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Main Ideas.
! The mass media,movies, and spectator roles in creating the popular culture of the 1920s a  culture that many artists and writers criticized.
! African-American ideas, politics, art, literature, and elsewhere in the United States.
Info:
https://quizlet.com/127636190/chapter-13-the-roaring-life-of-the-1920s-notes-flash-cards/

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Main ideas-
Chap. 14
American Economic Struggle, Industries in Trouble, Consumers Have Less Money to Spend, Credit, Election of 1928, Herbert Hoover, Stock Market Crash, Black Tuesday, The Great Depression, Bank & Business Failure, Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
Chap.15

important/ significant info-
Chap. 14
The government would buy surplus crops at guaranteed prices and sell them on the world market, Cedit, Stock Market Crash, Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
Chap. 15

Summary-
Chap. 14
As the prosperity of the 1920s ended, severe economic problems gripped the nation. The Great Depression has had lasting effects on how Americans view themselves and their government.

Chap. 15

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Vocabulary

Nativism: prejudice against foreign-born people

Isolationism: a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs

Communism: an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by dictatorship

Anarchists: people who opposed any form of government

Sacco and Vanzetti: arrested and charged with the robbery and murder.

Quota System: established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country

John L. Lewis: leader of the United Mine Workers of America in 1980
Warren G. Harding: a good-nature man who

“looked like a president ought to look.”

Charles Evans Hughes: Secretary of State, urged that no more warships be built for ten years. He suggested that the five major naval powers

Fordney-McCumber Tariff: raised taxes on some U. S. imports to 60 percent - the highest level ever.

Ohio gang: the president’s poker-playing cronies

Teapot Dome Scandal: The most spectacular example of corruption

Albert B. Fall: U. S. Navy. Secretary of the Interior, a close friend of various oil executives
Calvin Coolidge: The new president, fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920's very well.

Urban Sprawl: the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Installment Plan: an arrangement for payment by installments

Random Facts
The red scare panic began in the U.S. in 1919. U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer action of the red scare, Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and anarchists,  number of immigrants had grown almost 600% in 2 years,  the 1880s when new immigrants began arriving from southern and eastern Europe. The Boston police(strike) had not been given a raise since the beginning of World War, Steel mill strike ended in Jan. 1920, John L Lewis, Harding's cabinet (scandal) , Teapot Dome Scandal,

Questions
Why did the Ku Klux Klan eventually lose popularity and membership What they stood for was frowned upon, illegal, and sick.

What attitudes became prevalent in America after WWI? Nativism & Isolationism What does the Teapot Dome scandal tell about President Harding?Harding administration was corrupt. What were some ways the automobile changed American life? Paved roads, Gas stations, Shopping centers, Isolated rural families can travel to cities. What caused the Urban Sprawl? the creations of automobiles

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Terms:

1. Ellis Island -Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the East Coast

2. Angel Island - Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast

3. Melting Pot - A mixture of different cultures living together

4. Nativism - Overt favoritism toward native-born Americans

5. Chinese Exclusion Act - Act that limited Chinese immigration

6. Gentlemen's agreement - Agreement that limited Japanese emigration to U.S.

7. Urbanization - The growth of cities

8. Americanization Movement- Program to teach American culture to immigrants

9. Tenement - Multifamily urban dwellings

10. Mass Transit - Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along
fixed routes

11. Social Gospel Movement - Movement that urged people to help the poor

12. Settlement House - Community center that addressed problems in slum neighborhoods

13. Jane Addams - Social reformer who helped the poor

14. Political Machines - A group that controlled a political party

15. Graft - Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

16. Boss Tweed - Head of New York City’s powerful Democratic political machine

17. Patronage - The giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected

18. Civil Service - Government administration

19. Rutherford B. Hayes - 19th president of the United States

20. James A. Garfield - 20th president of the United States

21. Chester A. Arthur - 21st president of the United States

22. Pendleton Civil Service Act- That implemented merit system in civil service hiring

23. Grover Cleveland - 22nd and 24th president of the United States

24. Benjamin Harrison - 23rd president of the United States

Main Ideas:

Summary- During this time period, (19th-20th century) millions of immigrants that entered the US promised a better life. Immigrants left because escape of religious persecution. Independence was their goal.Traveled by steamships immigrants arrived at Ellis island in NY harbor (east) where they had to pass inspection before entering the US as well as Angel island(west). Anyone with serious health problem or contagious disease were sent back home, also the requirements included proving they had no felonies, able to work, and had some money at least $25. Once entering the country these people faced finding a place to live, getting a job, and understanding american ways in unfamiliar language. Melting pot was a big focus, so was the anti-Asian sentiment where native born workers feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants, who would accept lower wages.The Chinese Exclusion Act formed banning entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, and gov officials. Americanization movement taught foreigners American ways, despite these efforts they did not want to abandon their traditions.

Q: W hat problems where being faced during this time?
A: Clean water, sanitation, crime, and fires from the lack of water supply.

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Term
Prohibition -The era that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
speakeasy -Hidden saloons and nightclubs that illegally sold liquor
bootlegger Smugglers who brought alcohol in from Canada and the Caribbean
fundamentalism Religious movement based on the belief that everything written in the
Bible was literally true
Clarence Darrow Famous trial lawyer
Scopes trial Trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution
flapper Young woman who embraced the new fashions and values of the 1920s
double standard Set of principles granting one group more freedom than another group
Charles A. Lindbergh First person to fly solo across the Atlantic
George Gershwin Composer
Georgia O’Keeffe Artist
Sinclair Lewis Novelist
F. Scott Fitzgerald Novelist
Edna St. Vincent Millay Poet
Ernest Hemingway Novelist
James Weldon Johnson Poet and civil rights leader
Marcus Garvey Black nationalist leader
Harlem Renaissance African-American artistic movement
Claude McKay Poet
Langston Hughes Poet
Zora Neale Hurston Anthropologist and author
Paul Robeson Actor, singer, and civil-rights leader
Louis Armstrong Jazz musician
Duke Ellington Jazz musician
Bessie Smith Blues singer
Main Idea:
! Americans experienced cultural conflicts as customs and values changed in the 1920s.
! American women pursued new lifestyles and assumed new jobs and different roles in society during the 1920s.
! The mass media, movies, and specrt

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Term -
Louis Sullivan Early- leader of architecture
Daniel Burnham - Chicago architect
Frederick Law Olmsted - Developer of Central Park
Orville and Wilbur Wright - Brothers who flew the first airplane
George Eastman - Inventor of the camera
Booker T. Washington Prominent African-American educator
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute School headed by Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois First African American to receive Ph.D from Harvard
Niagara Movement Insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education
Ida B. Wells African-American reformer who tried to end lynching
Poll tax Money one had to pay in order to vote
grandfather clause Clause that allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote
segregation The word used to describe racial separation
Jim Crow laws Laws that helped keep whites and blacks separate
Plessy v. Ferguson Court case that upheld the Jim Crow laws
Debt peonage A system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts
Joseph Pulitzer Owner of the New York World newspaper
William Randolph Hearst Owner of the New York Morning Journal San Francisco Examiner
Ashcan school A school of painting that featured urban life and working people with gritty realism
Mark Twain Pen name of the novelist and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Rural free delivery (RFD) System that brought packages directly to homes
Main Idea -
- Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding.
- Reforms in public education led to rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education
- African American led the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow
- As Americans had more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerged.
Info -
-Two inversions that help with communication (Airplanes and mail delivery)
- Two technology that helped make cities more livable ( Skyscrapers and elevators)
- How public education change in the late 1800s.
(entered schooling to more children, increase number of years mandatory, lengthen school year, included course courses like science, civic, history, literature, drafting,, bookkeeping.(more collleges)
-Required for votes
(Voter required to read,Poll tax mean that Africans and poor whites ofter did not have money to pay the tax. So they wer unable to vote.)
-How did social custom restrict African Americans?
(African American had to show respect to whites, including children, remover hat)
Mexicans got paid less that members of their ethnic groups.
-How did Americans spend their free time?
(Roller coaster and Ferris weel trilled people, baseball also became a well-loved spectator sport.

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terms- Nationalism- a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation

Militarism- the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

Allies- “the triple entente” consisted of France, Britain and Russia

Central powers- an empire of mostly middle eastern lands controlled by the Turks

Archduke Franz Ferdinand- heir to the Austrian throne

No man’s land- barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters & filled with barbed wire

Trench Warfare- where armies fought for mere yards of ground

Lusitania- a British passenger ship that was sunk by a U-boat in 1915

Zimmermann note- a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and proposing to help mexico regain Texas, new mexico, and Arizona if the united states entered world war 1

Eddie Rickenbacker- famous fighter pilot of World War 1

Selective Service Act-the act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service
Convoy System- a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups

American Expeditionary Force- fought with the allies in Europe during world war 1, led by general J. Pershing

General John J. Pershing- commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I

Alvin York- a blacksmith who was drafted into the army during world war 1

Conscientious objector- a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds

Armistice- truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict

War industries board- the main regulatory body was the War Industries Board (WIB)

Bernard M. Baruch- His primary task was to mobilize and organize the nation's economic resources on behalf of the First World War

Propaganda- a kind of biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions

George Creel- The head of the CPI (committee on public information) was a former muckraking journalist

Espionage and Sedition Acts- two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in World War 1

Great Migration- the greatest effect of the First World War on African Americans’ lives; the large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North

Fourteen Points- the principals making up President Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace following World War 1

League of nations- an assassination of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace

Georges Clemenceau-a French politician, physician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of France during the First World War

David Lloyd George- a British statesman of the Liberal Party and the final Liberal to serve as Prime Minister

Treaty Of Versailles- the 1919 peace treaty at the end of world war 1 which established new nations, borders and war reparations

Reparations- war damages

War-Guilt Clause-a provision in the treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledges that it alone was responsible for world war 1

Henry Cabot Lodge- most remembered for his opposition to the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles

main ideas-

Causes of world war 1, An assassination leads to war, The fighting starts,Americans question neutrality, The war hits home, The United States declares war

America mobilizes, America turns the tide, Fighting “over there”, The war introduces new hazards, American troops go on the offensive

Congress gives power to Wilson, Selling the war, Attacks on civil liberties increase, The war encourages social change

Wilson presents his plan, Debating the Treaty of Versailles, The legacy of the war

QUESTIONS-
Q- How did Nationalism help to ignite the war in europe?

A-encouraged competitiveness and

antagonism among nations; made various ethnic groups

want to establish own nations

Q-How did Alliances help to ignite the war in Europe?

A- committed nations to support one another if attacked

Q- How did the naturalized citizen groups of america tend to oppose US participation in the war?

A- still held close ties to their home nations

Q- How did the Pacifists groups of america tend to oppose US participation in the war?

A- believed all wars are evil

Q- What did Britain's Nations do to encourage US participation in the war?

A-cut the transatlantic cable between US and Germany; emphasized accounts of German aggression in reports; ordered lots of war materials and took out huge loans from the US

Q-What did Germany's Nations do to encourage US participation in the war?

A-engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare; sank the Lusitania and other passenger ships w/ Americans; promised to give Mexico territory (from US

Q-What did Russia's Nations do to encourage US participation in the war?

A-overthrew the czar and set‐up representative government; the war was now democracies against dictatorships

Q-How did US soldiers help win the war?

A-Enthusiasts and Motivation

Q-How Did the US Navy help win the war?

A-Layer 230 mule barrier of mines

Q-What new weapons of mechanized warfare threatened those in combat?

A-airplanes, machine guns, tanks, tubes that spewed poison gas, and German cannon.

Q-What were the estimated economic costs?

A-$350 billion

Q-What were some things accomplished by the Railroad Administration in wartime agencies and laws?

A-controlled nations RR

Q-What were some things accomplished by the Committee on Public Information in wartime agencies and laws?

A-popularize the war. propaganda influenced thoughts and actions

Q- What were some things accomplished by the Espionage and Sedition Acts in wartime agencies and laws?

A-prosecution of 2000. no mail for publications. meatless one week

Q- What changes did the war bring about immigrant groups of Americans?

A-lost jobs attacked or killed

Q-What changes did the war bring about African American groups of Americans?
A-great migration south and north new problems in cities. improved economic opp. AA soldiers/AA officers

Q-What changes did the war bring about women groups of Americans?

A-new jobs, wartime efforts helped passed 19 amendment

Q-What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?

A-Demilitarization; return of Alsace‐Lorraine to France; $33 billion in reparations; war‐guilt clause

Q-Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?

A-suspicious of the provision for joint action against aggression; wanted the treaty to declare the constitutional right of Congress to declare war

Q-How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?

A-Chose an American delegation that failed to include enough Republicans and Senators; refused to compromise with Lodge

Q- What were wilson's Points?

1.Open treaties

2.Freedom of the seas

3.Tariffs lowered or abolished to encourage free trade

4.Arms reduction

5.Consideration of interests of colonial peoples

6.‐13. Boundary changes and self‐determination of

ethnic/national groups

14. A League of Nations (to settle problems w/o war)

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Terms-
Queen Liliuokalani The Hawaiian queen -who was forced out of power by a revolution
started by American business interests
imperialism -The practice of strong countries taking economic, political, and military
power over weaker countries
Alfred T. Mahan -American imperialist and admiral who urged the United States to build
up its navy and take colonies overseas
William Seward -Secretary of state under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson
Pearl Harbor -Naval port in Hawaii
Sanford B. Dole - American businessman who became president of the new government
of Hawaii after the queen was pushed out
José Martí -Political activist who worked for Cuban independence
Valeriano Weyler -General sent from Spain to Cuba to restore order in 1896
yellow journalism- Reporting in newspapers and magazines that exaggerates the news in
order to make it more exciting
U.S.S. Maine -U.S. warship that exploded in a Cuban harbor in 1898
George Dewey- U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines
Rough Riders- Fighting unit led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba
San Juan Hill -Location of an important American land victory in Cuba
Treaty of Paris -The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War
Foraker Act- Law which ended military rule in Puerto Rico
Platt Amendment- Provisions in the Cuban constitution that gave the United States
broad rights in that country
protectorate- A country that is partly controlled by another, stronger country
Emilio Aguinaldo- Filipino rebel leader
John Hay -U.S. secretary of state
Open Door notes -Message sent by John Hay to other countries to protect U.S. trading
rights in China
Boxer Rebellion- Chinese rebellion against Western influence, 1900
Panama Canal -A channel across Central America, between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, opened in 1914
Roosevelt Corollary- Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that
the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central
America by using military force
dollar diplomacy -The policy of intervening in other countries to protect U.S. business
interests
Francisco “Pancho” Villa -Mexican revolutionary
Emiliano Zapata- Mexican rebel
John J. Pershing- U.S. general who led troops to capture Villa
Main ideas-
How did European imperialism affect Africa?  only two remained independent
Why did Jose Marti encourage Cuban rebels to destroy sugar mills and plantations? to free Cuba
How did the time prove that the purchase of Alaska was not an act of folly?  It became a state in 1959
What factors led to the annexation of Hawaii in 1898?
the overthrowing of the monarchy, Americans were moving to Hawaii
what events increased the tension between the united states and Spain- the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
why was Puerto Rico important to the states-
because there were military bases that could be built

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Terms:
Progressive Movement-

aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Florence Kelley-

became an advocate for improving the lives of women and children

prohibition-

the banning of alcoholic beverages

Muckraker-

journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the 20th Century

scientific management

An approach that involves using the scientific method to determine the "one best way" for a job to be done.

Robert La Follette-

led to regulating big business

Initiative-

a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers

Referendum

a vote on the initiative

Recall-

This enabled voters to remove public official

17th Amendment-

direct election of U.S. Senators in 1913

NACW-

National Association of Colored Women

NACW purpose-

the moral education of black women

Susan B. Anthony-

a leader for women's suffrage

suffrage-

the right to vote

NAWSA-

National American Women Suffrage Association

Upton Sinclair-

journalist who researched the Chicago stockyards and wrote The Jungle

The Jungle-

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act-.

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

first modern President, progressive

Square Deal-

used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by Theodore Roosevelt

Meat Inspection Act-

Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the federal meat inspection

Pure Food and Drug Act-

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Conservation-

Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good

NAACP-

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAACP purpose-

Full equality among the races

Civil rights-

full equality for blacks. ending racial discrimination

Gifford Pinchot-

Head of US Forest Service. Favored multi-use land conservationism (middle conservationism)

William Taft-

Elected after T.Roosevelt in 1908, suppose to be progressive but lost support

Payne-Aldrich Tariff-

Compromised tariff that the progressives did not like

Bull Moose Party-

The new Progressive Party, made of progressives from Republican. They nominated T. Roosevelt to run against Taft

Woodrow Wilson-

Democrat elected after Taft in 1912. Won because Roosevelt and Taft fought each other

Carrie Chapman Catt-

NAWSA president in 1916, women suffrage in 4 years

Clayton Antitrust Act-

Made the Sherman Antitrust Act stronger

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-

Agency to watch corporations for violations or unfair business practices

Federal Reserve System-

A decentralized private banking system under federal control

19th Amendment-

Grants women the right to vote in 1920

Main Ideas:
Section 1: Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.
Section 2: As a result of social and economic change, many women entered public life as workers and reformers.
Section 3: As president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to give citizens a Square Deal through Progressive reforms.
Section 4: Taft's ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.
Section 5: Woodrow Wilson established a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.

The Progressive Era visual summary-
Economic-Roosevelt establishes a square deal, new tax system is instituted, and Roosevelt breaks up trusts.
Political- Elections are reformed, citizens given greater voice in government.
Health and Environment- Conservationists establish wilderness conservation areas and preserve natural resources, pure food and drug act protects consumers.
Industry- National child labor committee organizes to end child labor, reformers improve workplace conditions and set maximum working hours.
Social and moral-women fight for the right to vote, the 18th amendment bans alcoholic beverages, social services for women, children, and the poor.

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Vocabulary
Edwin L. Drake: Used a steam engine to drill for oil

Bessemer Process: a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.

Thomas Alva Edison: Became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory.

Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson: opened way for a worldwide communication network

Transcontinental Railroad: a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.
Andrew Carnegie: entered steel business, manufactured more steel than all the factories in other countries.
John D. Rockefeller: established the Standard Oil Company

Sherman Antitrust Act: a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.
American Federation of Labor: an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886

Eugene V. Debs: attempted to form such an industrial union-the American Railway union.

Industrial Workers of the World: a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialist in 1905.

Random Facts
the light bulb allowed factories/businesses to run through the night, the steam engine/Bessemer process was one of the most economic inventions of all time, telephone opened world wide communication, the typewriter changed the world of work, the telegraph transmitted messages across great distances. the transcontinental railroad revolutionized transportation in the U.S. and brought more jobs and let people be open to more land and goods, credit mobilier damaged the careers of several gilded age politicians, Munn V.S. Illinois allowed states to continue to regulate railroads for farmers and consumers benefit, vertical integration gaining more control of an industry by buying out suppliers, horizontal integration gaining more control of an industry by buying out competitors.

Questions
Which resources played crucial roles in industrialization? Coal, Water, Iron Ore, Lead How did Edwin L. Drake help industry to acquire larger quantities of oil? He figured out a way to dig deeper and use a steam engine. Who was involved in Credit Mobilier, and what was the purpose of this company? Federal officers, stockholders, railroad owners. To supply homes, railroads, and to make money. Why didn't the Interstate Commerce Act immediately limit the power of the railroads? Because people didn't want to pay for cases and Munn held out all of the cases as long as legally possible.

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Term -