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Research the studies identified in each column, make sure that you explain how it shows inequality / advantage / disadvantage.
***SEE EXAMPLE OF HOW EACH STUDY SHOULD BE LAID OUT & EXPLAINED***
All points need to provide evidence for ethnic inequality, there should be NO evaluation points

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A report by the Sutton Trust found that high-achieving students from independent (private schools) were twice as likely to apply to either Oxford or Cambridge University than high-achieving students from state school. This shows evidence of social inequality because even though working class students may have the same predicted grades they are less likely to have the opportunity to attend prestigious universities which could impact on their future life chances in employment.

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OCR book 2 p.43

In 2002, Social Exclusion Unit reported many prisoners having been socially excluded and were more likely to have grown up in care, poverty and to have a family member convicted of an offence.
This shows social class inequality as it is more likely for a working class individual to be involved with crime because of their background and experiences in childhood (such as living in poverty), which have therefore made it harder for them to gain social mobility due to having no/ less economic/social or cultural capital.
Research showed that 67% of the prison population had been unemployed prior to imprisonment (with only 5% of the general population being unemployed). This is showing inequality, as being employed suggests it reduces the chances of becoming a criminal but lower classes may find it harder to get a job because of their social class background- (prison record, no qualifications, substance abuse may make holding down a job harder).

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OCR book 2 p.43

Sutherland found criminal statistics that show high crime levels in the lower socio-economic class. This is then proving social class inequality is dominant in areas such as crime as individuals who come from lower class, are statistically more likely to be a criminal than those who come from upper class backgrounds, simply due to their social class and position in society.

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OCR book 2 p.44

The British Crime survey showed that young households, lone parents and the unemployed are 2x likely to be burgled as the average household. Also, the unemployed are 2x as likely to be victims of violence as the average person.
This is showing significant inequality in relation to social class as individuals from a lower class are more likely to be victims of crimes possibly because they cannot afford to live in a secure area.

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OCR book 2 p.44
Young discussed the 'myth of the equal victim',  suggesting that certain groups are hit much harder when they become a victim of a crime than other groups.
This shows inequality as people with more money are likely to recover quicker from being a victim of a crime.

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OCR book 2 p.44
Kinsley found that the poor suffer more than the wealthy from the effects of crime. For example, if a victim of a burglary is uninsured they are going to suffer more than those who can afford insurance.
This shows inequality as people who cannot afford insurance are more likely to suffer economically than those who can.

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OCR book 2 p.53-54
Merton argues that there are clear, culturally defined goals in any social structure, and a defined way to achieve them. These are to regulate the behaviour of society's members.

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OCR book 2 p.56
Cloward and Ohlin see deviance as a reaction to problems in achieving the values of mainstream culture. The deviant is unable to achieve valued goals through legitimate means and so they commit crimes to be able to achieve.
This shows inequality as some people are unable to complete their valued goals as they are difficult to achieve due to things like being too expensive or having a lack of connections to people who can help them.

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OCR book 2 p.57
Miller argues that working class boys and middle class boys have different 'focal concerns' (values), which lead the working class boys to deviant behaviour. He said that the values of middle class boys include valuing freedom and excitement, being in trouble, being macho, and being streetwise. This can explain why levels of deviance are often higher amongst the working class. This shows inequalities between classes as there are actually many varieties of working class style and you can not generalise this argument to the whole of the working class.

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OCR book 2 p.58
Cohen argues that the argues that the range of deviant working class subcultures are an expression of contradictions within the parent culture. One example of this is the contradiction between traditional working class values and consumer culture. Some working class people embraced consumerism however others resisted it (for example mods embraced and skinheads resisted). Cohen identified a link between the rise of subcultures and the rise in levels of youth crime. Resistance is linked to territory and identity but can also be seen as an expression of protest against the class situation the youths are in.

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OCR book 2 p.44

Williams also found other factors which appeared more frequently in the prison population. These included- having run away from home, experiencing violence and or/ drug and alcohol misuse and having no qualifications etc.
This relates to social class inequality as people from the upper class would be able to afford to help their child when it comes to qualifications and school etc. It also proves that people from working class families cannot gain much social mobility and that they are stuck at the bottom of the hierarchy because of their lack of status, money, opportunities that they are not able to gain early on in life.

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OCR book 2 p.64
Gordon (Marxist) argues that the focus of public fear, and governmental control, is on ‘urban’ or ‘violent’ crimes, with little attention being given to white-collar crimes, despite the harm that they do. This shows that there is a inequality between classes when it comes to crime because the usual offenders of white collar crimes are middle aged business men, proving that those of higher status are favoured in the criminal justice system even when they are committing serious crimes.

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OCR book 2 p.60-61
Firstly Becker argued that deviancy is socially constructed. he also introduced the idea of the labelling theory where you are given a label based on stereotypes. Becker argued that the effects of the labelling process can be  significant. a deviant label for example, contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied, this can then  become their 'master status' which colours all other roles and statuses possessed by the individual. Others will respond to that person according to the label and blame any of their behaviour on the label. He also talks about the 'self-fulfilling prophecy' this is where one will internalise the label they are given and will then start to live up to the label they are given. once a deviant label is internalised it may be difficult for an individual to conduct other rules created by society such as holding down a job. this shows class inequalities as if the working class as a whole is labelled as deviant they will then go on to perform deviant behaviour in order to live up to that label .

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OCR book 2 p.64

As a Marxist, Chambliss suggests that capitalism influences the proletariat, who desire a lot without earning not nearly enough, to commit crimes so jobs can be created in the police force, who only enforce the law on the lower classes despite crime is located on every part of the class-system. This shows inequality as each part of the bourgeoisie play a part in keeping the working class down for their own benefit, to the dismay of those stuck at the bottom of the system.

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OCR book 2 p.69

As part of the "new right" view of criminality, Murray suggests some left-wing views and institutions help raise modern day criminals- for example welfare for the underclass, and the acceptance of children being raised without their father, result in teenagers lacking the drive to get a job and move up in society. This shows the inequality in society as, where most middle class+ children are raised with skills and actual help from companies and the government, working class children are giving benefits without the knowledge of what to use it on, or what they should do long term, leading to complacency and possible criminality.

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OCR book 2 p.74

Lea and Young define three traits that lead to crime: relative deprevation, where the gap between "haves" and "have-nots" is so wide it influences the lower classes to do anything in hopes of closing the gap; marginalisation is the definition of those on the edge of society, whom without any aims or close contacts may fall into a life of crime; finally subculture refers to groups who actively go against wider societies' norms and values l, including the law. These definitions intertwine, and together shows how societies mistreatment and scrutiny of certain people have resulted in areas of crime in the modern day.

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OCR book 2 p.76
Box argues that, whilst working class crime like shoplifting would be considered "theft", white-collar crimes by those higher in power are less focused on, it isn't a social construct though being more harmful to society. This shows inequality as middle class criminals can be protected, as they don't harm the most powerful in society, whereas those in the working class can be portrayed as "potential criminals" as a way to restrict them from moving up in society.