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Congress can't take away your freedom to religion,  the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

It is a list of protections and one limitation of government. You can believe whatever religion you want (religious tolerance), You can say whatever you want both verbally and in the papers (write what you want, and can tell the secrets/wrongdoings in the trials etc), You can protest/petition peacefully. Government cant establish a religion.

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The people have the right to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

You have the right to have weapons (cant get in trouble for it), especially since they want to protect themselves and their property since there was no official army.

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No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

They cant force soldiers to live in your house/take care of them

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It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures In addition, it sets requirements for issuing Warrants

They cant look through your things/property for no reason. There must be a purpose for them to begin to accuse/search/arrest you (proof or warrant)

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Protection against self incrimination, No double jeopardy/ can't be tried the same thing twice, inanimate domain , due process

You can't get in trouble for speaking as a witness but you also have the right to remain silent, You can't be accused of the same crime twice even if it is a lower level of that crime ( In civil or criminal court ), The government can take your land to use for public uses but must pay you fairly, They cant take away your rights in ways like not reading Miranda rights or not giving you a fair trial.

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Speedy trial (You have a right to have a trial soon after because they cant keep you in jail for three years for you to be innocent), you are entitled to a lawyer (for a long time people couldn't afford a lawyer but now if you don't have one the state can get you one)

You can have a trial in a

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A case more than $20 (back in the day) than you can have a trial by jury.

You can go to court if its over $20

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No excessive bail, no cruel and unusual government

They cant make your bail more than normal, they cant torture you or lock you in the dark/normal jail time/punishments.

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All rights not mentioned are still protected/reserved

not mentioned rights are protected

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All laws not mentioned are reserved for the states/people

Not mentioned still reserved for states