism (in higher-end DSLRs) or a series of additional mirrors (usually in lower-end models

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set of data that describes and gives information about other data. Photo metadata allows information to be transported with an image file, in a way that can be understood by other software, hardware, and end users, regardless of the format

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small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images

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“straight-out-of-camera” and denotes *ZERO* computer photoshop

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Vibration Reduction (Nikon) and Image Stabilization (Canon) is the name of a technology that helps stabilize the lens movement associated from hand shake

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Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway

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general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings. Bracketing is useful and often recommended in situations that make it difficult to obtain a satisfactory image with a single shot, especially when a small variation in exposure parameters has a comparatively large effect on the resulting image

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The center of the scale (sometimes labeled with a 0 but often with just a slightly different mark) indicates a standard exposure — the combined exposure value with inputs from all the camera’s exposure settings that the camera thinks will produce the best photo

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The indicator can move left or right when you’re in an autoexposure mode by a process known as exposure compensation. When you’re shooting with autoexposure bracketing, each bracket’s exposure is often marked with a tick mark

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several photographs are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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(Focal-STOP) The measurement of the aperture setting in a camera lens. The f-stop setting determines how much light is allowed to enter the lens and pass through to the film (analog) or CCD or CMOS sensor (digital). It also determines how much in front of and behind the subject is in focus

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It often refers to an opening in which light is allowed to pass in optical systems such as cameras and lasers

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it is Japanese for blur and refers to the out-of-focus background in a photo or video. Depending on camera type and distance to the object in focus, the bokeh effect is often unintentional; however, the effect is widely used by photographers and movie makers when they want to set a certain mood for the scene

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The area in an image from front to back that is in focus. The smaller the aperture (the larger the f-stop number), the more objects are in focus both near and distant. The wider the aperture (the smaller the f-stop number), elements in front of and behind the object in focus appear soft or blurry.

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usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. It is not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but a calculation of an optical distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor or 35mm film at the focal plane in the camera. The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity

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this is where the camera makes a best guess on a shot by shot basis. You’ll find it works in many situations but it’s worth venturing out of it for trickier lighting

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the flash of a camera can be quite a cool light so in Flash WB mode you’ll find it warms up your shots a touch

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not all cameras have this setting because it sets things as fairly ‘normal’ white balance settings

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the light in shade is generally cooler (bluer) than shooting in direct sunlight so this mode will warm things up a little

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this setting generally warms things up a touch more than ‘daylight’ mode

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this mode is usually symbolized with a little bulb and is for shooting indoors, especially under tungsten (incandescent) lighting (such as bulb lighting). It generally cools down the colors in photos

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this compensates for the ‘cool’ light of fluorescent light and will warm up your shots

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The way this is used varies a little between models but in essence what you do is to tell your camera what white looks like in a shot so that it has something as a reference point for deciding how other colors should look

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responsible for two particular things: changing the brightness of your photo, and creating dramatic effects by either freezing action or blurring motion. the length of time your camera shutter is open, exposing light onto the camera sensor

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means the camera will keep taking a picture until your finger comes off the shutter button. Bulb mode is mostly used for long exposures at night.  The main advantage is that it allows the photographer to achieve shutter speeds longer than the 30 seconds (displayed 30″ on the camera) that is allowed on most DSLR

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The higher the shutter angle, the longer the amount of time the film/sensor is exposed to light as the shutter spins. As a result, the shutter angle is the amount of time that the film/sensor will “see” the motion for that particular frame. This will create motion blur

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monopod is a single pole that is used to support a camera and on the other hand a tripod is a three-legged frame that is used to stabilize a camera

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a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you’re shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup

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is used to describe the darkest parts of an image. Shadow is often rendered in black tonal values but when exposed correctly is still able to contain large amounts of detail; Capturing the balance between shadow detail and highlight detail is one of the cornerstones of taking a well exposed image

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photography there are three areas of 'tone' within the total range of color in an image, The Highlights contain the brightest tones, the Shadows contain the darkest, and the midtones contain everything in between

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bright spot in a photograph. Normally it is assumed to be one of the brightest points in the image

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s a form of photographic print toning – a tone added to a black and white photograph in the darkroom to “warm” up the tones (though since it is still a monochromatic image it is still considered black and white)

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to alter (a digital image) with Photoshop software or other image-editing software especially in a way that distorts reality (as for deliberately deceptive purposes)

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is when we are using a much longer shutter speed, and it’s usually used as a specific technique to achieve a certain effect

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the technique of recording a very slow process, such as the withering of a flower, by taking a large number of photographs on a strip of film at regular intervals. The film is then projected at normal speed

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is an imaging technique that uses a moving light source to add light to an under-illuminated subject while taking a long-exposure photograph. A scene or object can be brought to life by painting with a beam of light

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photograph or televise while rotating a camera on its vertical or horizontal axis in order to keep a moving person or object in view or allow the film to record a panorama: to pan from one end of the playing field to the other during the opening of the football game

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measured in megapixels(meaning millions of pixels); both image ﬁle resolution and monitor resolution are measured in either pixels per inch (ppi) or pixel dimensions (such as 1024 by 768 pixels); and printer resolution is measured in dots per inch