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In 1963 in Birmingham Alabama, Martin Luther king was arrested along with one of his aides for ignoring a recent injunction against all demonstrations from a state court. On the day of his arrest, he received a copy of the Birmingham Post Herald of April 13, which carried a public letter from eight local clergymen claiming that the demonstrations were untimely and unwise. Although the recipient of the letter was not intended toward King himself, he still created his own response to the letter titled Letter From Birmingham Jail. King organized his letter in an efficient way in which he includes his reasoning behind taking part in the protests, encouragement for people to continue to take nonviolent action against racism, common questions and criticisms he had previously received along with his response, examples and statistics of the racial atrocities that took place in Birmingham, and a 4-step plan on how to campaign/protest in a nonviolent manner.

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Speaker:

Dr. King was an activist for the civil rights movement. He attended and lead many protests and demonstrations advocating for equality. He always protested peacefully. He wrote 5 books and 2500 speeches.

Occasion:

The letter was written from inside King’s jail cell, in response to critics from 8 local clergy men. The letter was written around the time where many people were peacefully protesting and voicing their resistance toward racism.

Audience:
He wrote the letter for the public rather than a specific person as a way to raise awareness of the unfair prosecution of people peacefully protesting and to encourage more people to peacefully stand up for their rights.
Purpose:
To defend the strategies of nonviolent resistance toward racism and to instill a feeling of moral responsibility to the general public.
Subject:
Addressing the issues of African American inequality and the encouragement of people to to peacefully fight for their "God-given" and constitutional rights.
Tone:
Dr.King uses a very passionate tone throughout the entire letter and also uses many religious references, giving the letter more power and importance to those of faith

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In the Puritan New England town of Salem, Massachusetts, many women were accused of partaking in witchcraft which led to an outbreak of fear and mass hysteria. The whole town of Salem was on a witch-hunt to try to find these women, many women were wrongly accused and punished due to the towns misjudgement.

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Speaker:
Arthur Miller, born in 1915, and attended the University of Michigan. He also lived through the Great Depression. His own court hearings inspired the writing of his play.
Occasion:
Took place during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692
Audience:
The Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts. Relatable to his experiences with the American Communist party.
Purpose:
Inspired by his court hearings. Written to warn against mass hysteria and to plead for freedom and tolerance.
Subject:
The Salem Witch Trials of 1692
Tone:
Accusatory, persistant, and defiant.

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A sermon by Jonathan Edwards geared toward sinners. Within the sermon he explains that God will hold them accountable for their actions and that their punishments will be very severe.

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The Martian is about an astronaut on a mission to mars with his a few other crew members. He gets lost and injured in a sandstorm in which he is presumed dead to his fellow crewmates leading them to abandon him alone on mars. The book covers his struggle of survival and how he deals with loneliness until he and the people on earth can come up with a successful rescue plan.

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In the poem, the speaker is wondering about what he’s going to miss most about his life when he dies. He wonders if it will be the flowers, trees, birds, or streams but he concludes that it will be his city of Manhattan. He will mostly miss the sights, sounds, and smell of Manhattan which makes him not want to die.

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Speaker:
Jonathan Edwards, who was a religious thinker and preacher as well as the leader of the Great Awakening for the Puritans. He became a church pastor at age 26 with the belief that religion should be rooted in emotion rather than reason.
Occasion:
Written on July 8, 1741 in Enfield Connecticut during the great awakening.
Audience:
Sermon given to Edwards' church community. However, the message behind the sermon was geared toward disbelievers/sinners.
Purpose:
To spiritually enlighten people by frightening them out of sinning.
Subject:
The evil of mankind and that they will be damned to Hell if they dont confess their sins and connect to God.
Tone:
Very harsh, threatening, and dramatic. The sermon also contains gory explanations and imagery of punishment.

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Speaker:
The book was written by Andy Weir but the story is told in the perspective of Mark Wateny, an astronaut from NASA. Andy Weir attended the University of California, San Diego. Although he did not acquire a degree in science, he refers to himself as a "science nerd".
Occasion:
The setting of the book mainly took place on mars, where Wateny and his crew were sent on their mission.
Audience:
Anyone interested in science because the text is heavily science based.
Purpose:
To write a novel that appeals to people of different ages and interests such as earth science, physics, humor, drama, and suspense.
Subject:
Survival on a different planet with very limited resources.
Tone:
Humorous, sarcastic, and suspenseful.

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Speaker:
The poem was written by Weldon Johnson. Johnson was born in Jacksonville Florida and attended the University of Atlanta. He was a lawyer, songwriter, teacher, and activist.
Occasion:
Weldon Johnson wrote this piece of poetry close to his time of death while he was very ill.
Audience:
Anyone who loves poetry and can connect with the city of Manhattan or the idea of losing something/someone you love.
Purpose:
Intended to express his emotion of what he will miss most once he passes away, this being the city of Manhattan.
Subject:
Bidding farewell to his home and informing thw world of its beauty.
Tone:
Sad and beautiful. Contains lots of imagery as well.

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"Letter From Birmingham Jail" expresses why some Americans write because not only was it just a letter, but it was seen as a political platform for the public to be inspired by and to bring forth social change.

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"The Crucible" is an example of why Americans write becuase it is one of the many exapmples of a story with a deeper underlying message. In this case, the Crucible offers an interesting story as well as historical reference to the Salem Witch Trials of 1692

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"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is a prime example of the religious motives for why Americans write because it allows for the author to express their religious beliefs, no matter how controvercial or harsh, to a large group of people.

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"The Martian" is an example of one of the more common reasons as to why Americans write because it's an example of the author writing a piece of fiction based on their personal interests or experiences.

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"My City" portrays why Americans write in an emotional point of view becuase here, the author is able to connect to the reader by sharing his emotions and sadness toward a particular issue.