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This law banned discrimination in housing.

It led to the banning of segregation in education, transportation, and employment.

It helped African Americans gain their full voting rights.

During the late 1960s, federal officials began to promote
affirmative action, which involved making special efforts to
hire or enroll minorities.

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It is a law that increased the number of immigrants allowed to settle in the United States.

It discriminated against southern and eastern Europeans and barred Asians completely

It opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality.

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President Kennedy’s civil rights bill outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender.

It gave the government more power to push for school desegregation.

On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 blacks and whites marched into the
nation’s capital and they demanded the immediate passage of the bill.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke to the crowd and delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

Kennedy’s Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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It is a law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training.

What?

- the Job Corps Youth Training Program
- Volunteers in Service to America
- Project Head Start (an education program for underprivileged preschoolers )
- the Community Action Program (encouraged poor people to participate in public-works programs)

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Protesters who rode buses with the goal of integrating buses and bus stations.

In 1961, a bus of Freedom Riders was attacked in Anniston, Alabama,
where a white mob burned the bus.

The federal government took stronger action.

The Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in all travel facilities

President Kennedy sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect the freedom riders. T

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Castro gained power with the promise of democracy.

On January 3, 1961, President Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba because of a revolutionary leader named Fidel Castro.

Castro openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

The United States was suspicious of Castro’s intentions but nevertheless recognized the new government.

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-  McCarthyism: The irrational accusation of people's disloyalty of nation without any evidences.
-  Joseph McCarthy claimed that infiltration of Communism took place in the country and claimed democrat's treason of leading to infiltration of Communism.
- Many innocent Americans became the victims of McCarthy's targets.

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- Korean War was started in June 1950, when North Korea  by invading South Korea. Truman ordered air and naval support for South Korea since he afraided the spread of Communism. Chinese army joint the war thereafter
- The Korean War went to a cease- fire in June 1951. At the 38th parallel, both sides set a demilitarized zone. An armistice was signed in July 1953. Korea continued to be divided into communist North Korea and non-Communist South Korea.

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For Soviet Union: Communist governments were set in European nations occupied by Soviet armies. They were dominated by the Soviet Union
For America:
-  Marshall Plan was established to rebuild the Western nation in order to stop the spread of Communism.
- Establish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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Post war problem:
-  Strikes: steel-workers’ strike in 1946 was followed by a coal miners’ strike. What's more, the railroad unions also threatened to bann all the national rail traffics.
-  Inflation, shortage, racial discrimminations
Responses:
- The fair deal: An act that increased the level of the minimum wage, extended the Social Security and gave cities financial ai.

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World War II- Pacific battlefields --1945

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World War II- Pacific battlefields --1945

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- Americans won the Battle of Midway, which was a turning point which favoured the allied in the Pacific War. The Allies began “island hopping” and got closer to Japan after the war.
-  One atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Then America casted the second bomb on Nagasaki, killing 200,000 people. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. The war was officially over.

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World War II- European battlefields -- 1944

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World War II- European battlefields -- 1944

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- Under the command of Dwight Eisenhower, the Allied opperated the largest land-and sea invasion on D- day- June 6, 1944. The armies crossed the English Channel and landed on Normandy of France.
- After extremely fierce  battles, the Allied had liberated France and other European nations. The armies even entered Germany itself.
- On May 8, 1945, Nazi Germany unconditional surrendered the Allied. That day was known as V-E Day—Victory in Europe Day.

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- According to the Neutrality Acts, America could not enter the world war. Roosvelt initiated the cash-and-carry provision and Lend-Lease Act to gave American arm to Britain and France
- On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, where American main navel base located. It brought America into the World War on the next day

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- Roosvelt planned the New Deal to deal with the Great Depression.
- 3 goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reformation.
Laws of the New Deal:
- Glass-Steagall Act,  Federal Securities Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
- These laws created insurance for bank deposits, regulate stock information, aid farmers, increase employment and help industry

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- People built the shantytown, a neighborhood where people lived in shacks
- Soup kitchen served free food to the needy ones. People waited for free food formed the bread line.
- Government gave direct relief (money or food) to the poor people

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- The Black Tuesday occurerd on October 29, 1929. The market had “crashed”, initiated the Great Depression.The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1940
Results:
- Millions of Americans were unemployed
- Many people extracted their money out of banks.
- Banks were forced to close, making other depositors lost the bank savings
- Businesses began to close and bankrupt.
- Salaries of workers decreased and work hours were reduced
The Depression spreaded around the world since Americans were unable to purchase foreign goods.

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The roaring 20th- the alternation of life -- 1920

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The roaring 20th- the alternation of life -- 1920

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- Flapper,  the young woman who embraced the new fashions and values, appeared. Many women had gone out to work during WWI
- The education of students boomed
-  Americans had more money and free time than ever before and they spent more money of sport events
- Harlem Renaissance, the literary and artistic movement of African-American, aroused.

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The roaring twenties- Fear and isolation  -- 1920

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The roaring twenties- Fear and isolation  -- 1920

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After WWI, a wave of nativism (suspision of foregin people) and isolationism swept over the nation.  The commuism was another great fear of American people. Since the Soviet Union established the world's first communist regime, it called for the spread of commmunism across the world. American government started arresting communists, socialists, and anarchists of the nation.
The navism led the results:
- America set the quota system that limit the population of immigrants influx into the United States annually.
- Ku Klux Klan revived by using violence to oppose blacks, Jews, Roman Catholics, immigrants, and union leaders.

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The leaders of the Allies and the Central Powers met at the Palace of Versailles in France and they signed the Treaty of Versailles.

Effects

1. establishing nine new nations
2. shifting the boundaries of other nations
3.  create colonies in the Middle East for Great Britain and France.

It forced Germany to pay reparations, or war damages, to the
winners.

The treaty contained a war-guilt clause

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President Wilson presented his plan for world peace to Congress

The plan was called his Fourteen Points.

The fourteenth point called for a League of Nations which is an international
organization would address problems between countries before they led to war.

Wilson met with leaders of France and Great Britain to discuss the terms
of peace.

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Cause: World War I

What: It was the movement of thousands of African Americans from the South to cities of the North.

Why:  They wanted to escape racial discrimination.

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Espionage and Sedition Acts -- 1917-1918

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Espionage and Sedition Acts -- 1917-1918

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The purpose of it is to  to punish people who did not support the war effort.

People could not interfere with the draft or obstruct the

sale of war bonds.

They could not even speak against the war effort.

The laws violated the spirit of the First Amendment, which guarantees
freedom of speech.

Targets : socialists and union leaders.

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Causes: The United States first needed to build up its armed forces. When war was declared, only about 200,000 men were in service. To solve this problem, Congress passed the Selective Service Act.
It required men to register with the government so that some of them could be
selected for military service.

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World War I  -- from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918

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World War I  -- from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918

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Four main factors led to the outbreak of World War I in Europe.

-nationalism (lead competition)
-imperialism (lead conflicts)
-militarism
-the alliance system

Germany began by invading Belgium. It planned to overrun France and then to
attack Russia. The British and French could not save Belgium. They did,
however, manage to stop Germany’s advance.

Between the two lines lay “no man’s land.” The soldiers would climb out of their trenches and try to overrun enemy lines.

In the United States, public opinion about the war was strong but divided.

Americans tended to sympathize with Great Britain and France.

Three incidents brought the United States into the war.

1. In January 1917, Germany announced it would sink all ships in British waters on sight whether they were hostile or neutral.
2. British agents intercepted the Zimmermann note, a telegram that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States
3. The replacement of the Russian monarchy with a representative government allowed Americans to characterize the war as a struggle ofdemocracies against brutal monarchies.

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In 1896, Spain sent an army to Cuba to restore order.

Many Americans wanted the United States to help the rebels
against Spain.

Two events made Americans very angry at Spain

--Although some Americans agreed that the president was weak, they did not want to hear this criticism from a Spanish official.
-- On February 15, 1898, the ship sank and a lot of crew on board died.
newspapers blamed Spain. Americans cried for war.

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progressive movement -- early 20th century

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progressive movement -- early 20th century

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It is a social reform movement in the early 20th century.

Four major goals: (1) to protect social welfare, (2) to promote moral improvement, (3) to create economic reform, and (4) to foster
efficiency.

Due to the progressive movement,  city governments were sometimes
corrupt.

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Expanding Public Education -- late 1800s

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Expanding Public Education -- late 1800s

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Background: Most children in the United States received little education. Many children did not even attend school.

By 1900, almost three-quarters of American children between those ages attended school.

Schools taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.

In 1878, there were 800 high schools in the United States. By 1898, that number had grown to 5,500.

The high-school curriculum also expanded, which included courses in science, civics, home economics, history, and literature.

The growth of public education mainly affected the nation’s white communities.

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Science makes life turn in the 20th Century 

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Science makes life turn in the 20th Century 

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Technology improved the field of communications

There is a advance in printing which is helpful at that era. American mills began to produce huge amounts of cheap paper from wood pulp. Thus, there came as a lot of newspaper, books, flyers and magazines. Those can truly improve the communication.

Two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, built the first airplane and it successfully flew in 1903

In 1888, George Eastman invented his Kodak camera. It provided all the U.S citizens a easier way to take photos. Also, the camera changed news
reporting.

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About 20 million Europeans immigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920.

Some immigrants came to escape religious persecution.

Others were too poor and  they are looking forwards to looking to improve their economic situation.

About 200,000 Chinese immigrants came between 1851 to 1883.

In 1898, several thousand Japanese, immigrants came to the United States(Hawaii).

About a million Mexicans arrived between 1910 to 1930 to
escape turmoil in their country.

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During the late 1800s, many cities were run by political machines directed by a city boss. Many bosses became corrupt after gaining power. They adopted graft, the illegal use of political influence for personal gain, to become rich . For instance, they would use illegal ways to win the elction.
Government suffered from patronage, which was the giving of government jobs to the ones who helped a candidate get elected. In an effort to cope with the problem, the Pendleton Civil Service Act was enacted to implement merit system in civil service.

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A New Industiral Age 2- the age of railroad 

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A New Industiral Age 2- the age of railroad 

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The age of railroad arrived when transcontinental railroad was built to cross the entire country. The railroads made people easier to travel in long distances, boomed many industries (e. g. iron, steel and coals industry), increased national trade and  made many communities to grow and prosper.
The corruption of indiviudals was another result of this era. "Crédit Mobilier scandal" was the most celebrated case. The Credit Mobilier involved in the steal of the railroad money. Government taken many measures to combat corruption. It passed the Interstate Commerce Act to gain control over the railroads. The railroad companies, however, continued to resist all government intervention. An economical depression then struck the country.

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The advancement of technology after Civil War had greatly changed the nation.
Boom of inventions:
-  Edwin L. Drake invented the Steam engine, which was used to drill for oil/
-  Bessemer process was designed to cast steel from iron
- Thomas Edison invented the light bulb
- Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter
- Alexander Bell invented the telephone

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The radical republicans took over the government after the civil war. They were dedicated to help the Negros to gain the right. Despite the veto of Andrew Johnson, the fourteenth Amendment was passed by the congress to give African Americans citizenship, The Fifteenth Amendment was also passed to Bann states from denying African Americans the right to vote. After the panic of 1873, the nation undegoed an economical depression. This led the soverign to be transferred to Democrats from Republicans. Democrats restricted the right of Negros, leading to the failure of the Reconstruction.

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- American settlers began to move westward to the Great Plain. Settlers lived with Native Americans and the clash among lands and resources aroused between them.
-  The government implemented some acts to promote the migration to the great plain. The settlers of the Great Plain increased in response to the Homestead Act of 1862. Under this law, the government offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who would farm it for five years.

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The Civil War lasted from 1861-1865, occured throughout the presidency of Lincoln and ended with the triumph of Northern Union. The human cost of the war was imaginable-- More than 600,000 soldiers died and more than 500,000 were wounded. Nearly 10 percent of the nation’s population served in the warefare.
The Civil War was a national tragedy, and its legacy was perpectual:
1. The 13th amendment--It abolished slavery everywhere
2. The economic gap between North and South was widened. The North boomed its economy due to the production and transaction of various goods. The Southern economy collapsed, which was due to the abolish of slavery.
3. The National Bank Act was passed in 1863, which created a new national banking system.

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After "the compromise of 1850", the South legislated Fugitive Slave Act to increase the control to slaves. In response, the North legislated the personal liberty laws and established underground railroad to struggle the liberty of slaves. The Bleeding- Kansas was another bloody result of the conflict of slavery.

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After Carlifornia joined the U.S in 1849 , a debate among slavery aroused between Northerners and Southerners. Whether Carlifornia would be proslavery or antislavery? The conflict among North and South heatened. The crisis of national division was prevented by "the compromise of 1850", enacted by Henry Clay. The compromise aimed to settle the national conflict by either pleasing the North or satisfying the South.  For example, the compromise called for California to be admitted as a free state to please North. On the other hand, the compromise called for a stricter fugitive slave law to please South.

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U.S. President James K. Polk wanted a war with Mexico because he believed that a war would bring the United States even more Mexican lands.

Firstly, the Southern opposed to the war. However,  they learned that
slavery might be extended to any new lands acquired from Mexico. Thus, they supported war.

Northerners did not want to see slavery extended. Therefore, they opposed going to war to acquire new lands.

Mexico sent troops across the Rio Grande into Texas.

Mexicans killed 11 American soldiers.

The war formally started

Result: In 1848, Mexico and the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war.

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People bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves.

This following new process depended on capitalism, which is an economic
system that private businesses and individuals control production in order to make a profit.

Farmers used machines to plant and harvest the crops that they then
sold to the cities.

As technology improved, many of goods grew less expensive.

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Second Great Awakening --during the early 19th century

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Second Great Awakening --during the early 19th century

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It was a religious movement that swept across the United States after 1800.

It relied on emotional sermons in meetings, which is called as revivals.

During the day, revival participants studied the Bible.

It gave out that it is better to preach each person to have the
responsibility to find salvation.

It attracted numerous African Americans.

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President Jackson decided to remove the Native Americans from their lands.

Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

The law ordered all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.

The 800-mile trip was made partly by steamboat and railroad but mostly on
foot.

A lot of people suffered on the trail.  More than a quarter of
the travelers died on the trail.

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 Industrial Revolution --  from the 18th to 19th centuries

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 Industrial Revolution --  from the 18th to 19th centuries

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It was resulted from the the growth of the factory system.

People were willing to manufacture goods.

Farmers began to raise livestock and crops for sale.

Due to manufacturing, the North did not depend
on slave labor.

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Causes: A lot of settlers moved west. Thus, the population in the western territories grew rapidly.
In 1803, Jefferson purchased a large amount of western land from France.
Position:  It stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
Consequence: With the Louisiana Purchase, the United States doubled in size.

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It is one of the first steps Washington and Congress took.

It was to create a judicial system.

Due to this act, the nation established a national court system

This law allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when
constitutional issues were raised.

Speciality: There is no precedent and prior example that is about how to
make this new government work.

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Bill of Rights --  ratify in December 1787

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Bill of Rights --  ratify in December 1787

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purpose: The aim is to protect the nation’s citizens.
function:
-The Bill of Rights promised Americans to make them have such rights as freedom of religion, speech, and the press.
-It protected citizens against having their homes searched and property seized
without a proper reason.
-It also protected the rights of people accused of crimes.
-It gave all powers not granted to the federal government to the people and the states.

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Causes: Americans are really afraid of giving too much power to the national government or the government was too weak to deal with the nation’s problems.
Incident: The protestors were led by farmer Daniel Shays. They accused the state government of taxing them too much. Thus, the armed protesters clashed with the state militia.
Consequence: Four farmers were killed. The whole issue caused a huge panic throughout the nation.

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The year after the Revolutionary War --1784

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The year after the Revolutionary War --1784

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The American states created their own constitutions.

--The constitutions were greatly on the base of the ideal of republicanism.
-- The existence of constitutions actually limited the power of the government and guaranteed specific rights for its citizens.
--The rights included freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
--Some states considered that voting rights are belonged to all adult males who paid taxes. Other states continued to make property ownership a requirement for voting.