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5 yr Plans.
Stalin presented the need to industrialize as a life or death struggle. “Do you want our socialist fatherland to be beaten and to lose its independence?” Stalin, February 1931 speech.

“If you do not want this you must put an end to its backwardness in the shortest possible time and develop genuine bolshevik tempo in building up the socialist system of the economy. We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this difference in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed” - Stalin quote on industrialization.

Stakhanovite movement:
Stakhanovites were workers who modeled themselves after Alexey Stakhanov. Alexey was the figurehead of a new workers' movement dedicated to increasing production. These workers took pride in their ability to produce more than was required, by working harder and more efficiently, thus strengthening the Communist state. The state used workers like this as "heroic examples" for the rest of the workers to aspire to be like.👷‍♂️

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INDUSTRIALISATION

Industrialization had taken part by the use of 5-year plans, the idea of the 5-year plans was to rapidly industrialize Russia to:

1.       Increase military strength: Since Stalin feared war from western powers, due to this he wanted to industrialize large quantities of weapons and munitions

2.       To achieve self-sufficiency: Stalin wanted the USSR to be less dependent on other Western countries and more independent from the rest of the world

3.       To increase grain supplies: Stalin wanted to move Russia away from a country that was dependent on a backwards agricultural economy

4.       To move towards a socialist society: According to Marxists Theorists, socialist could only be achieved in a country

5.       To establish his credentials: Stalin needed to prove himself to Lenin and other Bolsheviks that he was a worthy successor

6.       To improve standards of living: Stalin not only wanted to be on the same level as the west in military but also the living standards for all people.

First five year plan went from 1928-1932
Second five year plan was 1933-1937
Third five year plan was just four year from 1938-1941

Collectivization was successful to a certain extent, It resulted in eventually a stable production of grain through an economies of scale approach but, Stalin eliminating the Kulaks  it took out Russia’s most efficient farmers thus robbing the country. The collectivization of the soviet agriculture during its early stages was un-efficient and caused an outbreak in Russia’s agricultural department. Throughout the liquefaction of the kulaks it resulted in peasants moral degrading and Stalin starving the collectivization out of the peasantry. It took over 7 years before production levels were at a stable rate, thus overall helping to fuel the industrialization of Russia (Stalin’s five-year plan) helping to modernize Russia to an extent.

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- The Five Year Plans were a series of goals or quotas set by the Gosplan
- While the quotas were always extremely high and rarely reached, they did cause a net increase in industrial production (coal, electricity, oil and steel)
- Towns like Magnitogorsk were set up to increase industry
- The First Plan focused on heavy industry, the second still on heavy industry and consumer goods, the third was cut short by the beginning of WWII as Russia scrambled to produce armaments
- The Second Plan was famous for the rise of the Stokhanovite movement which was the creation of a 'worker hero,' set up to encourage people to undertake labour with enthusiasm
- The propaganda was a success as people were willing to endure appalling conditions in the long term for the modernized future they believed they were building
- “The country had been transformed from a backward, predominantly agricultural society to a major industrial power.” (Malcolm Faulkus)
- The USSR compromised quality for quantity
- Work and labour was 'militarized' with language such as 'shock troops,' 'industrial frontiers,' etc.
- The nation suffered from inefficiency as untrained men were required to run factories
- "Equipment was ruined, men were crushed, gassed, and poisoned, money was spent in astronomical amounts." (John Scott)
- Many workers died because of the poor and dangerous conditions (100 000 died building the Belomor Canal)

Stalin's Collectivization
- Stalin told the Russians that they needed to industrialize or "they will crush us."
- In order to industrialize they needed foreign currency to buy machinery and equipment
- To do that they needed grain to export --> Collectivization
- Peasants hated collectivization many times killing off their livestock or selling off their grain for cheap
- Grain production decreased by 4 million tonnes (1928-1933)
- Eventually, grain production increased sufficiently, agriculture was modernized (tractors) and collectivized farms began to receive village amenities like hospitals etc,
- Grain production was 24 million tonnes greater in 1937 than it was in 1928
- Collectivization also led to famine (10 million dead) and dekulakization
- Many peasants were forced to move to the city (12 million from 1928-32)

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See all the wonderful things David Llagas has made

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What are the most important aspects of Stalin's industrialisation of Russia?

There were two Five Year Plans; 1928-1933 and 1932-1937.

Stalin's intentions were to "overtake and outstrip the capitalist countries."

Very useful as propaganda, for communism and for Stalin's reputation.

Success:

USSR is now a modern state.

Genuine communist enthusiasm in the youth.

Huge achievements in:

1. cities

2. hydroelectricity

3. transport/communications

4. electricity

5. coal

6. steel

7. plastic

8. employment rates

9. doctors/medicine

10. education

Failures:

Poorly organised

Human cost:

1. sacked if late

2. GPU, NKVD

3. slave labour

4. accidents and deaths (100,000 dead in Belomor Canal

5. few consumer goods, intense focus on military

6. no human rights

Historians claim the Tsars did the spadework, and Stalin's effort had very little effect on the modernisation.

Five Year Plan (1928-1932) was a prime example of "revolution from above".

"The accelerated transformation of the Soviet Union into a socialist industrial society by means of the states coercive power to mobilise the masses for its goals." - Orlando Figes.

Was originally "optimistic but not impossible." Bukharin and the right acted as brakes, but once Stalin defeated them in 1929, the control figures were raised; investment x3, coal and steel x2, pig-iron x4 by 1932.

Entailed the sacrifice of an individual's interests for the sake of the State.

Liquidation of classes.

"The Five Year Plan promised to deliver socialist utopia." - Orlando Figes.

Millions of peasants ran away from collective farms.

"Between 1928 and 1932, the urban population grew at the extraordinary rate of 50,000 people a week." - Orlando Figes.

Cheap supply of labour.

There were competitions between work brigades to increase morale and work rates.

Aleksei Stakhanov broke the record for 104 tonnes of coal mined in six hours.

Show trials indicative of the power of terror and fear.

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Import aspects of Stalin's industrialization:
- Quotas were made and punishments were allocated to those who had not reached the minimum.
And even a reward system for those who passed their quota.
- The OGPU was the organisation that managed this.
- Although it was a minimum wage job with extremely long hours, people were willing to join anyway.
- As many people were enthusiastic knowing that this was for themselves and this was the gateway for a better life for the workers
- The first five year plan aimed to gain new tools, machinery and even tractors
New methods of production which included chemicals, motor vehicles, synthesized rubber, artificial fibers and electrical goods
- increased coal output from 35 million to 150 million
- An enormous change and modification to infrastructure was needed to facilitate the new workers that was necessary for the plan
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What is the critical data:

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- The purges throughout the five-year plans accounted for a million lives being lost
- it made stalin's dreams of Communism become mush
- peasants were now no longer autonomous and had lost their power
- The successes the industrialization drive did enjoy were the results of the transformation of the Russian agricultural system and the exploitation of the peasantry.
- bad organisation
- Some historians claim the tsars had done the ‘spadework’, setting up the basis for industrialisation, and that Stalin’s effort had very little effect on a process that would have happened anyway.
- quantity was valued over quality, as seen in the steel productions
- Stakhanov was able to produce more than his own goal by rousing the workers and rallying to get their support
- patriotism - Russia was building socialism while the West faced the Great Depression
- foreigners began to come to the Union because of the attractive features that everyone wanted: employment
- the heroic figure of Stakhanov was used as propaganda to get the people to try and be like him
- in order for the industrialisation to become a reality from a dream, education was needed, thus raising the literacy rate
- 'Socialist competition' between factories and work brigades was encouraged to raise output, with league tables, medals and rewards for productivity (Stakhanovism)
- In a passionate speech to industrial managers on 4 February 1931 Stalin defended the ambitious targets of the Five Year Plan ('there are no fortresses the Bolsheviks cannot capture') and pointed to the failures of management as the only obstacle. To slow down the tempo of industrial progress would expose the country to military defeat by hostile foreign powers.

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The effect that Stalin's eradication of millions of lives had on Russia moving forward

- The success of the Russian industrialization came off the exploitation and brow of the Peasantry class. Which then fed the town workers who were able to industrialize Russia. Critical Data here is that this, although a goal achieved, had many major setbacks one being the murder of the people and the other being the revolt by the peasants in which all the livestock was killed and the vegetation was destroyed.🙌🙌🙌

The reason that Stalin needed grain so much was in order to complete foreign trade in which they would export their grain and gain money.
A statistic shows that from 1928 to 1937 Grain increased from 73 million Tonnes to 97 million Tonnes showing that they were increasing in production and moving towards a modernized nation.

The Process

When Stalin began his collectivization campaign he made it voluntary in order to invite the peasants to become collectivized and help support the nation. This seemed to be of little to no use. So Stalin decided to make it compulsory. The peasant class did not enjoy this and retaliated in which the livestock was killed. This caused its problems and so