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Tim O'Brien expresses the idea that trauma is not a temporary feeling of distrust, fear, or paranoia, but a chronic feeling that may subside, but will always be there. At one point he phrases it as "the remembering [has] turned into a kind of rehappening" (O'Brien). PTSD in war veterans is something that exists in different forms. The are traumatized by the memories they have of war, loss, and death. Their memories haunt them. Some watched as their men were shot or blown to pieces. Some feel the guilt of having pulled the trigger. The trauma is there, and it may fade, but it will remain.

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Tim O’Brien uses the device of pathos in order to get the audience to comprehend the concept of what trauma truly is. O’Brien insists that trauma isn’t something that can be purged away in an instant, but is something that haunts a person continuously throughout their lifetime. The trauma O’Brien goes through is that which is reoccurring , “the bad stuff never stops happening” (O’Brien) .  He uses the device known as pathos in order to grasp the reader’s attention to demonstrates the never ending suffering of the war and trauma itself. Ultimately, the use strategic use of pathos did in fact portray a much deeper understanding for those in the war and those that suffer from trauma. Furthermore, it indicates how we should be there for those that are traumatized because although we can’t make the trauma go away , the best we can do is help slow it down.  -E.L

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When O'Brien states that the was has, "... been over for a long while" he gives us insight of his personal growth from the trauma at that moment in his life.

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 O'Brien uses pathos to prove his experience with the war has left him traumatized. 

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Tim O'Brien insists that trauma is not something that just goes away with time. It's not so easy to stop feeling the feelings that come along with a specific event. O'Brien uses pathos to explain the types of traumas he has experienced and tells readers that those thoughts are with him everyday. As he puts it, "...it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over," (O'Brien). The memory and feelings never fade away the way people say they do.

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Tim O'Brien uses pathos to insist that that we understand that even though trauma has a lasting impact on a person, and that although it can lessen it never truly goes away, because "remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening" . Trauma is an experience that live with a person forever it doesn't go away, it can get better but the truth of it is that trauma becomes part of that person and it grows with them.

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Tim O'Brien insists that we don't understand those who have gone trough a traumatic experience. To him this will never go away he will always remember seeing his friends die in front of him. He proclaims,"The bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its own dimension replaying itself over and over" (rework this embedded quote, eliminating the "says" verb). He uses Pathos to show the reader that everything he went through will have a lasting effect and no matter what this experience will linger in his mind.

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Tim O' Brien tries to speak the truth, he knows the true effect of trauma and proves that it is not just a simple problem that can be fixed super quick. The truth is, trauma and ptsd are chronic and must be treated accordingly. If they aren't treating patiently and with care then it could get worse and never go away. Tim O' Brien states that nobody really knows the effect of trauma unless they themselves have gone through trauma which is why a lot of people don't think much of it since most people have not gone through trauma in their lives.

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Tim O'Brien uses pathos to make his audience understand that trauma has a lasting impact on a person.  It, " lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over" (O'Brien). He believes that the experience never truly goes away.

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Tim O'Brien reveals that trauma exists in all of us. He wants the reader to understand that trauma can cause PTSD, which is a form of being sick. We should not rush the process of healing, but rather take our time with the pain to truly overcome the

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Tim O'Brien insists that trauma is difficult for someone else to empathize, so he tries to create a way for someone to understand the emotions/feelings that go through a traumatized person using pathos. Using graphic scenarios such as "sinking into the deep muck of a shit field" or "Curt Lemon hanging in pieces from a tree", elicits the pathos creating a compelling and complex story that reveals the true emotions of how the person felt at the time. This also makes the audience feel unusual and weird because the story's conflicts fluctuate overtime from the death of someone to the reaction of it and to the aftermath of the war. Trauma seems like it lasts forever and can mentally hurt people and therefore Tim O'Brien creates these powerful stories that can teach the audience how fast and easy a person can be hit with depressing and gruesome events that quickly change them as a person.

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O'Brien wants us to comprehend the fact that trauma does not go away in an instant with the use of pathos. Trauma is a chronic disorder and "the bad stuff never stops". Despite how hard the affected person tries to repress their memories, they keep continuing to arise in their minds.

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Tim O'Brien insists that we understand trauma has a lasting impact on a person. The thing about trauma is that, "...it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over." O'Brien is using personification to bring trauma to life. He speaks about it as if it is its own being; its own entity. His trauma is like a reoccurring nightmare that stalks him daily. Words like "shit field" and "hanging in pieces" trigger our pathos. It makes us, the reader, feel uneasy and uncomfortable. The audience can almost feel this eerie presence of trauma and how it follows the soldiers around like their shadows.

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O'Brien insists that trauma is difficult to reminisce about "the remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening" (O'Brien). These  memories are prevalent in daily life and the pain will continue to take an effect on the person. O'Brien's use of pathos causes the audience to imagine everything that he saw, the clear detail of the soldiers' deaths and his inability to control himself from imagining the memories.

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Tim O'Brien seem to insist that we understand that trauma is a something that has happened to you that has embarked itself into your mind. The trauma you may have endured might have been so impactful that it marked itself so deep into your mind that it will take a lot to forget or even just to lessen it. Tim O'Brien use a lot of pathos that can show the emotion in which he is explaining he experiences so the reader can comprehend the turmoil he went through in the war. Trauma can sometimes feel like your getting " ...the instinct to run or freeze or hide, and in many respects this was the heaviest burden of all, for it could never be put down...,"(Tim O'Brien, 77). This just goes to show how Tim O'Brien is really feeling about his time and trauma endured during the horrendous sight of war. Tim States that it is something that can never be put down meaning that no matter how hard he tries to forget, he can't unsee  what he saw. It will be carved in his mind forever.

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Tim O' Brien's use of Pathos impacts the reader into an already vivid description of scenarios that have an impact on the character.  Pathos would encompass his feelings and ideas into a first encounter, such as, "The bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in it's own dimension, replaying itself over and over."  Trauma's traits is different in that it has a everlasting effect on the individual and lingers in the mind. It's the paralyzed feeling that contributes to him feeling lost.

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Tim O'Brien insists that we understand that trauma is not a simple problem that can be fixed or pushed away. It is an experience that stays in a person forever that can change  him or her. He wants us to see that it is more that just recalling the event, "the remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening." (O'Brien). He uses pathos by talking about remembering the morbid deaths of his friends and that he constantly re experiences over and over, showing what trauma can be like.

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Tim O'Brien wants us to understand that trauma is everlasting and is practically ingrained into their thoughts for the rest of their life. Trauma is something that scars you, affecting your thoughts and actions even after the event is relinquished. As such, he reminisces about how "the war has been over for a long while. Much of it is hard to remember"(O'Brien). O'Brien's  demonstrates how you can never outlive the things that you try to forget. Even though the war occurred years ago, he is able to reconnect the images and events of what made the war so tragic. He effectively uses pathos to trickle in fragments of details to slowly reveal how trauma doesn't occur all at once. He insists that trauma happens slowly until the horror reveals itself in full. Effectively, this emphasizes how trauma is a subtle thing that practically goes unnoticed until certain objectives are met. It is impossible to get rid of everything that would trigger a reaction. Each and every word contributes to making sure the reader understands the imagery of what O'Brien had truly seen.

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Tim O'Brien insists that trauma is something that never truly goes away with time, it is an everlasting feeling that can not be escaped. Although it may have been an event that occurred a long time ago, it is on constant replay in the mind. O'Brien uses pathos by reflecting on his past with the men from the war and thinking about all the horrible things that happened while they were there, death. There is no way out to this trauma because "the bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over," (O'Brien). These are not good memories, or things that bring happiness, they are the visions of losing and killing people. There is no way to forget or to believe that it wasn't something that affected him emotionally and mentally because it is stuck with him for the rest of his life.

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O'Brien uses pathos to prove his claims to show us how he feels, and how the scenes repeat in his mind, over and over again. "Kiowa yells at me. Curt Lemon steps from the shade into bright sunlight, his face brown and shining, and then he soars into a tree. The bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over." This shows us how he feels daily and can't get over what he has seen.

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The thing about trauma is that it will not go away unless properly attended to. Tim O'Brien

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O'Brien uses pathos to prove his claims about trauma in his short stories. Furthermore, he insists that, "The bad stuff never stops happening", which elaborates on the idea that trauma is not something that can go away, it is a forever gashing wound that becomes of who you are. In addition, those who have never experienced these life-changing experiences will not truly understand the views of those who have. PTSD plays a major role in the lives of veterans, in ways that forever haunt them, therefore they are unable to return to their normal lives.

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O'Brien insists that trauma is not something can simply be purged away easily by using pathos and expressing trauma can be something that can taunt a person in different aspects of life. Even though years have passed since the war, when O'Brien writes he can see "through my (O'Brien) words and watch Kiowa sinking into the deep muck of a shit field," (O'Brien). He still pictures the horrible events that he witnessed at war and how they effect him in his every day life and even when he writes he sees the face of his crew members in their final moments.

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Tim O'Brien uses pathos to display a purpose about his claims that demonstrate his traumatic experiences from the war. O'Brien showcases his traumatic side by expressing them in his short stories. Upon his short stories, he reveals his trauma which lingers within still to this day. The commodity of traumatic experiences comes with PTSD. PTSD is a disorder that happens mainly to veterans. O'Brien describes his traumatic flashbacks like if he's living in the same nightmare everyday, how "the bad stuff never stops happening:.... replaying itself over and over," reoccurring in his mind for eternity (O'Brien). In the usage of pathos, it supports Tim O'Brien's point of how people can't say anything about trauma until they experienced it, and realize how haunting and horrific it really is. The experience will never wash away, it's mark that has imprinted on your life for as long as you live.

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In Tim O'Brien's collection of short stories, he uses pathos to insist that trauma should be understood as something that lasts forever. By using pathos, O'Brien is efficiently able to convey his feeling and true fears. He wants readers to understand that "the remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening"(O'Brien). The memories held in the minds of soldiers are memories that will haunt them for the rest of their lives. The scene of war is something that they will never be able to escape.

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O'Brien through his use of gruesome diction, descriptive imagery, and pathos, as the reader is able to further understand the concept that trauma is a vivid memory that is on constant replay. Conversely the loop of the remembering, "..., is turned into a kind of re-happening" (O'Brien), which leaves a person unable to avoid sinking into muck. Moreover, PTSD is a condition that integrates itself into the character or someone, making them susceptible to the baggage that living out traumatic experiences drag.

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In the short stories by Tim O'Brien, he insists that trauma is something that you will never forget because it was such a horrible experience. These affect people multiple ways because they will continue to suffer and sometimes there is nothing that can be done. After these men return from war some of, "the bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its own dimension, replaying itself over and over."(O'Brien). He uses pathos to describe how this trauma never seems to end and it keeps on coming back. This is a horrible thing to experience because it is sad that it is very hard to get away from once they have gotten the trauma. These haunting images of the war will never seem to go away.

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Trauma is something that will continue to haunt us to the end of our days. It is easy to forget what you did two Fridays's ago, but when you witness something horrifying, it never leaves you. The traumatic events never leave you,"it lives in it own dimension, replaying itself over and over,"(Tim O'Brien). The reason it lives in its own dimension is because he can recall those traumatic moments as if they happened yesterday. Those events stick with us because they make us realize something or they change us. Those events become the molders of us, it is because of them they we continue to strive for survival.

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Tim O'Brien insists that trauma never seems to end since "bad" stuff seems to reiterate itself. In our heads, trauma is seen as "The bad stuff [that] never stops happening: it lives in...replaying itself over and over." Trauma begins to take a form its own "self" that never seems to leave, but instead, haunts an individuals mind, taking over it in replace with fear. When describing war events, O'Brien uses pathos to show us how these moments in the war deeply scarred him and left him with war remains that will forever live in his mind, always reminding him of the horrific wartime events.

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O'Brien suggests that trauma is something that stays with you for life and that we don't understand that people who suffer through trauma will never be able to live without reliving it throughout their life. O'Briens use of pathos allows him to convey how those who don't suffer through trauma will never understand how trauma works. He relives the moments of Curt Lemon stepping, "...from the shade into the bright sunlight, his face brown and shining, and the he soars into a tree"(O'Brien).  Even after years have passed from the war O'Brien can still remember vividly how his friends died. It shows how trauma isn't something that goes away with time, that it will always be there, nothing that you try will take the memories away. The thing that others don't understand is that the memories will always be behind their every conscious thought , contributing to the trauma.

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O'B

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He makes trauma sound like it is a curse or a shackle. By doing this, he is using pathos to tug at the emotions of the reader by using diction to make trauma sound like an entity. That "the bad stuff never stops happening,"(O'Brien) and that the traumatic experiences "lives in its own dimension,"(O'Brien). Descriptions like how the memories are, "replaying itself over and over,"(O'Brien) provoke a sense of fear and sympathy for veterans.

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O'Brien insists that reliving your trauma is painful but it's something that you have to deal with as it never goes away. O'Brien uses literary devices to develop pathos in order to strengthen his claim. Trauma affects everyone differently, but for O'Brien, "The bad stuff never stops happening: it lives in its dimension, replaying itself over and over". O'Brien uses a metaphor to portray trauma as an independent entity that is ever-present in his life. This is something that most people can't understand without experiencing themselves, thereby reinforcing the complexity and misunderstood reality of trauma. The imagery in his explanation of trauma creates a sense of dread and hopelessness that impacts the reader's emotions.

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O'Brien uses pathos to prove his experience with the war has left him traumatized. When O'Brien states that the war has, "... been over for a long while" he gives us insight of his personal growth from the trauma at that moment in his life. O'Brien wants us to understand that trauma takes a  long time to recover from and you can not rush the process. His experience makes us understand that when something traumatic happens it doesn't go away but it can be treated so that you don't well on it so often

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O'Brien diction into explaining what trauma is and how it's related to everyday life. Gives the reader understanding of what he goes through as someone that experiences trauma. He insist that trauma is hard to be forgotten.  He even includes how an event like typewriting made him, "..watch Kiowa sinking into the deep muck of a sit field, or Curt Lemon hanging in the pieces from a tree... the remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening." Despite that fact that this happened in the past, the memories continue to replay trough his mind like he was still in war. The reader can indicate that the diction that is being used is Pathos. Tim's choice of words provokes sadness and pity for the audience to understand what he is going through.

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Throughout O'Brien's short stories, the literally device pathos is used quite frequently. The use of pathos allows the author to efficiently and effectively communicate fear and loss to the readers. O'Brien insists that in order to understand or know trauma, we must endure something horrific and/or life threatening. For a person who's gone through a traumatic experience, " the remembering is turned into a kind of rehappening...The bad stuff never stops happening"(O'Brien). The author explains that for a person to go through a big traumatic experience, the memory will never really go away, it's always playing over and over again in the mind. O'Brien uses pathos to really convey the feelings of fear and torture that these men really had to go through, and how they'll never be able to forget.