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the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

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A. What stages of early embryonic development are important for generating embryonic stem cells?Embryonic stem cells, as their name suggests, are derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body.

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A. What stages of early embryonic development are important for generating embryonic stem cells?Embryonic stem cells, as their name suggests, are derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body.

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1. a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

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cell structure

All animals and plants are made of cells. Animal and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Note that cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function.

We use microscopes to see very tiny structures such as cells.

Bacterial cell structure

Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant or animal cells. They were first seen under a microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676. As microscopes have improved, scientists have come to understand bacterial cell structure better.

Using electron microscopes we now know that bacteria have a cell wall. This is similar to a plant cell wall but is more flexible. Bacteria do not have a nucleus. They do have two types of DNA â€“ plasmid and chromosomal. The chromosomal DNA carries most of the genetic information. Plasmid DNA forms small loops and carries extra information. Some bacteria have a flagellum â€“ a whip like tail. This helps the bacteria to move itself along. When we talk about these flagellum tails in multiple bacteria, we call them flagella.

Structure of a salmonella bacterium cell

Structure of a bacteria cell

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Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient - and therefore require an input of energy from the cell. Sometimes dissolved molecules are at a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, but, because the organism needs these molecules, they still have to be absorbed. Carrier proteins pick up specific molecules and take them through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient - and therefore require an input of energy from the cell. Sometimes dissolved molecules are at a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, but, because the organism needs these molecules, they still have to be absorbed. Carrier proteins pick up specific molecules and take them through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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function of each sub-cellular structure in animal cells and plant cells

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function of each sub-cellular structure in animal cells and plant cells

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The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole.

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Stem cell research can potentially help treat a range of medical problems. It could lead humanity closer to better treatment and possibly cure a number of diseases:

Parkinson’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease

Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1)

Birth Defects

Spinal Cord Injuries

Replace or Repair Damaged Organs

Reduced Risk of Transplantation (You could possibly get a copy of your own heart in a heart-transplantation in the future

Stem cells may play a major role in cancer

Better treatment of these diseases could also give significant social benefits for individuals and economic gains for society

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ProsThe excitement about stem cell research is primarily due to the medical benefits in areas of regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array of diseases including different cancers, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer's, MS, Huntington's, Parkinson's and more.There is endless potential for scientists to learn about human growth and cell development from studying stem cells.Use of adult-derived stem cells, from blood, cord blood, skin and other tissues, known as IPSCs, has been demonstrated to be effective for treating different diseases in animal models. Umbilical-cord-derived stem cells (obtained from the cord blood) have also been isolated and utilized for various experimental treatments. Another option is the use of uniparental stem cells. Although these cells lines have some disadvantages or shortcomings compared to embryonic cell lines (they are shorter-lived), there is vast potential if enough money is invested in researching them further, and they are not technically considered individual living beings by pro-life advocates.AdvertisementAdvertisement  ConsThe use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs. For those who believe that life begins at conception, the blastocyst is a human life and to destroy it is unacceptable and immoral. This seems to be the only controversial issue standing in the way of stem cell research in North America.

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ProsThe excitement about stem cell research is primarily due to the medical benefits in areas of regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array of diseases including different cancers, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer's, MS, Huntington's, Parkinson's and more.There is endless potential for scientists to learn about human growth and cell development from studying stem cells.Use of adult-derived stem cells, from blood, cord blood, skin and other tissues, known as IPSCs, has been demonstrated to be effective for treating different diseases in animal models. Umbilical-cord-derived stem cells (obtained from the cord blood) have also been isolated and utilized for various experimental treatments. Another option is the use of uniparental stem cells. Although these cells lines have some disadvantages or shortcomings compared to embryonic cell lines (they are shorter-lived), there is vast potential if enough money is invested in researching them further, and they are not technically considered individual living beings by pro-life advocates.AdvertisementAdvertisement  ConsThe use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs. For those who believe that life begins at conception, the blastocyst is a human life and to destroy it is unacceptable and immoral. This seems to be the only controversial issue standing in the way of stem cell research in North America.

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The functions of the structures that make up cells

Cell structureDescriptionFunctionCell typeCell wall | Freely permeable layer surrounding cell membrane. The cell wall of plant cells is made from cellulose. This gives them a rigid structure. | Supports and strengthens cell | Plant cell, fungal cell or bacterial cell
Cell membrane | Selectively permeable double layer of lipid and protein molecules | Controls which substances can enter and leave the cell | All cell types
Cytoplasm | Fluid enclosed by the cell membrane, containing organelles and ribosomes  | Location of many chemical reactions | All cell types
Mitochondria | Rod-shaped structures found in cytoplasm | Location where aerobic respiration occurs and most of the cell's ATP is produced | Animal cell, plant cell or fungal cell
Chloroplasts | Disc-shaped structures found in cytoplasm | Location where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is produced | Plant cell
Vacuole | Compartment in cell containing solution of salts and sugars (cell sap) | Water storage and maintenance of turgor within the cell | Plant cell
Ribosomes | Small complexes found in cytoplasm | Location where amino acids are connected together to produce proteins  | All cell types
Plasmids | Small circular DNA molecules | Contains genes that help cell to function, eg genes for antibiotic resistance | Bacterial cell
Nucleus | Compartment in cell where DNA is stored as chromosomes  | Controls activities of cell | Animal cell, plant cell or fungal cell

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Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. ... The other type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation

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Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis),[2] and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. Both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor.

Prokaryotes (bacteria) undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.

For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[3] The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[4]

The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between generations.

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an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.

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The rate of diffusion is increased when: The distance is decreased. The surface area is increased. The concentration difference (concentration gradient) is increased.

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Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas occurs in the lungs. Diffusion of water, salts, and waste products occurs in the kidneys. Diffusion of calcium from food into cells occurs in the intestines.

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life you get me.

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Animal and plant cells

Nucleus | Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
Cytoplasm | Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
Cell membrane | Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria | Most energy is released by respiration here
Ribosomes | Protein synthesis happens Cell wall | Strengthens the cell
Chloroplasts | Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Permanent vacuole | Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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During the development of an embryo, most of the cells become specialised. They cannot later change to become a different type of cell.

But embryos contain a special type of cell called stem cells. These can grow into any type of cell found in the body. They are not specialised. Stem cells can be removed from human embryos that are a few days old, for example, from unused embryos left over from fertility treatment