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location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region or relative location

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Place is the physical and human characteristics of a location. Physical characteristics include things such as mountains, rivers, and beaches. Human characteristics include things such as political institutions, culture, housing. A region is an area of land that has common features. Language, government, or religion can define a region, as can forests, wildlife, or climate. Regions, large or small, are the basic units of geography

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map, cartographer; a person who makes maps,projection. the system used to transfer locations from earth's surface to a flat map, GIS. (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System)

compass rose, map legend ,map scale

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Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another. ... The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions, and nationalities has only increased with advanced communication, transportation, and technology.

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Human Geography. This is a main branch in geography and it mainly covers studies of the human race. Physical Geography the study of the features and nature of the earth's solid surface and oceans, atmosphere and climate, distribution of plant and animal life, etc. Cartography involves the creation of maps

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The focal point of an idea, belief, or innovation.

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A relative location is the position of something relative to another landmark. An absolute location describes a fixed position that never changes, regardless of your current location. It is identified by specific coordinates, such as latitude and longitude

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Latitude is an angle which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.

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a grid system has been set up. It pinpoints location by using two coördinates: latitude and longitude.

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Culture consists of the values, norms, and beliefs of our society. Culture is made up of both material and nonmaterial parts. Material culture is made up of physical things such as buildings and cars. ... The seven components of nonmaterial culture are gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, and mores

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Developed vs. Developing Nation vs. Newly Industrialize 

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Developed vs. Developing Nation vs. Newly Industrialize 

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The second economic category is developing nations, which is a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialized and have lower per capita income levels. Developing nations can be divided further into moderately developed or less developed countries

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the push-pull factors are those that drive people away from a place and draw people to a new location. Oftentimes, a combination of these push-pull factors is what help determine migration or immigration of particular populations from one land to another.

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lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere

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It takes Earth 24 hours, or 1 day, to make a complete rotation on its axis. • It takes Earth 365 days, or 1 year, to make a complete revolution around the sun

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Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.

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La Niña is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean.

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Light rays that hit the earth at an angle are known as indirect rays (green area). Areas of the Earth that are hit by direct rays are warmer than areas that are hit by indirect rays. The equator (yellow) is always hit by direct rays of the sun.

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The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum).

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An ecosystem is the interaction of living and nonliving things in an environment. A biome is a specific geographic area notable for the species living there. A biome can be made up of many ecosystems. For example, an aquatic biome can contain ecosystems such as coral reefs and kelp forests.

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A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. ... Thus at divergent boundaries, oceanic crust, made of basalt, is created. When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary.

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Weathering is the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface.

Erosion is the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock or soil.
Deposition is the process in which sediment is laid down in new locations

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The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate movements.

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The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and continental plates come together, spread apart, and interact at boundaries all over the planet

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A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes.

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Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle. Regions where this process occurs are known as subduction zones

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A nonrenewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their formation takes billions of years.

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Adaptation is how animals, humans, plants, other change to fit their environment. Modify ; making changes to environment

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To develop a sustainable future you need to think about meeting today's needs and protecting the environment and resources for the future. To develop sustainably means: "Understanding how to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs."

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Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity), hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme temperatures, drought and wildfires),

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A seismograph is any instrument that measures motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. While, the Richter scale is a scale, ranging from 1 to 10, for indicating the intensity of an earthquake

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Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population. Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity.

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Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.

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A population pyramid, also called an "age-sex pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing

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Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area, usually a country. ... The standard of living is closely related to quality of life.

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Cottage Industry vs. Commercial Industry

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Cottage Industry vs. Commercial Industry

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While both produce items for consumption, commercial and cottage industries are two primary types of industries that are essentially the opposite of one another. Commercial industries are usually factory-based and employ many workers. Unlike commercial industries, which tend to be large in scale, cottage industries tend to be small in scale. Cottage industries are often based out of a single home, and they may have only one or two employees.

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Raw Materials (Primary Sector)

Manufacturing and Industry (Secondary Sector)

Service Sector (Tertiary Sector)

Knowledge Sector (Quarternary Sector)

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the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

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immigrating is the act of entering a foreign country to lie.
emigrating is the act of leaving a country to live in another.

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Rural areas are the least populated areas.
Suburban areas have a larger population than rural areas
urban areas have a larger population than both. These three living areas are very different from one another and are a great way to explain a geographic city or town you are unfamiliar with

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The Homestead Act was a law passed by Congress in 1862 that granted 160 acres of federal land to any U.S. citizen. An individual was given ownership of the land for free if that person lived on the land for five years and improved the land by building a home and producing a crop

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a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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A census counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region. It records information about the population's characteristics, such as age, sex, and occupation

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Dust Bowl, a section of the Great Plains of the United States that extended over southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, and northeastern New Mexico. The term Dust Bowl was suggested by conditions that struck the region in the early 1930s.

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The failure mechanism for the Industrial Canal (east side south and west side) was overtopping of levees and floodwalls by the storm surge. The primary mechanism of failure for levees protecting eastern New Orleans was the existence of sand in 10% of places instead of thick Louisiana clay

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A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah.

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Ellis Island Vs. Angel Island. The immigrants at Ellis Island were treated more equally than those at Angel Island. ... Immigrants at Angel Island were not treated fairly. They were detained for long periods of time in filthy living conditions.

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potato famine, Irish. A famine in Ireland in the nineteenth century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in the 1840s. Many in Ireland starved, and many emigrated. More than a million Irish came to the United States during the famine

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The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960's, 70's, and 80's, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

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an act of forgiveness for past offenses, especially to a class of persons as a whole. a forgetting or overlooking of any past offense.

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an ethnic group possessing unique linguistic, religious, and other cultural traits, located in Louisiana and surrounding areas with historical roots in Canada

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A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. creole. a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages. lingua franca. a common language used by speakers of different languages

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When you bring a herd of cattle from one place to another

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a basket or similar container for bread or rolls. an agricultural area that provides large amounts of food, especially grain, to other areas

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a blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs manual labor. ... Blue-collar work often involves something being physically built or maintained.

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A bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two nations promoting trade and investment. The two countries will reduce or eliminate tariffs, import quotas, export restraints, and other trade barriers to encourage trade and investment

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.

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A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 49 such countries, including five partially recognised states.

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The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America. It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator, and extends 500–1,000 km (310–620 mi) offshore.

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.Elongated state. A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.

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Vertical climate refers to the pattern of weather in a region whose growth patterns are primarily affected by elevation. In vertical climate zones, the climate becomes colder as the elevation increases.

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a member of a group of peoples native to southern Mexico and Central America, including the Aztecs.
a member of an American Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.

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The Maya, Inca, and Aztecs built great civilizations in Mexico and in Central and South America between 1,800 and 500 years ago. The first of these was the Maya civilization. About 2,800 years ago, people known as the Maya lived in farming villages on the Yucatan Peninsula and the highlands to the south. The three most dominant and advanced civilizations that developed in the Americas prior to the arrival of the Europeans

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This figure includes mulatto and other multiracial people, such as people who have European and Amerindian ancestry (called caboclos), as well as assimilated, westernized Amerindians, and mestizos with some Asian ancestry. A majority of mixed-race Brazilians have all three ancestries: Amerindian, European, and African.

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A hacienda (UK: /ˌhæsiˈɛndə/ or US: /ˌhɑːsiˈɛndə/; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda]), in the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate, similar in form to a Roman villa. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. ... The term hacienda is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size

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Maquiladora, byname maquila, manufacturing plant that imports and assembles duty-free components for export. ... Maquiladoras originated in Mexico in the 1960s, with many of the plants located in the border towns of northern Mexico.

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Land reform in Mexico. Before the 1910 Mexican Revolution that overthrew Porfirio Díaz, most of the land was owned by a single elite ruling class. Legally there was no slavery or serfdom; however, those with heavy debts, native wage workers, or peasants, were essentially debt-slaves to the landowners.

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The National Action Party  founded in 1939, is a conservative political party in Mexico, one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since the 1980s, it has been an important political party winning local, state, and national elections. The Institutional Revolutionary Party  is a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held power uninterrupted in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party

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Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire from the middle of the 1300s to the early 1500s. Mexico City was built upon some of the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

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The fundamental differences between left-wing and right-wing ideologies center around the the rights of individuals vs. the power of the government. Left-wing beliefs are liberal in that they believe society is best served with an expanded role for the government. People on the right believe that the best outcome for society is achieved when individual rights and civil liberties are paramount and the role — and especially the power — of the government is minimized

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Machu Picchu. An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco, Peru. Its extensive ruins and elaborate terraces became famous after an American explorer published a description of them in 1911.

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a native cowboy of the South American pampas, usually of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry. gauchos. Also called gaucho pants. wide, calf-length trousers for men or women modeled after the trousers worn by South American gauchos

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Tango is a partner dance which originated in the 1880s along the River Plate (Río de Plata), the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay. It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries, where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations

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Treaty of Tordesillas. Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers

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The Favela, also spelled as Favella, is the name given to the slums or shantytowns in and around the large cities of Brazil. There are many favelasexisting around the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo

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The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is a festival held every year before Lent and considered the biggest carnival in the world with two million people per day on the streets. The first festivals of Rio date back to 1723. It is celebrated in honour of the gods and to respect the great waters

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A martial art of Brazilian origin that is based around a rhythmic, dancelike movement. a system of physical discipline and movement originating among Brazilian slaves, treated as a martial art and dance form

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Samba is a lively, rhythmical dance of Afro-Brazilian origin in 2/4(2 by 4) time danced to Samba music whose origins include the Maxixe. Samba is a dance to black/African people in Brazil who brought much of their music and dance culture into Latin America with them upon arrival into many Latin American countries.

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North Atlantic Drift in British. or North Atlantic Current. the warm ocean current flowing northeast, under the influence of prevailing winds, from the Gulf of Mexico towards NW Europe and warming its climate. . Also called: Gulf Stream.

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of, relating to, or being the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Russia headed by the Patriarch of Moscow and using an Old Church Slavonic liturgy or one of its autonomous 20th century branches chiefly outside Russia

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The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union
Which groups where involve?

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The highest social group in the Latin America social hierarchy was of Peninsulares. These were people who were born in Spain not in Latin America. They were considered of true blood. ... These people enjoyed top most power, rights, authority and economic favors in the society. Lowest social class, they had no rights. And were often treated poorly and used as a labor source by the plantaions owning creoles

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junta - complete military control, generals in control, no freedom
caudillo - military control with choices, elected leader/dictator

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Petróleos Mexicanos, which translates to Mexican Petroleum, but is trademarked and better known as Pemex (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpemeks]), is the Mexican state-owned petroleum company, created in 1938 by nationalization or expropriation of all private, foreign, and domestic oil companies at that time.

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The FARC's biggest fear: Colombia's paramilitary groups. ... However, one of the things threatening this possibility is a phenomenon older than the guerrillas: Paramilitary forces. According to the FARC, their demobilization is unfeasible unless these right-wing paramilitaryforces are also dismantled

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a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, as in Norway and Iceland, typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley.

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A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes that form an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices. ... Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike

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The major branches of Christianity are Catholic (Roman and 23 other churches in union with Rome), Orthodox (Eastern and Oriental), Anglican and Protestant

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The legacy of Ancient Rome is still felt today in western culture in areas such as government, law, language, architecture, engineering, and religion. Many modern-day governments are modeled after the Roman Republic

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The Ancient Greeks may have lived over 2000 years ago, but they left a lasting legacy that still affects Western culture and way of life. During the height of the Greek civilization, Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean. It was then imitated by the Ancient Romans.

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Russian.

German

French

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Britain led the way in this transformation. By the 1780s, the British Industrial Revolution, which had been developing for several decades, began to further accelerate. Manufacturing, business, and the number of wage laborers skyrocketed, starting a trend that would continue into the first half of the 19th century

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The Agricultural Revolution got its start in Great Britain in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe and America by the 19th century. This was a period of significant agricultural development marked by new farming techniques and inventions that led to a massive increase in food production

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The Iron Curtain is a term that received prominence after Winston Churchill’s speech in which he said that an “iron curtain has descended” across Europe. He was referring to the boundary line that divided Europe in two different political areas: Western Europe had political freedom, while Eastern Europe was under communist Soviet rule. The term also symbolized the way in which the Soviet Union blocked its territories from open contact with the West

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The term satellite nation was first used to describe certain nations in the Cold War. These were nations that were aligned with, but also under the influence and pressure of, the Soviet Union. The satellite nations of the Cold War were Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany

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plural noun. the countries in the Balkan Peninsula: Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, and the European part of Turkey

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NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact. A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union

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The belief in building up a strong armed forces to prepare your country for war.

Alliance System

Countries agreed to support one another in case of an attack. 2 alliances would emerge: Triple Entente (good) and Triple Alliance (bad).

Imperialism

Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia all scrambles for colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Each nation wanted new trade markets and the raw materials of these new regions.
Nationalism

Pride or devotion to one's country. Nationalism encouraged unity, and also would put nation against nation.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand. This was the IMMEDIATE cause of World War 1.

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an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce