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Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

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Series of government reforms from 1839-1876 that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire. Tried to halt the empires decline. Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around.

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2nd Wave of this revolution took place in the 1960's and 70's and was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker. Resulted in legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act. Though things got better, still fighting for equality today (#MeToo movement and equal pay)

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The largest Slave revolt in world history, this was when an island fought against the government for freedom and many other things like slave freedom. Ended in freedom for slaves but now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended.

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Two revolutions, one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917. February revolution led to October revolution. Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country.  Outcomes: abolished death penalty, Russian Civil War, and Communist Movement

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From 1800-1830, many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain, not wanting taxes, and Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office. Outcomes: Freedom from Spain, many deaths, and constitution.

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After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Deceleration of Independence and war with the monarchy. With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent. Caused many battles and outburst from the people. Led to political changes in Europe and European Colonies, U.S. Constitution is echoed in political upheavals across the world.

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From 1920's-1950's, this revolution was The Guomindang (nationalist party) vs. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Different parties going against each other causing war(Many live lost). Led to the division on China, still present in China today. Today remains run by The Republic of China.

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From 1789-1815, this revolution was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes. Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

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Rediscovery of art, scholarship (Greek, Roman), social science philosophy. "Humanist" included religion in new ideas. Italy got most of its money from trading with the Ottoman Empire, used money for art and architecture. Ideas pulled from the region of Middle East. People at the time didn't know that "The Renaissance" was happening.
ELITE- scholars, artist, mathematicians
NORMAL PEOPLE- sun, agriculture, Catholic Church

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Catholicism in Europe being spread. Muslims, protestant. In Asia there was Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism. Trying  to expand and were strong in the European Cities, trying to stop the corruptions and abuse by the bishops and priests.

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Huguenots= protestant minority in France Catholics fought and killed Huguenots in France. 30 years' war (1618-1648)=-30 Catholic-Protestant struggle that began in Holy Protestant Roman Empire, but spread to all of Europe 15-30% of Germans perished from violence, and reaffirmed their unique doctrines. Martin Luther--> Believed that people should interpret the Bible for themselves and not the church (Sola Fide) - Faith Alone

Gets rid of indulgences, rituals, sacraments, saints--> All discussed in the 95 theses--> Diet of worms

-------------------REFORM-------------------

**Why did Martin Luther have such an impact?

Printing Press (modern day social media)

Bible being translated to every day German

--> Social/Religious/Political issues                       *Kings benefit finically from taking land (by becoming protestant)

Protestant   Reformation--> results in social and political change

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Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines
Worked to fix problems that started reformation. Focused on individual spirituality and personal piety
-Jesuits= religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church
Catholic Power before Reformation:Social services, Education, 1/3 of land owned by church extreme social and political power in Europe
- Priest only have access to Bible reading

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)Pope Leo X (1513-1521)- pope at the time of Reformation, extravagant/loved the arts, put the Church in great debt
-Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience
-Went against needing the authority of the Church- only need the Bible
-Women's roles did not change much from that of Catholic Church- classed convents, promoted reading the Bible
-Protestantism subdivided into many sections:

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist
-Resulted in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe

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Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

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Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

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African Diaspora- term for African people being forcefully spread around the globe.
-Preference for male slaves resulted in women making up more than 2/3 of the population of places like Angola, moving into leadership positions, and male depopulation encouraged polygamy.
-16 million slaves were taken out of African homes for the slave trade. 12 million crossed the Atlantic…4 million died on the march to the cost.
-Over 90% of the Atlantic slaves went to Caribbean and Brazil. Only 3.6% went to North America.

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North America and Canada, Northern Asia (British, Dutch, North Americans, French)

Traded fur for other items and tools with real value. Used fur to make clothing and other necessities. Lead to extinction of animals. Prior to fur trade, because of agriculture the population increased making people travel else wear and made less fur bearing  animals. Due to this the people looked for more furs from the Native Americans--> Disease spread, alcoholism, less fur bearing animals, and introduction of guns Native Americans.

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Labor, Production, and Global Connections

Natives who did the labor and were pushed to very harsh conditions. Most children sent into the mine died. The purpose of Potosi was to mine for silver and give it back to the Spanish to use for their own purposes and trade with China.

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Silver Drain- all the silver ended up in China because they wouldn't trade their goods for anything but china, all other countries needed the goods and traded all their silver to China/ China becomes very wealthy.

Native silver mine laborers died because importing African slaves was more expensive and their lungs were not compatible for the altitude.

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Role of colonies- a source of raw material, and a market to sell finished products
-Belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all we can before another takes from us
-Countries compete for the prestige of discovery and also compete with each other for trade.
-Laws passed that says if you live in the colony, you can only buy from and sell to mother country.

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1. cotton, silk, wood, clay
2. clothes, blankets, boats/furniture, dishes/pottery

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-The Dutch and British took over the Portuguese in Indian Ocean commerce.
- These two countries set up colonial rule in parallel areas, often allowed the use violence to make native population comply.
- The Dutch had a large monopoly on the spice islands. The English had to find commerce elsewhere.  3 Major Trading Post(Bombay, Calcutta, Madras)
- Secured trading posts with approval of Mughal authorities/British get greedy and take over India and colonize them.

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Established themselves in the Philippians
- Ste up colonial rule here, as opposed to ports because of the proximity to china, small and weak military societies, and lack of competing powers
- Spanish were determined to bring Catholicism to the Islands---resulted in much turmoil between the Spanish and Chinese people. The Spanish ended up massacring 20,000 people in 1603.

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Trading Post Empire=controlling commerce/trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land
- Tried to control the spice trade, but never were able to control more than half
- Instead of selling European goods, they sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia
- By 1600 the Portuguese trading empire was in steep decline

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Eastern Europe to China
Abundance of resources wanted by Europeans (spices, Indian cotton, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires)
- Large empires learning to tax more effectively and grow their military
- England, Spain, and Netherlands became center for international commerce
- Many European goods were not wanted or needed in the East

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Chapter 14: Economic Transfers (1450-1750)

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Chapter 14: Economic Transfers (1450-1750)

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Traded slaves for intensive labor. Products such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo. N. American and S. America we different in their slavery ways. North was very distinctive based on skin, but could survive long enough to have children. South such harsh conditions they died off very quickly, more racial mixing. **Social hierarchy based on race and education.

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Started in Arab made its way to Europe. Large demand for sugar (medicine, spices, sweetener) To keep up with the mass need for sugar the slave trade started. (slaves had intensive labor, horrible conditions, disease /high death rate, constant import of new slaves)

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Ecomienda=Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" and the christian faith
Penisurlares= Spaniards (whites born in Spain) at the top
Creoles= Spaniards born in America, low numbers of Spanish women born lead too-->
Mestizo= mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women (quickly grew as the largest population in Mexico)
Indians= Native group, indigenous people
**Over all more culturally blended and diverse than stark colonies such as British North America

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Reason for us to join in the slave trade for laborers
- Disease was killing the laborers (Up to 90-95% of the population was whipped out)

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A revolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, people and disease between Europe and the Americas.
New World allowed Old World to pull ahead of Asia--> China built a wall instead of traveling to gain new technology and power

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Guns, germs, and steel was their main advantages due to their geography
- Physically closer to the Americas (trade winds were mastered, advanced technology/ disease immunity)
- Caribbean people vanished 50 years after Columbus arrived, Europeans saw this as "the good hand of god"

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Chapter 13: Political Transformations (1453-After 1707)

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Chapter 13: Political Transformations (1453-After 1707)

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Aztec-

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Aztec--> Mesoamerica, 5-6/10 million people. Used human sacrifices for their beliefs, believed children came from both mother and father. Smaller less organized government/ worshiped the Sun God together
Inca--> Along the Andes Mountains, 10-20 million people \One emperor who took control over the small layers of government. People believed whatever they wanted. Men=sun/son Women=moon/daughter
Both-->Gender Parallelism
Women= pottery and house work
Men= agriculture and politics

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The most impressive and enduring of the new Islamic empires(lasted in one form or another from the 14th-early 20th century)
Ottoman Empire: COME BACK AND ADD TO THIS

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Europe and China were both launching outward voyages. At the end of the century there were two major break through
1492: C.C. set across the Atlantic ocean hoping to arrive in the East and ran into the Americas instead
1497: Vasco da Gama launched a voyage that took him around the tip of South Africa, along the East African Coast, and across the Indian Ocean
European: C.C., crew of about 90, 3 ships China: Vasco da Gama, crew of about 170 per ship, 4 ships (triple the size of Europe's)--> both nothing compared to Zhang He's hundreds of ships and crew of thousands

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China--> one emperor (politically stronger)
Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism
Rebuilt to recover after the Mongols
- Had products no one else had/ wanted to gain more respect and sent out voyages
Europe--> Broken up into multiple competitive states. Made their laws based on Christianity
Changed and rebuilt to become stronger for needs of War (war occurred more often because of the fractured government)
- Desperate to trade with China

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Igbo--> African tribe that flourished on their own

Interacted with other tribes by trading and communication

Proud that they were "were not ruled by kings"(on purpose) still had solid rules and family structure

Soon were taken over and forced to change by outside missionaries and slave trade

Iroquois--> Developed agriculture practices in what is now central New York

Some suggest that as agriculture became more of "women's work" the men used warfare as a new technique to show prestige

Developed "League of Five Nations" confederation to make decisions to work together

Had great respect for women/had many leading roles in society

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Paleolithic= hunter gatherer tribes
- Smaller groups of people that lived off moving around "hunting and gathering"
- Resisted the new way of agriculture
- Tribes mainly located in Australia, Siberia, and parts of Africa and the Americas
- In the end, Agriculture pushes hunter gatherers into nonexistence

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Chapter 12: The World of the 15th Century (1345-1526)

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Chapter 12: The World of the 15th Century (1345-1526)