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ASPD and psychopathy are both very common in criminal offenders, and while they both play a large role in indicating criminal-like behaviors and intent, genetics and other substance use disorders can also cause several forms of criminal intent within an individual as well.

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Through the use of neuroimaging and other forms of brain scans, not only can several disorders can be diagnosed, but psychopathy as well as ASPD as well. By viewing the prefrontal cortex and other crucial decision-making sections of the brain, psychopathy can be determined in an individual.

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Several mental illnesses can lead to criminal-like behaviors and criminal intentions. These illnesses can have symptoms ranging from a tendency to lie to a high risk of harming themselves and others. Violence, aggression, and a lack of empathy are common in some disorders, making crimes "normal" for those suffering from certain mental disorders. Through screening and neuroimaging, these disorders can be distinguished, leading to possible treatment or used in defense in the court of law. If distinguished early, the more aggressive symptoms can be avoided, through extensive treatment plans. Some of the most common disorders found in criminals were Antisocial-Personality Disorder and psychopathy, there leading to the fact that these highly aggressive symptoms are extensive enough to lead to violent criminal behaviors. Not only is psychopathy determined through screening and imaging, rather genetic disorders as well as other personality disorders and psychosis are able to be diagnosed as well. Substance abuse disorders can heavily alter ones behaviors also leading to criminal-like behaviors. In these various studies, one can conclude that these disorders can heavily alter one's behaviors, therefore, leading to future criminal behaviors if not treated or diagnosed early on. In the future, it would be beneficial for other personality disorders to be studied and how they are treated within prisons, giving the audience a clearer vision on how prison treatment and affect the extent of the disorder.

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Screening and imaging can expose several pieces of information, ultimately leading to the cause of certain behaviors, actions, and motives within an individual. Personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and forms of psychopathy can all be heavily related to an increased risk of criminal behaviors and aggression. By diagnosing an individual through scans of the brain and neuroimages, treatment can be more effective, and some behaviors could be prevented.

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Psychopathy and ASPD are some of the most common abnormalities and disorders found within criminals, and their symptoms can include high levels of violence, aggression pathological lying, a lack of empathy, and a longing for causing disruption or harm in themselves or others. Both of these disorders can lead to high criminal involvement and these individuals can also be at risk for high criminal intent.

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The role of genetics and substance abuse are able to directly tie with high levels of criminal behaviors, such as violence, high level of aggression in specific situations, altered behaviors, and the urge to harm oneself or others. Addiction, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse can greatly affect one's behaviors, ultimately leading to an increase of criminal intentions and other unusual behaviors.

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Source 3 demonstrated the various effects that the scarlet gene may have on an individual, as well as how the scarlet gene can portray a high risk of certain criminal behaviors as well as violence and aggression. Due to the increased risk of substance use disorders from the scarlet gene, the extensiveness of the abuse may be varies, however, aggressive symptoms are common. Source 12 also demonstrates the use of substance abuse and other substance use disorders in correlation with other disorders, such as forms of personality disorders as well as psychosis. Both of these sources demonstrate the harmful effects in which substance abuse can play into criminal intent, ultimately leading one to distinguish the increased risk of criminal-like behaviors in an individual containing alcohol and drug abuse.

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Source 12 exhibits the several ways in which comorbid disorders can negatively effect an individual in the lens of criminal intent and violent behaviors. If the individual experiences a substance use disorder in relation to other personality disorders or forms of psychosis, the likelihood of aggression and criminal intent can be much greater than those with just one mental illness. Source 6 also demonstrates the ways in which genetics and substance abuse directly correlate with each other, as well as other environmental factors, leading to a high risk of violent or altered behaviors. Both of these sources contain studies in which the relation of genetics and addiction were observed through criminal intent, leading to the conclusion that substance abuse and genetics can lead to criminal behaviors.

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Source 10 demonstrated the several ways in which ASPD patients respond to unfair and fair violations as well as fairness norms. The study conducted also shows the effects of Antisocial-Personality Disorder on an individual as opposed to individuals who were the healthy controls. This direct connects with source 7, which also demonstrates the impulse and premeditated aggression in individuals with ASPD. Both of these sources show the various symptoms and aggressions of individuals who are diagnosed with ASPD. Furthermore, Individuals with ASPD can experience extreme violence, aggression, pathological lying, and a lack of empathy as a result of the disorder. This alone can alter the behavior of an individual extremely, leading to more violent reactions.

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In source 1, in regards to John Hinckley's case, several scans and tests were conducted by doctors in order to confirm a psychopathic diagnosis. Through conducting these tests, it was evident that Hinckley had forms of psychopathy as well as other forms of personality disorders, ultimately leading to the criminal behaviors that Hinckley previously exhibited. In source 2, MFAST, a screening and scan program used by doctors, has the ability to allow doctors to view several lingering disorders that an individual may have. Similar to Hinckley, distortions that led to psychopathy as well as lingering personality disorders are able to be observed. It is clear that both of these source imply that neuroimaging and screening is necessary for the diagnosis of mental disorders, furthermore, also implying that through imaging, one can distinguish pre-existing aggression and abnormal behaviors in certain individuals.

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In source 2, MFAST, a screening and imaging technology, was shown in the eyes of criminal liability and court trials. It was able to detect any lingering mental disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to PTSD. This imaging was also allowed for doctors to establish more severe personality disorders as well as psychopathy in some individuals. Source 4 described the several causes of psychopathy. This included a decreased activation of the amygdala, a distortion of the orbitofrontal cortex, distortions and decreased functions of the retrosplenial cortex, as well as decreased functions of the prosterior cingulate of the brain. All of these in which highly contribute to the legal diagnosis of a psychopath. These 2 sources demonstrate the abstract involvement of screening on a psychopath. Furthermore, both studies imply that individuals with lingering disorders should be able to seek the most beneficial treatment, as sending them to prison due to a cause that was out of their own control would have a significantly more negative impact as oppose dto finding treatment at a facility. Both psychopathy and high functioning forms of some disorders allow for higher criminal behaviors, therefore, seeking treatment for their symptoms could prevent the individual from re-offending.

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Source 7 described the several ways in which individuals diagnosed with Antisocial-Personality Disorder reacted to several situations as well as responded to fairness norm violations. This allowed for he conclusion that ASPD patients are highly more subjective to aggression and violence in response to specific situations. Source 8 analyzed the case of Mr. Z, in which his case reported of several psychopathic behaviors at the time that the crime was committed. It gave a general overview of the forms of psychopathy and the affects it may have on the behavior of an individual, ultimately leading to a more aggressive response to a less aggressive situation. Both of these sources demonstrate the similar effects that both ASPD and psychopathy have on an individual, and in regards to how it can alter one's thoughts and behaviors. ASPD, another form of psychopathy, can cause high risk of violence in those diagnosed, leading to criminal-like behaviors.

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Overall question: Should offenders with mental disorders be fully responsible for the crime they commited?
Scientific lens: How does mental illness affect an individual's behavior and possibly lead to future criminal behaviors?

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SOURCE 4: PSYCHOPATHY AND CULPABILITY: HOW RESPONSIBLE IS THE PSYCHOPATH FOR CRIMINAL WRONGDOING?

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SOURCE 4: PSYCHOPATHY AND CULPABILITY: HOW RESPONSIBLE IS THE PSYCHOPATH FOR CRIMINAL WRONGDOING?

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Purpose: During this study, scientific principles, statistics, and the morality of criminals were observed through science and neuroimages, serving the purpose of distinguishing the lines between criminal responsibility and psychopathy.
Evidence: It was discovered that the amygdala contained significantly less activation in those who were diagnosed as psychopaths. On the other hand, those who were diagnosed without a mental illnesses, the activation was normal. The amygdala is the neural system for processing fearful stimuli, or the responses in which one reacts to threatening stimuli. Violence and aggression seems to be closely related with the dysfunction of the amygdala according to this study. The amygdala, however, is not the only part of the brain that processes threatening stimuli. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) also determines the response of individuals, as the OFC is a part of the prefrontal cortex. The OFC determines the structures associated with emotions and memory as well, and when a distortion occurs, the extent of psychopathy in an individual increases. The retrosplenial cortex and posterior cingulate of the brain, associated with moral reasoning and the conscience of right and wrong, also play a large part of the development of a psychopath. A decrease in these functions of the brain decrease the morality of an individual, making it difficult to differentiate between right and wrong.
Implications: The implications of this study are quite significant to the fact that psychopaths are unable to distinguish the intention of harming others in relation to their emotions or conscience, making it extremely difficult to comply with orders and self control. In these cases, criminals who are diagnosed with psychopathy suffer in the exact same ways. If the individual cannot differ between what is morally right and what is morally wrong, then what good would punishment do for the criminal? It would be most beneficial to seek treatment for the individual, to ultimately help the offender gain control back over their lives.

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SOURCE 7: IMPULSIVE AND PREMEDITATED AGGRESSION IN MALE OFFENDERS WITH ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 

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SOURCE 7: IMPULSIVE AND PREMEDITATED AGGRESSION IN MALE OFFENDERS WITH ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 

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Purpose: The overall purpose of this study and research article was to characterize the several impulsivities and aggressions in relation to male offenders with ASPD, as well as determine the predictors of aggression and psychopathy within this group.
Evidence: Physical aggression is closely associated with offenders with ASPD, and these aggressions can be linked to various criminal actions and other forms of psychopathy and substance use disorders. There are high amounts of prisoners who are diagnosed with ASPD (more than 50%), and this characterizes them into impulsive aggressors or premeditated aggressive offenders, to which both tie to ASPD in several different ways. 71.9% of offenders with ASPD displayed impulse aggression, while the other 28.1% displayed premeditated aggression. It is concluded that most people with antisocial personality disorder develop impulse aggression, which are explosive responses to a situation, responses that usually exceed the normal levels of aggression and emotion of a person.

Implications: The implications of this study are extremely significant in not only people who are diagnosed with ASPD, but also criminal offenders and the criminal behavior exhibited within a person. If one can distinguish the aggressors and impulsivities of a person before high levels of aggression and criminal activity is displayed, then that could not only benefit the offender that is suffering from ASPD, but the rest of the community. This can help further establish the treatment that is necessary for the diagnosis and prevent other harmful aggressions.

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SOURCE 12: THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS, SUBSTANCE USE, AND OTHER MENTAL ILLNESS ON RE-OFFENDING

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SOURCE 12: THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS, SUBSTANCE USE, AND OTHER MENTAL ILLNESS ON RE-OFFENDING

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of comorbid conditions directly with the rate of criminal intentions and actions in offenders.
Evidence: This study suggests that treatments regarding disorders should not just solely focus on the symptoms present within an individual, rather the treatment should focus on all possible symptoms, which in turn, could reduce the risk of offending in criminal actions and overall aid the individual from committing any high-rate violent or aggressive behaviors. For example, the aggression of an individual with both Antisocial-Personality Disorder and a substance use disorder would be much greater than those with just ASPD. This can also go for other disorders including Bipolar Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, PTSD, and many other disorders in relation to drug abuse and alcohol abuse.
Implications: The implications of this study are highly significant to the fact that individuals with comorbid disorders are more likely to commit crimes or acts of violent behaviors, but an evolution of disorder treatment could help prevent many people from acting in extreme and aggressive ways. This directly relates to the ongoing question of how behavioral disorders can possibly lead to future criminal behaviors due to the fact that people who are diagnosed with multiple disorders, or comorbid disorders, are at a much greater risk for aggression, violence, lying, and other psychopathic traits. However, with access to treatments, this can be limited.

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SOURCE 1: BRAIN, MIND, AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: NEUROIMAGES AS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

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SOURCE 1: BRAIN, MIND, AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: NEUROIMAGES AS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

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Purpose: Neuroimages and the mental disorders of criminals were studied regarding whether criminals should be fully charged for their crimes, regardless of the mental state in which the crime was committed.
Evidence:
The John Hinckley case
- Started the ongoing debate of disorders and withstanding        trial evaluations
- CT scans were used to determine the insanity of Hinckley
- Vincent Fuller pleaded insanity onto Hinckley due to the several abnormalities associated in the prefrontal cortex of the brain
- Some argued that only the mental state of the criminal at the time of wrongdoing should be studied (as opposed to scans)
Implications: The implications of this study are quite significant to the fact that without getting proper treatment, the criminal could end up doing more harm to themselves or others in the future or during lockup. Neuroimage research has shown many different distortions of the brain, affecting the overall conclusions of the jury during trial, therefore directly affecting the outcome of the offender.

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SOURCE 3: THE SCARLET GENE: BEHAVIORAL GENETICS, CRIMINAL LAW, AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC STIGMA

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SOURCE 3: THE SCARLET GENE: BEHAVIORAL GENETICS, CRIMINAL LAW, AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC STIGMA

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to question whether or not criminals who received the scarlet gene should receive a full sentence to jail for the specific crime.

Evidence: The scarlet gene is a gene inherited by various groups of people in which they have a tendency to develop a higher risk for drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and many other forms of substance abuse. Due to this, the scarlet gene could be ruled out as a form of defense in court against the case if the offender was under the influence of drugs or alcohol during the time of the crime. Some argue that the scarlet gene should be used as a defense during court as it compromises one's actions and thoughts. The results of this study conclude that the severity of the gene will always vary, and it is difficult to conclude whether or not it has a greater effect on an individual or not.
Implications: The implications of this study are significant to the fact that it is extremely difficult to plead the scarlet gene as defense to a criminal during court trials. Similar to the BRCA gene, the chances of developing the disease are significantly increased as well as the severity of the disease, but it is more difficult to assume the extent of the gene when it is not present at the given moment of the crime. Along the ongoing debate of whether or not criminals should be fully responsible for their crimes if they have mental and behavioral disorders, the scarlet gene falls under a significant category of this conflict.

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SOURCE 2: FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF THE MILLER FORENSIC ASSESSMENT OF SYMPTOMS TEST (MFAST): SCREENING FOR FEIGNED DISORDERS IN COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL EVALUATIONS

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SOURCE 2: FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF THE MILLER FORENSIC ASSESSMENT OF SYMPTOMS TEST (MFAST): SCREENING FOR FEIGNED DISORDERS IN COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL EVALUATIONS

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Purpose: MFAST was originally created to observe lingering mental effects on a patient right before court trial. The ongoing study was regarding the investigation of the feigning of disorders in relation to court trials and criminal investigations.
Evidence: Although MFAST is extremely effective in determining the lingering disorders in an individual, including schizophrenia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), high functioning Obessive-Compulsive Disorder, and other forms of personality disorders, it can also detect very low forms of these disorders, making some overall conclusions inaccurate, or more extensive than they should be. For example, MFAST can detect very low functioning forms of various disorders such as Schizophrenia, therefore making the treatments for he disorder more extensive than expected, and in this case, in court trials, this could keep criminals with a controllable mental capacity out of jail.
Implications: The implications of this study are extremely significant to the fact that MFAST screening now gives individuals a more effective approach in diagnosing offenders with lingering disorders. An offender who may have lingering mental disorders and committed a crime as a result of these disorders would be able to seek more effective treatments, overall aiding them in neuro-development and helping them ease the effects of a more severe disorder.

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SOURCE 8: PSYCHOPATHY AND PATHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE IN A CRIMINAL CAREER: A FORENSIC CASE REPORT 

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SOURCE 8: PSYCHOPATHY AND PATHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE IN A CRIMINAL CAREER: A FORENSIC CASE REPORT 

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to distinguish the various forms of psychopathy and abnormal behaviors were observed in the forensic case report of Mr. Z.
Evidence: His case report suggests that he had been experiencing several psychopathic behaviors and severe behavioral changes and shifts during the time that the crime was committed. Many reports and criminals can amplify the research done to further expand psychopathy, given that most criminal careers are heavily based on psychopathy and behavioral disorders. This led to further research on psychopathy within criminals and the behaviors that are implied. This also led to the influence psychopathy can have on people, including several forms of criminal behavior and other impulsivities.
Implications: The implications of this study are significant in that Mr. Z’s case has led to a wide expansion of research being done all round the world since the 1940’s to improve the criminal justice system and attempt to prevent criminal behaviors in some cases of psychopathy. This can be connected to the ongoing study of how psychopathy and other disorders are linked to criminal behaviors within people by the several articles and reports of the analysis of Mr. Z’s homicide case in relation to neuroscience, behavioral disorders, and other forms of aggression within not only criminals, but other people as well.

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SOURCE 6: ADDICTION, GENETICS, AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 

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SOURCE 6: ADDICTION, GENETICS, AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was ultimately to observe the various connections of genetics and additions through different groups of people.
Evidence: Addicts will be charged fully responsible in court with addict-associated crimes, even if the addiction is caused genetically or hereditarily. The cause for addiction and addictive responses are majorly caused through genetic substrates. The genes themselves play a little role in the addicts cravings, but other environmental factors in relation with these genes play a large role in the severity of addiction. Some argue that because addictions can be caused genetically, then the criminal should not be fully charged for the crime. Some also agree with the fact that addictions can be managed, therefore they should still be charged. It is shown that heritability in addicts does not exceed more than 50%, which supports the idea that addictions can be managed through environmental changes.
Implications: These implications are extremely significant as well as debatable, because many will believe that it is crucial to help criminals with addictions and disorders to improve their well-being, while others want to help protect the community and keep society safe from other forms of possible harm. This directly connects with the ongoing question of whether or not criminals with disorders should receive a full sentence for the crime they committed, as it is arguable that if the addiction is genetic, then it would only be fair to manage treatment in a high care facility.

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SOURCE 10: BEHAVIORAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FAIRNESS NORM VIOLATIONS IN ANTISOCIAL OFFENDERS 

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SOURCE 10: BEHAVIORAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FAIRNESS NORM VIOLATIONS IN ANTISOCIAL OFFENDERS 

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fairness norm considerations and reactions to violations through both violent offenders and non-violent individuals.
Evidence: Antisocial-Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a disorder that affects many of the basic functions of the human brain. An individual with ASPD experiences a lack of empathy, a tendency to lie, aggression, violence, and a decreased function of one's conscience. The disruption of one’s fairness norm considerations may affect one’s maintenance and extent of ASPD. The anterior cingulate cortex promotes regulation and conflict monitoring, both in which will stimulate when multiple situations arise and there needs to be an immediate response present. It was shown that there is a conflict between rational and irrational motives in ASPD patients as well as psychopaths. This alters an individuals response to certain situations, therefore creating a more violent and aggravated outcome, as opposed to the healthy group. Both the AVO's and CTL's were given fair vs. unfair scenarios, and it was found that AVO’s (antisocial violent offenders) were all described to contain more aggression and violent behaviors as well as higher levels of psychopathy as opposed to the CTL group (healthy controls).
Implications: The implications of this study are significant to the fact that Antisocial-Personality Disorder can lead to extreme behavioral changes and other aggressive behaviors, indicating that ASPD can be plausible in the case that future criminal behaviors can be performed. ASPD can also be ruled as a form of psychopathy, furthermore, implying the fact that criminals who have ASPD can be pleaded as legally insane, dropping the severity of the case.

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How do substance use and genetic factors pose a high risk from criminal intent and violent behaviors?

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How is psychopathy and Antisocial-Personality Disorder (ASPD) directly connected to criminal intent and other criminal-like behaviors?

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There have been several conflicts over settling the ongoing debate of whether or not criminals who are diagnosed with mental disorders should be fully responsible for the crime committed. Some argue that criminals, even with mental disorders, should be fully responsible for the crime, as it protects the community. However, some argue that if the criminal has a mental disorder that affects the judgement of the individual, then it would only be fair to the individual to not be fully charged for the crime, and instead seek treatments for the certain disorder. Scientifically, this is significant due to the fact that several criminals suffer from various kinds of mental disorders, genetic disorders, as well as substance use disorders.
Source 4: Many criminals are considered psychopaths, however, if the offender is unable to distinguish morally right from morally wrong, then what good would prison do? The most beneficial approach would be to help the issue at hand and seek treatment for the uncontrollable distortions in an individuals brain. Psychopathy is distinguished by the decreased function in several parts of the brain, leading to altered actions and distorted thoughts.
Source 7: Most impulsivities and actions conducted by offenders were impulse aggressors, therefore, making the cause of the aggression solely based on their mental disorder. This allowed for debates on the liability of the offender, proving that the mental state of the offender was not considered normal, however, the actions may have been able to be controlled through previous treatments.

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How does testing and other neuroimaging devices contribute to the diagnosis of mental disorders and how are they relevant in regards to trial evaluations?