# data[].attributes.body
Title:

'The food supply chain is breaking,' Tyson says as plants close

Link:
https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/26/business/tyson-foods-nyt-ad/index.html

Summary: This article discusses how the food supply chain is falling apart since numerous food processing plants are closing. These closings are bringing about product shortages in grocery stores across the nation. Also farmers in the United States do not have any place to sell their livestock. Since so many food processing plants are shutting down, the population of animals such as pigs, cattle, and chicken are decreasing. Currently there will be a limited supply of these products available in grocery stores until food processing plants can reopen. Food processing plants now have to sanitize their facilities in order to protect their workers from the coronavirus.

Reaction: I did not know how severely the coronavirus was impacting the food industry. Products in grocery stores running out can create a lot of problems in the United States. So many people shop at grocery stores to obtain their meals and other necessary products. Sanitization is very important since it will stop the spread of the coronavirus across the United States. Workers in food processing plants have to be equipped to protect themselves from the coronavirus because this virus is spreading rapidly across the world.

Relation to Class: This article relates to supply-side economics. There is a shortage of food supply in grocery stores since food processing plants are closing due to the coronavirus. Both the demand and supply of products are what ultimately determine each product’s price. An increase in food supply will increase output and lessen prices. Supply and demand intersecting determine overall output and price levels. (Learning outcome #10: The principle elements of supply-side economics.)

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/05/011805.asp

Citation: McLean, Rob. “'The Food Supply Chain Is Breaking,' Tyson Says as Plants Close.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 26, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/26/business/tyson-foods-nyt-ad/index.html.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

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Title:

Global economy will suffer worst year since Depression, IMF projects

Link: https://www.deseret.com/u-s-world/2020/4/14/21220469/global-economy-coronavirus-imf-depression-international-monetary-fund-projection

Summary: This article talks about how the global economy will suffer the worst due to a depression. The International Monetary Fund is predicting that the global economy will contract 3% in 2020. Business closings, lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing have already caused the global economy to come to a halt. Global trade will drop by 11% in 2020. Then global trade will increase by 8.4% in 2021. The International Monetary Fund mentioned that economic policymakers in numerous nations have produced what is called a sizable and swift response to the global economic calamity.

Reaction: I was not cognizant of the International Monetary Fund's involvement in this global economic catastrophe. It appears that a depression will make the global economy worse off. Since people are not working and people are stuck in their homes the global economy will not become better anytime soon. The statistics that were reported in this article were shocking. It looks like the global economy is going downhill at this point.

Relation to Class: This article pertains to the multiplier effect. The multiplier effect can impact the global economy. The money multiplier is what caused the global economy to go into a depression. The money multiplier is defined as the quantity of money the bank makes with every dollar of reserves. Reserves are the quantity of deposits that the Federal Reserve needs banks to hold and not lend. (Learning outcome #6: The multiplier effect, recessionary and inflationary gaps and the application of the tools of fiscal policy.)

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multipliereffect.asp

Citation: Associated Press. “Global Economy Will Suffer Worst Year since Depression, IMF Projects.” Deseret News. Deseret News, April 14, 2020. https://www.deseret.com/u-s-world/2020/4/14/21220469/global-economy-coronavirus-imf-depression-international-monetary-fund-projection.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title:

Companies struggling to retain staff face tough choice: Slash 401(k) plans, cut salaries or furlough workers?

Link:
https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/companies-struggling-retain-staff-face-tough-choice-slash-401-k-n1181146

Summary: This article discusses how companies are have a difficult time keeping employees. Since companies are making no revenue they have to cut employees salaries and layoff employees temporarily. Lots of companies have already laid off employees. Currently, many companies are utilizing sequential decision-making where they take short-term actions but might take new actions later. In addition, companies are decreasing the amount of money employees can put in their 401k accounts. Numerous employees of different companies are devastated because their salaries have been reduced. Lots of employees of various companies do not know if they are going to have job in the next six months.

Reaction: I did not know that companies had to reduce the amount of money employees can place in their retirement accounts. Surely, cutting people's compensation is problematic. So many people have to look for jobs for in case they do not receive their original job back. It seems that reducing people's salaries is beneficial for the company itself but not for the employees working at that company. Now people may not be making enough money for their families which is a major conflict.

Relation to Class: This article relates to unemployment. As we already know the coronavirus is causing companies to layoff their employees to make more money for company operations. Companies have to layoff their employees and decrease how much they contribute to employees 401k plans. It is apparent that utilizing monetary policies and fiscal policies is not sufficient. Therefore, companies are resorting to firing employees, cutting salaries, and decreasing the funding provided for employees 401k accounts.
(Learning outcome #2: Unemployment, the major types of unemployment, and the concept of "full
employment" & Learning outcome #9: Monetary policy, the differences between Monetary and Fiscal Policy as well as fixed-rule versus discretionary macroeconomic policy.)

https://open.lib.umn.edu/macroeconomics/chapter/5-3-unemployment/

https://www.cfainstitute.org/en/membership/professional-development/refresher-readings/2020/monetary-fiscal-policy

Citation: Miranda, Leticia. “Companies Struggling to Retain Staff Face Tough Choice: Slash 401(k) Plans, Cut Salaries or Furlough Workers?” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, April 10, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/companies-struggling-retain-staff-face-tough-choice-slash-401-k-n1181146.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title:

Early coronavirus job losses hitting minorities, women, teens particularly hard

Link:
https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/04/economy/minority-job-losses-coronavirus/index.html

Summary: This article talks about how lots of minorities, teenagers, and women are unemployed. It is evident that some groups of people are more at risk of unemployment than other people. Since numerous people have become unemployed, people are beginning to apply for unemployment benefits to get compensated while not working. More minorities and teenagers are unemployed because the areas in which they usually work will be influenced by lockdown policies in the majority of the country. The unemployment rate for women is currently lower than the overall unemployment rate since women are adequately represented in the fields of education and nursing.

Reaction: I was aware that lots of people are already applying for unemployment benefits but did not know that more teenagers and minorities were unemployed. I was shocked to realize that women's unemployment rate is lower than the overall unemployment rate. The data that the Bureau of Labor Statistics has gathered is mind boggling. Also, I did not know that minorities and young workers are at a higher risk for unemployment. Lastly, I did not know that there is most likely going to be a reduction of jobs in the upcoming months.

Relation to Class: This article pertains to unemployment. The coronavirus pandemic has made many people unemployed. There have been lots of job cuts. Additionally, it is predicted that job cuts will continue in the following months. Currently, the United States is in a recession. (Learning outcome #2: Unemployment, the major types of unemployment, and the concept of "full employment.")

https://open.lib.umn.edu/macroeconomics/chapter/5-3-unemployment/

Citation: Isidore, Chris. “Early Coronavirus Job Losses Hitting Minorities, Women, Teens Particularly Hard.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 4, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/04/economy/minority-job-losses-coronavirus/index.html.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

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Title: U.S. set to lose title as top oil producer as demand plunges and gas drops below $1 per gallon

Link: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/energy/u-s-set-lose-title-top-oil-producer-demand-plunges-n1171981

Summary: This article discusses how decreasing gas prices will impact the production in oil. The United States production of oil is predicted to decline. Overall, this will damage the American oil industry. Oil prices below thirty dollars are not able to maintain oil production in some states in the United States. Private equity lenders do not want to invest extra funds in the oil industry. Since there is a decrease in the production of oil, the United States oil output will decrease as well as removing the United States from the top of the list of oil-producing nations. By the month of April, the price of gas per gallon could potentially decrease again from $1.99 to $1.49 in the United States.

Reaction: I was not cognizant of the oil production decreasing in the United States. I was surprised once I read this, since the United States generally has a lot of resources to utilize to recover from this cut in oil production. It makes sense that people do not have the desire to invest in the oil market since the price of a gallon of gasoline is decreasing. I did not know that the United States was on the list of the highest oil producing nations. I always thought that countries in the middle east were the countries that produced the most oil.

Relation to Class: This article relates to the components of supply-side economics, and the factors of consumption. The decrease in the price of a gallon of gas will impact oil consumption. Also the decrease in the price of a gallon of gas will directly effect how much oil there is to supply. Oil production companies do not know if they can keep up with decline in gas prices. Therefore they will be unclear about how much oil they need to supply. (Learning outcome #4: The determinants of consumption through the application of the consumption function & Learning outcome #10: The principle elements of supply-side economics.)

https://www.britannica.com/topic/consumption

https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/supply-side-economics/

Citation: White, Martha C. “U.S. Set to Lose Title as Top Oil Producer as Demand Plunges and Gas Drops below $1 per Gallon.” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, March 30, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/energy/u-s-set-lose-title-top-oil-producer-demand-plunges-n1171981.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: How America can fight back in the oil war with Russia and Saudi Arabia

Link: https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/business/oil-crash-saudi-arabia-russia-trump/index.html

Summary: This article talks about how America's oil market is fighting for domination against Russian and Saudi Arabian oil markets. Russia is deliberately lowering their oil prices to expedite oil production. Workers in Texas now have the possibility of losing their jobs. United States officials are already making an attempt to get Saudi Arabia to stop selling their oil at cheap prices and persuading the country to cut oil production instead. On the other hand, the United States had not tried to place any deterrents on Russia. This oil market situation between the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia has made the coronavirus outbreak in New York larger.

Reaction: I did not know that Russia and Saudi Arabia were both having an oil war. Also, I was not aware of the United States involvement in this war. This oil war can make the coronavirus outbreak worse in other countries. The coronavirus can propagate to more countries besides the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. Lastly, I did not know that the decrease in oil prices has lessened gas prices in at least twelve states.

Relation to Class: This article pertains to the idea of price stability. It is apparent that gas prices are already decreasing. The United States is telling Saudi Arabia which prices to sell their oil at. The article states that the Domestic Energy Producers Alliance is urging Trump to investigate Russia and Saudi Arabia for manipulating oil prices. People want Trump to place taxes on oil from Russia and Saudi Arabia. (Learning outcome #3: Inflation, price stability, real wages and purchasing power)

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/learn-about-price-stability-in-economics#what-is-the-quantitative-definition-of-price-stability

Citation: Egan, Matt. “How America Can Fight Back in the Oil War with Russia and Saudi Arabia.” CNN. Cable News Network, March 20, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/business/oil-crash-saudi-arabia-russia-trump/index.html.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Shelves are empty — when will they be restocked?
Link: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/shelves-are-empty-when-will-they-be-restocked-n1159126

Summary: This article discusses how companies have to adjust their store hours and how many products they are supplying since shelves are empty. Also, if employees of stores do not come to work the length of lines outsides stores can potentially increase. This now means that companies have to find a way to calm down their customers about the coronavirus outbreak. Apparently, it is difficult for companies to have specific products on stock for some time  since the products take time to ship to nearby stores. Due to the coronavirus outbreak, stores are currently limited to how much products they can buy from manufacturers.

Reaction: I was not aware of the adverse impact the coronavirus had on companies selling their products. This situation is both unfavorable for customers buying products and the companies providing the products to loyal customers. How stores are going to supply products on their shelves is now  questionable. Restrictions have to be put in place so that stores supply an appropriate amount of products on their shelves. I believe that chaos will be present since shelves are now empty.

Relation to Class: This article is related to the components of supply-side economics. It is clear that stores have the responsibility of supplying enough products on their shelves for customers to purchase. Also stores have to restock products on time so that customers are able to purchase the products they desire. The article states that "smaller stores have to pay more if they want to get resupplied sooner." Lastly, the rate at which products are restocked is dependent on customer behavior in addition to the quantity of inventory in each store's flow of supply. (Learning outcome #10: The principle elements of supply-side economics)

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/learn-about-supply-side-economics-history-policy-effects#how-does-supplyside-economics-work

Citation: Popken, Ben. “Shelves Are Empty -- but When Will They Be Restocked?” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, March 15, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/shelves-are-empty-when-will-they-be-restocked-n1159126.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: With global economy in balance, the White House and Fed are at odds over how to help
Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/08/with-global-economy-balance-white-house-fed-are-odds-over-how-help/

Summary: This article discusses how the coronavirus is a threat to the economy and how U.S. economic leaders are not sure of how to deal with this situation. The federal reserve and the white house disagree with how severely the economy is being affected by the coronavirus. The coronavirus has already caused tourism and stocks to fall. In addition supply chains in the economy are stalling. Trump believes that cutting interest rates is the first step to resolving this financial crisis. On the other hand, some federal officials think that increasing government spending and decreasing taxes is a more reasonable way to resolve this economic crisis.

Reaction: I was not cognizant of how unprepared Trump and the White house are for resolving economic crises in the United States. If that is truly the case, how can we trust Trump to lead our country in the correct direction. I believe that Trump has no right to accuse the federal reserve of not fulfilling their responsibility of raising stock prices and strengthening the economy when he himself is not a suitable president for our country. It is now clear that Trump's method of running this country is not working. This now gives the us some leeway and the opportunity to elect a new president for the years ahead.

Relation to Class: This article pertains to the concept of money creation. Also this article relates to monetary policy. The Federal reserve is making an attempt to strengthen the economy by brainstorming how to resolve the financial crisis that is occurring. Since the coronavirus is spreading the stock market has fallen. In addition, the oil market has declined. (Learning outcome #8: The concept of money, money creation and money markets & Learning outcome #9: Monetary policy, the differences between Monetary and Fiscal Policy as well as fixed-rule versus discretionary macroeconomic policy.)

https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-monetary-policy-objectives-types-and-tools-3305867

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/moneymarket.asp

Citation: Stein, Jeff, and Heather Long. “With Global Economy in Balance, the White House and Fed Are at Odds over How to Help.” The Washington Post. WP Company, March 8, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/08/with-global-economy-balance-white-house-fed-are-odds-over-how-help/.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Apple says coronavirus will keep it from meeting revenue expectations

Link: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/apple-says-coronavirus-will-keep-it-meeting-revenue-expectations-n1137801

Summary: This article talks about how the Apple company's revenue has decreased due to the coronavirus. Apple claims to be resuming work to regular conditions at a slower pace. Since the coronavirus is present the supply of iPhones will be constricted for a short period of time and all of the apple stores in China will be closed. Undoubtedly, the demand for apple products in China will be impacted. It is apparent that the apple stores that are already opened will be opened only at shortened hours.

Reaction: I was not aware of the detrimental impact the coronavirus had on the Apple company. The statistics about how the coronavirus has effected people is shocking. I did not know that Apple's manufacturing sites were located in China. I was not expecting the Apple company to prioritize the health of people before their products. Apple was generous enough to donate to groups that would assist with people who have coronavirus or had been affected.

Relation to Class: This article relates to the supply side of economics. In addition, the article is relevant to real wages. Apple's revenue and supply of products are both being affected. A decrease in revenue could make the Apple company not able to afford the necessary tools it needs for its company to become successful. Finally, the Apple company will not have enough products to sell abroad. (Learning outcome #3: Inflation, price stability, real wages and purchasing power & Learning outcome #10: The principle elements of supply-side economics.) Links: https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/SupplySideEconomics.html

https://www.eestipank.ee/en/monetary-policy/importance-price-stability

Citation: Helsel, Phil. “Apple Says Coronavirus Will Keep It from Meeting Revenue Expectations.” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, February 17, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/apple-says-coronavirus-will-keep-it-meeting-revenue-expectations-n1137801.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: U.S. trade deficit fell for first time in 6 years in 2019

Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-trade-deficit-fell-for-first-time-in-6-years-in-2019/2020/02/05/205e2416-4818-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html

Summary: My article explains how the United States trade deficit diminished for the first time in six years in 2019. Primarily, the Donald Trump "American First" agenda lessened the flow of goods last year. Trump disputed that cutting the trade deficit would improve yearly economic growth to three percent. Pope Francis made a visit to the International Monetary Fund chief and other finance ministers to assist with the debt difficulty of conflicting countries. The White House's trade war with China constrained the import bill. (An import bill is the total quantity of imports made by a country.)

Reaction: I was not cognizant of the decline of the trade deficit in 2019. It appears as if Trump is not improving this situation. The White House's trade war with China could potentially lead to a recession. An import bill will definitely impact how many goods or services will come in and out of the United States. Lastly I did not know that Pope Francis even played a role in this situation.

Relation to Class: This article relates to having a debt burden and supply-side economics. Imports have to do with supply-side economics. While a debt burden has to do with countries having a national debt. A decrease of imports could create a recession in a country. Also a debt burden can have a detrimental effect on a country's economy. (Learning outcome #7: The national debt, the "crowding-out" effect, and the real debt burden & Learning outcome #10: The principle elements of supply-side economics.) Links: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/debt-burden-ratios/

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/05/011805.asp

Citation: The Washington Post. “U.S. Trade Deficit Fell for First Time in 6 Years in 2019.” The Washington Post. WP Company, February 5, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-trade-deficit-fell-for-first-time-in-6-years-in-2019/2020/02/05/205e2416-4818-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Coronavirus hammers Chinese stocks as economic toll mounts

Link: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/coronavirus-hammers-chinese-stocks-economic-tolls-mounts-n1128981

Summary: My article discusses how the coronavirus has a negative impact on the global economy. The article states that the virus itself can potentially lower China's GDP's growth below six percent. China's economy will be the most affected by the coronavirus. China's estimated GDP growth in 2020 displays only 5.7 percent. Airlines that have reduced flights to China have already lost business. Energy stocks are crumpling which will lower demand and will effect the projected profit for financial companies. Decreased economic growth in 2020 will definitely reduce the demand for energy causing interest rates to lower. China is an extremely important assembly line for the global economy and the largest trading country in the world.

Reaction: I was not aware about the economic impact the coronavirus had on the world. I had only heard about flights to China being canceled. I was interested to find out that today China is the biggest trade center in the world. In addition, I was not cognizant of the fact that China has a more immediate effect on supply chains. Finally, I did not know that the coronavirus has effected more than 17,000 people.

Relation to Class: This article is relevant to the concept of GDP. This article is referring to nominal GDP which includes current prices. The supply and demand of the United States will be impacted. There will be lower productivity growth and a weak aggregate demand. A weak aggregate demand will eventually lead to a smaller demand of goods and services. Lower productivity growth will effect supply and prevent the economy from expanding. (Learning outcome #1: GDP, its components, and real, and nominal differences) Link: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp

Citation: White, Martha C. “Coronavirus Hammers Chinese Stocks as Economic Toll Mounts.” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, February 3, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/coronavirus-hammers-chinese-stocks-economic-tolls-mounts-n1128981.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Minute Media expects to churn out more than $100m in revenue and profits in 2020

Link: https://digiday.com/media/minute-media-expects-100m-revenue-profits-2020/

Summary: This article explains how Minute Media's most recent acquirement and marketing tactics will earn the company more than 100 million dollars in revenue and profits. Minute Media bought the company FanSided this Friday. Also Minute Media bought the company named Mental Floss in 2018, the company named The Big Lead in 2019, and the company named The Players Tribune last fall. Achieving cost-effective distribution for its titles across multiple markets has been a fundamental component of Minute Media's marketing strategy. Since Minute Media obtained the company FanSided the company Minute Media itself has the ability to reach fans of particular teams.

Reaction: Before reading this article I was not aware that Minute Media was a large company that had an efficient marketing strategy. It is quite interesting to see how sports media companies are able to contact specific players on sports teams themselves. I was extremely surprised to find this out. In addition, I was not cognizant of the fact that sports media companies need to make revenue from other sources besides video and online advertising. I was shocked to find out that the company Minute Media is a leading sports media company today.

Relation to Class: This article relates to the concept of revenue and money creation. The company Minute Media has different sources of revenue besides advertising such as licensing its technology to other companies. The article mentions that to make money you don't only need great content but you need great distribution. Minute Media does this by publishing their content in 13 different languages which as result obtains more viewers of their content. Minute Media's aim is to advertise their content when other competitors in their market are not advertising to gain more viewers.

Honesty Pledge:  I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii

# data[].attributes.body
Title: U.S. Manufacturing was in a mild recession during 2019, a sore spot for the economy
Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/01/17/us-manufacturing-was-mild-recession-during-2019-sore-spot-economy/

Summary: This article discusses how the United States fell into a recession in 2019. During this period the factory production in the United States lessened and 2019 was considered to be the worst year for manufacturing in the United States. Numerous manufacturers in the United States have stated that Donald Trump's trade war is the rationale for the decrease in their companies overall sales. In addition this article mentions other components outside of Trump's control that have hurt manufacturing in the United States. Lastly, this article explains how the manufacturing company named Boeing discontinued production of aircraft in 2019.

Reaction: This article was intriguing to me because I was unaware about how Donald Trump could have an adverse impact on the economy. Today, the media obviously does not portray Trump correctly which can potentially allow us to think that Trump is a qualified president. Trump has induced market prices to rise and the tariffs he has imposed on products have inflated costs for manufacturing corporations in the United States. Also I am quite surprised that oil prices have stayed low and that this has provoked the deduction of investment in oil research. I was definitely not expecting prominent foreign companies to be buying less equipment produced in the United States.

Relation to Class: This article pertains to the concept of inflation where the article alludes to products becoming more costly in world markets. Furthermore, the article explicitly claims that taxes have influenced the pricing of elements utilized to construct cars. The production of manufacturing companies has been declining since exports are being destroyed. It is apparent that consumer spending has the ability to strengthen the economy. In conclusion, some manufacturers have come to the realization that altering their supply chains can increase output.

Honesty Pledge: I have neither given nor obtained authorized aid in completing this assignment, nor have I presented someone else's work as my own. --Kimia Shajii