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Step 2: One partner needs to select "Make a padlet" and get it started

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Hello, fellow traveller. This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. This week: (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.)

Organic waste is the (mushy) gift that keeps on giving

How cities can protect themselves from climate change

Which city has the biggest tree canopy?

Bitcoin vs. the environment

This scientist thinks organic garbage shouldn't be wasted

In the 17th century, a German alchemist named Hennig Brand had a dream - of extracting gold from urine. (They were similar in colour, after all.) He didn't succeed, but he did discover the element phosphorus.

Canadian biotechnology entrepreneur Luna Yu is on a similar quest. Her Toronto-based company, Genecis, aims to turn organic waste like apple cores, chicken bones and soiled tissues into valuable materials. I wrote about the company's work to turn kitchen waste into plastics for food packaging. But its ultimate goal is even more profitable products, such as cosmetics.

Right now, Yu says, green-binnables aren't reaching their full potential, "which is why organic waste is still getting sent to landfills."

Canadian municipalities do try to squeeze a little extra value out of the waste before composting by using anaerobic digesters to extract biogas (i.e. gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter without oxygen), which can be burned to generate heat and electricity. Yu interned at a company that did that, and she realized that turning waste into biogas is an "uneconomic way of dealing with it."

The trick is creating alternatives. Alchemists thought the key was a mythical tool called the philosopher's stone, which could turn lead into gold. The modern-day equivalent is bacteria, both natural and genetically modified, that can transform simple molecules into more complex chemicals.

Different bacteria can make different chemicals in different ways. To have as many options as possible, Yu got friends to collect bacteria from all over the world. For example, they'd put some lake water in a little vial while on vacation in places like Guatemala and sneak the microbes back to Canada. Since the incorporation of Genecis, all work has been conducted using non-pathogenic bacteria sourced locally. Yu hopes to expand and improve what the bacteria can do by genetically modifying them (a concept known as synthetic biology).

Genecis's first product will be premium compostable plastics called PHAs, which are used in things like medical devices. Yu says PHAs can generate seven times more revenue than biogas.

Next, they have their eye on ambroxides, which are pricey perfume ingredients that were originally found in the intestines of sperm whales but can now be made synthetically. Turning stinky green-bin waste into something that smells so amazing you'd wear it on a date - now, that would be real alchemy.

- Emily Chung

Climate change and cities: What are the major risks?
The effects of climate change - from torrential rains to massive forest fires - are not just obvious in southeast Asia or the southern U.S. They're being felt in Canadian cities. Nicole Mortillaro asked Blair Feltmate, head of the Intact Centre on Climate Adaptation at the University of Waterloo, what cities can do to reduce the risk of extensive damage.

BF: Relative to the most costly form of extreme weather risk within cities - which is basement flooding - as a top priority cities should implement programs that focus on home flood risk assessment. These programs would consist of properly trained people meeting with homeowners at their door, and over the course of a 10-minute conversation, provide the homeowner with basic guidance on 10 steps the homeowner could take around the outside of their property, and within the basement, that would lower their risk of basement flooding.

Relative to problems associated with freezing rain - which for example has proven to be repeatedly problematic in New Brunswick in recent years - within cities, tree-trimming programs should be deployed to prevent ice-laden branches from falling on hydro lines. In most cases within cities, it is not the ice on the lines that proves problematic, but rather ice-encrusted branches that fall onto electric wires.

Relative to forest fires affecting homes and communities in forested regions, there is one answer - large-scale deployment of the FireSmart program. The FireSmart program - which was originally developed in Alberta, and has since benefited from the expertise of all provinces and territories - focuses on pre-emptive measures to limit the probability of a fire entering a town or city, and subsequently lowering the chances that homes will burn when in proximity to fire.
This interview has been edited and condensed.
Examples of the FireSmart program in action include establishing a fire-break around a town (e.g., by removing vegetation around the periphery of a town), and at the level of the house, installing fireproof shingles, siding and porches. Also, shrubs should not be planted, and wood should not be stored, within several metres of a house.

The Big Picture: The cities with the most tree cover

Trees: what's not to love? They suck up carbon and beautify the outdoors. Bottom line: We need more of them. The World Economic Forum collaborated with MIT's Senseable Lab to create Treepedia, which shows which major cities provide the most tree coverage of the ground when viewed from above. As you'll see below, the Top 10 include two in Canada. (Toronto is 14th.)

Hot and bothered: Provocative ideas from around the web

The U.S. midterm elections are next week and few candidates for office have put the environment front and centre. This piece argues that rather than try to convince politicians to care, the point should be to galvanize more environmentalists to vote.

General Motors is pushing the Trump administration to institute a 50-state plan to speed up electric vehicle (EV) adoption. How? By extending federal tax credits for EV purchases and mandating 25 per cent of the fleets of the big car companies are electric or hybrid vehicles.

We try to keep this newsletter positive, but there's no way to sugarcoat a new study from the World Wildlife Fund, which says 60 per cent of vertebrates have been wiped out since 1970.

How bad is bitcoin for the environment?

Bitcoin has been a subject of fascination in recent years as an alternative currency and an investment opportunity - as well as a growing strain on the planet's resources.

The cryptocurrency is based on blockchain, a complicated computing process that maintains a ledger of transactions. Creating new bitcoins (through a process known as "mining") requires a lot of server power, which in turn requires a lot of electricity. In an interview with our colleagues at CBC Radio's Spark last year, an economist in Holland pointed out that authenticating a single bitcoin transaction takes as much electricity as running a washing machine 200 times. Yowza.

And bitcoin is only becoming more popular.

A new study by the journal Nature Climate Change said that bitcoin alone could produce enough carbon emissions to push global warming above 2 C in less than three decades.

This has alarmed environmentalists (while giving bitcoin skeptics another reason to hate it). But some analysts have said the analysis is flawed - and that bitcoin may not in fact roast the planet.

The study points out, for example, that much of the bitcoin being mined relies on coal power in Asia. But as the news site Axios writes, the study's projections "assume that the fuel types used to generate electricity will remain the same as they are today." And that is unlikely to be the case.

For one thing, more operators of bitcoin farms could be prodded to move to less carbon-intensive regions. While coal and natural gas are still major sources of energy in many countries, rapid growth in renewables such as wind and solar worldwide suggests that if bitcoin continues to be a going concern, its carbon footprint is likely to become a less significant issue.

- Andre Mayer

Stay in touch!

Are there issues you'd like us to cover? Questions you want answered? Do you just want to share a kind word? We'd love to hear from you. Email us at whatonearth@cbc.ca.

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Editor: Andre Mayer | Logo design: Sködt McNalty

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Why organic waste could be a gold mine | CBC News

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Hello, fellow traveller. This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. This week: (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.)

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Newsletter #1

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Hello, people! This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.) This week:

How big a problem is idling?

Carbon emissions: A historical look

Population and climate change

How big a problem is idling?

Idling your car - at home, in a drive-thru line, at a red light - is environmentally harmful, and also largely unnecessary.
How bad is idling?
When a gasoline-powered vehicle is idling, it is in its least efficient mode. It's doing nothing but sitting there, burning fuel and sending emissions into the atmosphere.

Natural Resources Canada says if most Canadian drivers limited idling to three minutes a day, over the course of a year, 1.4 million fewer tonnes of CO2 emissions would go into the atmosphere.

It would save money, too. For every 10 minutes of idling, the average three-litre engine vehicle loses more than a litre of fuel, according to NRCan.

It's even worse with diesel buses. Research done at the University of Waterloo in Ontario found a diesel bus loses four to eight litres of fuel every day to idling - or up to 2,000 litres per year. Amir Khajepour, the mechanical engineering professor behind the research, said that's the equivalent of 10,000 kilograms of greenhouse gases per bus per year.
Doesn't my engine need to warm up in the winter?
It depends. Temperatures vary across Canada in winter, but Natural Resources Canada says even in cold weather, it's not necessary to warm up your car for more than two to three minutes.
What are cities doing about idling?
The first city to pass an idling control bylaw was Toronto, back in 1996. It was brought in to help reduce air pollution. Now, at least 67 cities and municipalities across Canada have anti-idling bylaws. But they vary. Most of these jurisdictions limit idling to three to five minutes, but some allow five, 10, even 15 minutes. Inuvik allows 30 minutes of idling.

All of these jurisdictions exempt emergency vehicles, as well as many service or refrigerated vehicles (which need to idle to keep the cooling process working).
What else are cities doing?
Toronto also led the way in terms of banning the construction of new drive-thrus. Since its move in 2002, at least 26 Canadian municipalities have followed suit.
How are the bylaws enforced?
In many cities, anti-idling bylaws are enforced through a complaints-based process - i.e. someone makes a complaint to the city, which issues a warning or a fine.

In 2018, the City of Toronto issued warnings to about 2,000 people, but no fines. That same year, Edmonton issued three tickets, while Vancouver issued 118.
Does stop-start technology help?
A lot of idling can't be helped - like when you're waiting at a red light. You might think stopping and restarting your engine uses more fuel than leaving the car running, but it doesn't. Starting your engine uses less fuel than idling for 10 seconds.

NRCan estimates that a vehicle with stop-start technology - which automatically turns off a vehicle's engine when it idles, and restarts when the driver lifts their foot off the brake - saves anywhere from $260 to $1,540 in fuel costs and reduces carbon emissions by 610 kg to 3,540 kg over 10 years. That's the equivalent of taking one compact car off the road for a year. (NRCan breaks down the savings here.)
What's being done about buses and delivery trucks?
The University of Waterloo's Khajepour is working on a type of stop-start technology that would still allow a refrigerated truck to stay cool, or keep a city bus comfortable in all seasons. At a stop, the engine would turn off and the vehicle would draw on a battery.

"Instead of running the engine at its lowest efficiency [i.e. idling] in order to run the refrigeration system of a food delivery truck, you can charge your battery when the engine is at 40 per cent efficiency," Khajepour said. "So when the truck stops, and the engine is off ... we can use the energy that is already stored in that battery to run the refrigeration system."

- Stephanie Hogan

Reader feedback

In response to Nicole Mortillaro's article last week on the history of plastic bottles, Suzanne Tilley wrote, " I feel strongly that companies like Coca-Cola should produce returnable bottles like glass ones used to be for a refund just like glass ones used to be. That will encourage people to [return them] and also prevent litter as well as damage to our waterways."

Susan Holtz had this to say: "I am not an advocate for plastic, but you should have mentioned that one of plastic's great advantages in packaging is it's much lighter weight than glass, thus reducing [usually fossil fuel] energy spent in shipping. In environmentally assessing commerce, as well as everything else, you always have to look at what you're competing with and displacing, in addition to looking closely at what you're doing yourself."

Old issues of What on Earth? are right here.

The Big Picture: Historical carbon emissions

Most of the talk around carbon emissions focuses on which countries are currently releasing the most greenhouse gases. In that scenario, China is first by quite a margin, accounting for nearly 25 per cent of the global total - a fact that has given many politicians, in the U.S. and Canada especially, license to downplay their countries' own emissions. But if you take the longer view, the picture looks a little different. Between 1751 and 2017, the U.S. accounted for 25 per cent of global emissions, followed by countries that now make up the European Union.

Hot and bothered: Provocative ideas from around the web

Is population control the answer to fixing climate change?

Often, when discussion turns to modifying our behaviours in order to keep the planet from warming 1.5 C or 2 C above pre-industrial levels - the threshold that would result in widespread damage - one word creeps up more often than not: overpopulation.

The argument is that fewer people on Earth would mean fewer greenhouse gas emissions, thus helping avert the worst effects of climate change. But experts say population control isn't the answer.

"Population issues certainly are an important dimension of how society ... will be able to cope with this crisis over the course of this century," said Kathleen Mogelgaard, a consultant on population dynamics and climate change and an adjunct professor at the University of Maryland.

"But it's not a silver bullet, and it's certainly not the main cause of climate change. And fully addressing population growth is not, on its own, going to be able to solve the climate crisis."

For one thing, a larger population doesn't necessarily produce more CO2 emissions, at least not on a per capita basis.

Michael Barnard, chief strategist with TFIE Strategy Inc., which specializes in energy and low-carbon solutions, points to China as an example: While the country of 1.4 billion people is the No. 1 emitter of CO2 in the world, on a per capita basis, it produces far fewer emissions than either the U.S. (the world's second-top emitter) or Canada (the 10th).

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, the U.S.'s CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita is 15 tonnes, and Canada sits at 14.9 tonnes. China? It's at just 6.4 tonnes per capita - a trend that is starting to drop. That's also the case for India, Barnard said.

Between India and China, "one-third of the [world's] population already have lower per capita CO2 emissions than we do, and they're dropping faster," he said.

Not only that, but global birth rates are actually declining. The United Nations had previously projected that the global population would reach 11.2 billion by 2100, but recently updated that forecast to 10.9 billion.

Darrell Bricker, a fellow at the University of Toronto's Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy and co-author of Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline, said a big driver of the decline in population is urbanization.

In the 1960s, roughly 33 per cent of the population lived in a city; now it's 54 per cent. The UN projects that by 2050, that number will climb to 68 per cent. And when people move to the city, more women join the workforce and overall, people tend to have fewer children.

As a result, instead of the population continuously increasing, Bricker believes it will peak at around eight or nine billion people around mid-century and then begin to decline.

Rather than looking at population control as the biggest factor in the battle against climate change, experts say it's about looking at better education for women, adopting cleaner energy and changing our overall consumption patterns, especially in developed countries.

"Just because we slow population growth, if we continue to use coal-fired power plants to generate electricity, or if we continue to cut down forests at the rate that we're cutting down forests, those are going to be challenges regardless of what the population is," said Mogelgaard.

- Nicole Mortillaro

Stay in touch!

Are there issues you'd like us to cover? Questions you want answered? Do you just want to share a kind word? We'd love to hear from you. Email us at whatonearth@cbc.ca.

Sign up hereto get What on Earth? in your inbox every Thursday.

Editor: Andre Mayer | Logo design: Sködt McNalty

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Hello, people! This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.) This week: How big a problem is idling?

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Hello, hello. This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.) This week's lineup:

Meet the kids taking the U.S. government to court over climate change

Don Pittis on the carbon tax bogeyman

Canada's energy mix isn't as scary as you may think

A tasty solution to food waste

Enviro kids to U.S. government: See you in court! (Maybe?)

It always seemed like a long shot, but a group of youngsters are on the cusp of facing off against the U.S. government in court over climate change.

Named after Kelsey Juliana, one of 21 youth plaintiffs in the case (and the one on the far left in the photo above), Juliana v. United States is an earnest attempt to hold the U.S. government accountable for its environmental policies. The plaintiffs are being represented by the non-profit Our Children's Trust.

This unprecedented case is set to go to trial on Oct. 29 - if the U.S. government doesn't manage to thwart it (again).

The case dates back to 2015, when a conservation group called Earth Guardians and the youth plaintiffs - including one Canadian - filed a lawsuit against the U.S. government for their right to clean air, clean water and a healthy future.

The suit is led by 18-year-old Xiuhtezcatl Martinez, an Indigenous musician and youth director of Earth Guardians, who has called it "the trial of our lifetimes."

After an almost four-year battle and attempts by the fossil fuel industry and the U.S. government to have the case thrown out, Juliana v. United States is supposed to begin in federal court in Oregon on Monday.

The prominence of this case is probably the reason the administrations of both Barack Obama and Donald Trump have tried to stop it from moving ahead. Last week, the U.S. Department of Justice asked the U.S. Supreme Court to intervene, saying litigation would put a large burden on the government.

In its response, Our Children's Trust emphasized that Juliana v. United States is "not an environmental case, it's a civil rights case."

They argue that through its "affirmative actions in creating a national energy system that causes climate change," the government is depriving Americans of their "constitutional rights to life, liberty and property."

What the plaintiffs are ultimately asking for is that the government take measures to mitigate climate change.

Observers have pointed out that the Supreme Court's involvement is odd, since the case is being heard in a lower court. Ann Carlson, a professor of environmental law at the University of California Los Angeles, told Vox that it's a sign the Supreme Court "is uncomfortable with the underlying legal theory of the Juliana case."

- Celeste Decaire

Who will pay the ultimate price in the carbon tax fight?

CBC business columnist Don Pittis weighs in on the political posturing over the federal carbon tax announced this week.
Whether a politician uses the term "carbon tax" or "carbon pricing" may become similar to the difference between "tarsands" and "oilsands." Both describe the same thing, and while pedants will argue that one or the other is more correct, the term you use has really just become a marker of whether you are for it or against it.

On Tuesday, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau didn't use the term carbon tax once to describe the federal backstop plan for those provinces that don't have an existing carbon-pricing plan (namely Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Saskatchewan).

For environmentalists already convinced that climate change is a hazard, Trudeau's plan to offer rebates in advance of the consumer costs of carbon taxes will likely seem a step in the right direction. But environmentalists are not the ones Trudeau and his Liberal government are trying to convince.

Although he specifically denied it in the news conference, Trudeau gave every indication that his government will be fighting the next election over a carbon tax to battle climate change.

Already critics are describing his "climate action incentives" as old-fashioned pork barrel bribes to sway voters. But as I outlined in my latest online column, what you might call the "prebates" sound like they were conceived by a behavioural economist well versed in the idea that most people don't want to wait for their reward.

Ontario Premier Doug Ford, a carbon tax opponent, warned of an upfront cost of $260 per family in carbon tax expenses. To people who are really worried about the state of the planet, $260 seems like chicken feed compared to the ultimate economic damage climate change will create.

Trudeau's response? He upped the ante, promising $307 to Ontario families and similar amounts to people in Manitoba, New Brunswick and Saskatchewan in advance to cover those carbon tax expenses, with more to come in the future, as carbon pricing rises.

Whether that will be enough to convince the many people who seem to think that tax is a four-letter word - especially during elections - remains to be seen.
Editor's note: In the coming weeks and months, What on Earth? will return to the issue of carbon pricing in order to clear up confusion over this contentious issue.
Hot and bothered: Provocative ideas from around the web

The Big Picture: Canada's energy mix

Canada is often criticized for its lacklustre action on climate change, but a breakdown of the country's electricity sources is somewhat reassuring - it shows a large reliance on low- to no-carbon sources ( hydro and nuclear, though the latter has its own issues), decreasing use of carbon-rich sources (coal, oil and gas) and rising use of renewables ( wind, solar).

No beef tenderloin left behind

Grilled chicken breast, wild mushroom gnocchi, beet and goat cheese salad - not bad for a soup kitchen, right? OK, so they're leftovers, but they're from the corporate and party suites at the Scotiabank Arena in Toronto, where buffet menus go for $55 to $95 a head during Toronto Maple Leafs and Toronto Raptors games.

And these meals are not just feeding the hungry, but helping fight climate change. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that globally, food waste is responsible for about 4.4 gigatonnes of carbon emissions each year. So providing hot meals to the homeless could, in a small way, help keep future Earthlings cool.

The arena formerly known as the Air Canada Centre has been donating unsold hot dogs and other concession stand extras for 20 years, but until this month, it had been tossing many unserved portions of its finest fare in the green bin. Not anymore.

"If we could feed people the food, why would we turn it into compost?" said Chris Zielinski, culinary director for Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment, which owns and runs the arena.

MLSE has partnered with Hellmann's Real Food Rescue and the non-profit organizations Second Harvest and Tablée des Chefs to donate its "premium" leftovers to the city's hungriest residents. Jean-François Archambault, founder of La Tablée des Chefs, started a similar program at Montreal's Bell Centre 12 years ago and retested it in Calgary before bringing it to Toronto.

The idea stemmed from Archambault's time in the hotel industry and seeing food he spent hours preparing get thrown out: "That I could not stand." So he started connecting chefs with local soup kitchens and created pathways for the food to find its way to the needy.

Archambault said that at first, many organizations refused to take part because they feared the risk of food poisoning and how it might affect their reputations. But more and more kitchens are jumping on board. Now, Archambault said, your reputation as a chef might take a hit if you're seen letting food go to waste.

- Emily Chung

Stay in touch!

Are there issues you'd like us to cover? Questions you want answered? Do you just want to share a kind word? We'd love to hear from you. Email us at whatonearth@cbc.ca.

Sign up hereto get What on Earth? in your inbox every Thursday.

Editor: Andre Mayer | Logo design: Sködt McNulty

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Can these kids win a court battle over climate change against the U.S. government? | CBC News

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Hello, hello. This is our weekly newsletter on all things environmental, where we highlight trends and solutions that are moving us to a more sustainable world. (Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.) This week's lineup: Meet the kids taking the U.S.

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THIS IS A BIG PROBLEM that is bad for Earth!

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Greta Thunberg will hitch a ride with two Australian sailing YouTubers on her low-emissions voyage from America to the UN climate change conference in Madrid.

The 16-year-old Swedish climate activist had initially been stranded in the United States after the location of the conference was abruptly changed from Chile to Spain at the last minute.
Greta Thunberg leaves US with simple climate crisis message: vote
"It turns out I've travelled half around the world, the wrong way," she said at the time.

Thunberg travelled from Sweden to the US by yacht in August and has since travelled across the Americas by overland train and an electric car borrowed from Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On Tuesday night, the Nobel peace prize nominee announced she had found a solution.

Thunberg will set sail for Europe immediately on a 48-foot catamaran with Australian vloggers Riley Whitlum and Elayna Carausu and Englishwoman Nikki Henderson - who is a professional yachtswoman.

The boat leaves little to no carbon footprint, boasting solar panels and a hydro-generators for power. It also has a toilet, unlike the boat on which she sailed from the United Kingdom to New York in August, which only had a bucket.

Whitlum and Carausu are YouTubers who post a new video every week of their journey around their world with their 11-month-old son. They are YouTube's most popular sailing vloggers, with over a million subscribers.

The UN climate conference, known as COP25, was set for 2 December in Santiago, but was moved on 30 October after civil unrest hit Chile, leaving Thunberg with only four weeks notice to make it halfway across the world.

Thunberg arrived in the US in August, after sailing for weeks from England. In New York she addressed the UN on the climate crisis, calling out governments for betraying young people.

She had planned to travel slowly down to Chile through the Americas. Two weeks ago, she had posted to social media asking for help.

"Now I need to find a way to cross the Atlantic in November ... If anyone could help me find transport I would be so grateful."

Whitlum and Carausu met on the Greek island of Ios, when she was working for a travel company and he was living on a sailboat.

The pair has covered more than 65,000 nautical miles since 2014.

Henderson is an accomplished sailor and last year became the youngest ever skipper to compete at the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, at age 25. Her team came in second place.
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Greta Thunberg to hitch a ride to Europe with Australian YouTube influencers

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Greta Thunberg will hitch a ride with two Australian sailing YouTubers on her low-emissions voyage from America to the UN climate change conference in Madrid. The 16-year-old Swedish climate activist had initially been stranded in the United States after the location of the conference was abruptly changed from Chile to Spain at the last minute.

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THIS IS ONE SOLUTION FOR THAT BIG PROBLEM that sounds crazy!

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THIS IS ONE SOLUTION FOR THAT BIG PROBLEM that sounds crazy!

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THIS IS ONE SOLUTION FOR THAT BIG PROBLEM that sounds interesting and might help.

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THIS IS ONE SOLUTION FOR THAT BIG PROBLEM that people in our class can do to help.

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THIS IS ONE SOLUTION FOR THAT BIG PROBLEM that people in our class can do to help.

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Make a third GREEN POST that is a possible solution you read about in a newsletter. Write at least one sentence about the solution, and one more sentence about why you think we should all make an effort to do it.