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- Social exchange theory views exchange as a social behavior that may result in both economic and social outcomes. Social exchange theory has been generally analyzed by comparing human interactions with the marketplace. -The study of the theory from the microeconomics perspective is attributed to Blau. Under his perspective every individual is trying to maximize his wins. Blau stated that once this concept is understood, it is possible to observe social exchanges everywhere, not only in market relations, but also in other social relations like friendship
-Social exchange process brings satisfaction when people receive fair returns for their expenditures. The major difference between social and economic exchange is the nature of the exchange between parties. Neoclassic economic theory views the actor as dealing not with another actor but with a market and environmental parameters, such as market price.
Humans are cold and calculating by nature.This is what the 'social exchange theory'says,and Buzzle explains this with some of its realworld.

As humans,we cherish our social relationship which are based on love, respect,and trust for each other.In fact, ever since the first prehistoric humans set foot on the Earth, there is ample evidence to prove that relationships were the driving force behind the development of society.But what if the reasons for such warm bonds were not entirely selfless? What if each of us has an innate desire to gain something from every relationship ? This question forms the premise for the social exchange theory .
Example : An employee who thinks his hard work is not being acknowledged in the office may switch jobs to one that is more rewarding,or where he gets the same benefits for lesser effort
Example 2 : A vegetable farmer and a dairy farmer can benefit if they enter into a relationship to exchange their goods

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-Family development theory is an approach to study families, which is useful in explaining patterned change, the dynamic nature of the family and how change occurs in the family life cycle. Families move over time through successive stages. Each stage has tasks critically important and somewhat unique to the stage.

-Family development theory focuses on the stress-induced changes that occur in families over time (White & Klein, 2008). Historically, family development theorists assumed that families move through deterministic, invariant numbers, types, and timing of stages over time consistent with ontogenetic stage theories of individual child development (e.g., Piaget's stages of cognitive development).
-the two basic concepts:-
a) the life cycle is which the family life cycle divides the family experiences into two stages over the life span and describes changes in family structure and roles during each stage.
b) development tasks are the growth responsibilities that arise at certain stages in the life of the family.

EXAMPLES

- In the first stage, the married couple establish home but do not have children. They establish a satisfying home and marriage relationship and preparing for childbirth.
- In the stage 2, the married couple started having their child. They provide a positive developmental environment and adjust to increase the family size.

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-Family development is defined as the period of time in which the structure and interactions of role relationships are noticeably distinct from other periods.-The general notion of a family life-cycle has a long history that dates back to 1777 (Mattessich and Hill 1987). A more conscious formulation known as family development theory began after World War II with work on family stress by Reuben Hill (1949) and a later textbook by Evelyn Duvall (1957).
-The first systematic statement of the approach characterized family development as proceeding through life-cycle stages.
-Family stages such as early marriage, families with young children, and the empty nest (Hill and Rodgers 1964).
-The family development approach to assist in descriptive and cross-cultural comparative analysis of family stages and the family life course.
-Example :
The difference between each gap of siblings between 10years and 3years
•In the first stage the elder sister or brother will always be carings and tolerate with younger sister or brother attitude and always willing to help
•In stage two they will get married and leave the house and the younger sister and brother will continue in their study therefore there is a gap in between each other
•In stage three they will have their own family and younger brother and sister will also start to work so both of them is getting busier in their own life.
•In stage four they become older and the younger brother and sister will start to keep in touch with their siblings.just like last time they take care of us and our relationship will become closer

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Family Development Theory

Family Development theory is an interdisciplinary approach of groping the family wholly. The development also consist of examining the family’s marriage life or family structures whereby it  Involves biological, social, and psychological perspectives of this development. Family development has the effort to explain and describe changes in family . this development are the order in which the events or stages are to be experienced. it makes a difference to the family when a child is born, when a couple marries, when someone retires, or when someone moves out of the house

Example :

1 ) The development of a family is bound to the surrounding of the family itself . As we can see the relantionship between parents and their children in America is different than family which have been developed in South east Asia .

2 ) In the first category , the married couple bought home but do not have children. They consequently set up a satisfying home and marriage relationship and preparing for childbirth .

3 ) Family consist of several positions that made up the family itself . Here are the basics  positions within the family are Father , Mother , husband , wife , daughter , sister , son and others .

Reference : FAMILY THEORIES - AN INTRODUCTION

By David M. Klein & James M. White

Sage Publication International Educational and Professional Publisher, Thousand Oaks,

London, New Delhi, 1996

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-A family is a system in which each member had a role to play and rules to respect.
-The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen
-Family system theory is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected emotionally.
-Each member of the system are expected to respond to each other in a certain way according to their role, which is determined by relationship agreements.
-Then,it is a human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit.

Example:
1.If the father have violent tendency and easy to get angry,he will influence his child have a same act and emotion
2.If a mother criticizes her son, and her husband says, "don't be so rude to the child".Then the child will continue to misbehave.
3.Some parents want their children to obey their arrangements, while others encourage their children to have their own timetable and follow it.
4.When parents are not family leaders,this results in children not following rules and violating boundaries that in turn affects parents' leadership.
5.The oldest child can remember a time when she or he was an only child and may even be able to recall the births of the other siblings. The youngest, on the other hand, cannot remember a time when there was not an older brother or sister.
6.Parents should not use their own models to shape children and support children to follow their own path. Parents should persevere and help children develop good habits.

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Conflict Theory

What is the `Conflict Theory’?
Conflict Theory is suggested by a person, named Karl Marx.  A wide range of social phenomena can use the conflict theory to explain . For example, the relationship between housing complex owner and a tenant as being based mainly on conflict instead of balance or harmony, even though there may be more harmony than conflict.

Marx’s conflict theory focused on the conflict between two primary classes. The bourgeoisie represents the members of society who hold the majority of the wealth and means. The proletariat includes those considered working class or poor. With the rise of capitalism, Marx theorized that the bourgeoisie, a minority within the population, would use their influence to oppress the proletariat, the majority class.

Conflict is that when the resources, status and power unevenly distributed among the group in society and the conflict become the engine for social change that cause the increase of the tension and conflict. Besides that, power also know as control material resources and accumulated wealth,control of politics and also the institution that build up the society and one's social status that relative to each other. As an example, the determined not just by class but by gender, race, sexuality, culture and religion among other things.

Conflict theory states that society functions so that each individual participant is strugging to maximize their benefits that were inevitably contributes to  social change. For example，political changes and revolutions. This theory is applied to explain conflict between social classes，in ideologies and proletariat versus bourgeoisie.

Besides that , the structural functionalism was criticized because of concentrated too much on the stability of societies, conflict theory has been criticized because tends to focus on conflict to the exclusion of recognizing stability. Most of the social  are definitely stable and will be gradually progressed over time .There is a changing abruptly would suggest in conflict theory.

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- Defined by Urie Bronfenbrenner.

- This also called development in context or human ecology theory that concerned with the many social and cultural contexts.

- Bronfenbrenner believed that a person’s development was affects by everything in their surrounding such as schools, temples, parents and more.

- Government management system, education system, politic system, and also the value system of the entire society.

-  5 different systems such as the microsystem, mesosystem , exosystem , macrosystem  and  ehronosystem.

MICROSYSTEM
- Involved in immediate environment.

- some involved places would be home , school , neighbourhood , or child care that a microsystem include family or caregivers.

- A child will affect by their parents or anything surroundings from them.

- For an example, my parent and I always take good and and share love for one another.

MESOSYSTEM
- Relationship between microsystems.

- where a person’s individual microsystem do not function, but they are assert influence upon one another.

- Example, Alex's parent agree with the method of teaching of Alex's teacher, Mr Kingsley, which affect Alex more prefer to attend Mr Kingsley's lesson instead of other teachers.

EXOSYSTEM
- Link between two settings : One is an immediate setting, another one is where the person doesn't play an active role.

- refers to a settings that does not function directly to the person but may affect them.

- Example, Benjamin's father was scolded by boss, affects his father easily get angry and lack from being patience to him.

MACROSYSTEM
- Larger cultural and social context.

-  this may be involved the social economic status of the family to the child.

- Example, Charlotte is born in a poor family and always face financial problems since he was very young, which affect her to study harder in order to get a good job and earn more money to support her family in the future.

CHRONOSYSTEM
The role of the time :
- when events occur in a person's life.

- larger sociohistorical context.

- demonstrates the influence of both change and constancy in the child’s environment.

- Example, Daisy's parent was divorce since she was still a child, which affect her lack of confidence to build up his own family when become an adult.

- Example, 21st century teenagers will have different opinions on spending money issues, family issues, religion issues and etc compared to their parents who born in 20th century.

*** For more detail, kindly check out those links stated below :

Picture :
https://www.google.com/search?q=ecological+theory&rlz=1C1CHBF_enMY778MY778&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD38f0_NDaAhUBsY8KHX-vC_cQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=662#imgrc=IqqMMAMKVxP7gM:

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV4E05BnoI8&t=220s

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Conflict TheoryFamiy has few member constitute to be a family. Member live in a house just have some conflict and this conflict can make members to konw each other, but if conflict too much it will be a sirious problem. And there had some example of conflict theory in family. 1.Financial Problem -Illegal loan -steal money from the other family’s member-Squandered 2.Communication Problem -Generation Gap-Disagreement -Temper Control 3.Over Manage-Access Control -Restricted Placed -control the behaviour of other 4.Unifair Treatment-Patriarchy -giving more attention to the children with excellent result-Giving more attention the youngest child5.Educating children in disagreement -pursuing perfection -Dictatorship & Democracy -older generation Disagree to let mother and father teaching 

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Conflict TheoryFamiy has few member constitute to be a family. Member live in a house just have some conflict and this conflict can make members to konw each other, but if conflict too much it will be a sirious problem. And there had some example of conflict theory in family. 1.Financial Problem -Illegal loan -steal money from the other family’s member-Squandered 2.Communication Problem -Generation Gap-Disagreement -Temper Control 3.Over Manage-Access Control -Restricted Placed -control the behaviour of other 4.Unifair Treatment-Patriarchy -giving more attention to the children with excellent result-Giving more attention the youngest child5.Educating children in disagreement -pursuing perfection -Dictatorship & Democracy -older generation Disagree to let mother and father teaching 

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MAIN POINTS

Founder,Sociologist George Homans

Success proposition, Stimulus proposition, Deprivation–satiation proposition

Social exchange theory can influence economic and social outcomes

Social exchange theory can control a relationship by costs and reward

Social exchange theory proved that relationships need to be maintained before aging

Social exchange theory can occur when there are emotional animals

To maximize benefits and minimize costs

EXAMPLES

Money n time

Wealth upper class make friends with their money, middle and lower people use time to maintain relationship. Social Exchange Theory occur.

Relatives n money

To maintain our relationship with relatives we need to buy their promoted items with our money. Social Exchange Theory occur.

Time n relationship

The club need to hit the target of member and club fees, but the students need the scores and spend time to participate in the club. Social Exchange Theory occur.

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Definition
-Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective

-This theory posits that human relationships are formed by the subjective of cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives.

-This theory has roots in economics,psychology and sociology

Relationship
The people who in relationship such as parent, friends，siblings are attracted to those who grant them rewards not just reward in money.

Example
- A girl having rewarding relationship with her boyfriend who pay a lot of attention to her and treat her well.

- People try to avoid risks, and aspire for any rewards that they want from another people through a relationships

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Family system theory is when something happen to the one of the family member, it will affect the emotions of other family members.
-Family is an emotional unit
-Families is the individuals that include the system of interconnected and interdependent between each others
-Each of the family member had to play their own role in a family
-Family system theory sees the family as a complete unit, as a system, and family members are the components of the system

Example of the family system theory:
-One of the family member passed away, daily life of the family will be affect because the family was immerse themself in the pain of losing family member
-Father or husband‘s income instability will let the other family members face the finance problems.When a family face this problem,it may changes the other family member‘s quality of life be worse
-When parents divorce，it will effect their children‘ physical and mental development and cause them fear to marriage.
-When children's academic performance not very good, the parent will quarrel and blame each other for not responsibility to the children education.This will let their children in a stress conditions and blame themself for not doing good so that cause their parent quarrel
-If a family member such as brother is facing problem depressive and cannot pull himself out of depression，the other members such as mother will worried her children and become emotional.