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Real Leather

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Many have plants but no animals many on islands

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- with stand extreme heat
- storage for large array of equipment

The lava pack was designed to eliminate climate effectness on the standard backpack.

The new, lava pack uses the most recent technology to its advantage. while the lava packs is strong, sturdy it is also equiped with a quality storage center with the materials into the pack such as nomex , nomex is the best of the best. Nomex is not only comforable but also used by firemen to withstand extreme heats and bimodal terrains. This would very much Benefet a volcanologist if they were t ever find themselves in a very unsafe in ironing they could escape without getting superego burns. With the long lasting vocalno pack the fear of your tech being ruined by curie point has been ebolished with the insolen in the pack that will not only protect the tech from lava flow but also from bumpy terrain as there is reliable efficient padding inside so they don't clash

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List of fire-retardant materials - Wikipedia

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Fire-retardant materials should not be confused with fire-resistant materials. A fire resistant material is one that is designed to resist burning and withstand heat, however, fire-retardant materials are designed to burn slowly. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect them from the flames of a burning building.

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A Volcanologist is a Geologist who studies volcanoes and volcanic activity. In ancient societies around the world, it was common practice to make human sacrifices to the gods, as people believed that doing so would prevent volcanoes near villages from erupting.

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A Volcanologist is a Geologist who studies volcanoes and volcanic activity. In ancient societies around the world, it was common practice to make human sacrifices to the gods, as people believed that doing so would prevent volcanoes near villages from erupting.

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What Types of Technology Do Volcanologists Use?

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Volcanologists are scientists who study the behavior of volcanoes in order to more accurately predict when an eruption might be imminent. They use a number of different devices to measure what's happening on the outside of a volcano so they can make an educated guess about what's happening on the inside and what the ...

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Anders, M. (Backpack basics) BOY'S LIFE . June 2015

Mark Anders analyzes backpacks

There are many ways a backpack can hurt but with mark Anders informing you about all the little pieces of the backpack. Will make pain with backpacks be a problem again

This makes designing very easieri found many ways it could help including the fact that I could use the weight distribution for my pack to even out the heavy stuff I also found the exterior and interior design to be very useful

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In addition to my blogging and on-again-off-again relationship with Twitter, I like to take my geologizing to places outside the office. Just yesterday, I had the opportunity to talk with a girls' STEM club at my old elementary school about being a volcanologist. I actually do this fairly often, and I'm always really impressed by the questions the students come up with. They're always inquisitive and thoughtful, and often catch me off guard - which is good!

I thought I'd put up a few of the questions and my answers here, mainly the ones I get most commonly. Not that this means I don't want to be interviewed about my research anymore, because I certainly do! I'm just going to make it more challenging to think up questions for me...
What do you study in school to become a volcanologist?
Everything! Geology isn't just one science, it's many - chemistry and physics and biology and others, all combined to help us learn about the Earth. To get to the point I'm at today, I took classes in Newtonian physics, computer science and programming, chemistry, linear algebra, and especially writing. Writing is probably the most important of all, because as a scientist you have to be able to communicate your research to other people. Knowing how to write well can make the difference between having a job or not.
What was your favorite class?
Pretty much anything that involves writing! I always really enjoyed my English classes, and the seminar classes I took in college that involved writing. But as I go on with my studies and get more comfortable with math and physics concepts, I've found that I also really enjoyed fluid dynamics (which directly relates to things like lava flows and eruptions and - what I study - water moving through volcanoes).
What kinds of tools do you use in the field?
Geologists in general use a few very common tools. My field notebook is the most important one - I need to carefully record my observations and interpretations when I'm in the field, or I won't know what I was looking at, why, what I observed about it, and what it might mean. This means I also carry pens, pencils and markers to write and label things. My hand lens is great for looking at small features in rocks when I don't have a microscope handy (it's hard to carry one of those around). Rock hammers are good for breaking rocks up to see fresh surfaces, or for collecting samples. (They can help you climb things and fix other field equipment and set up your tent, too!) Sometimes I use a special Brunton compass or transit when I'm mapping, to help me figure out directions and angles of rock formations. I also wear a lot of safety equipment - sturdy boots, hard hats, work gloves, rip-resistant clothing with long sleeves, and sunglasses or safety goggles are pretty standard, and I will add a gas mask if I'm going to be in an area with lots of fumes. Also, sunscreen is always important, because I'm often out in the sun all day.

Volcanologists use a lot of other special equipment. We might use a thermocouple or a thermal camera to take temperature measurements, seismometers and tiltmeters to measure ground movement, UV cameras to observe gas emissions, etc.
How do you stay safe when working on active volcanoes?
By being prepared! Before setting foot on a volcano, it's essential to talk to people who have worked there before you so you know what conditions will be like for hiking, transportation, sampling, and what the volcano's current activity is like. We talk to volcano observatories to look for patterns in activity that will tell us what a volcano may or may not do. When we are on a volcano, we are very careful to avoid areas that could be dangerous - within the path of pyroclastic flows or mudflows or lava bombs, near gas vents or lava flows, or unstable ground are just a few. We let people know where we are going to be and when, we keep in radio or phone contact, and we watch our step all the time. If you are injured or get sick on a volcano, it can be very hard to get to safety quickly. We also make sure we have first aid kits, someone with first aid training, and enough food and water to last through an emergency. And having the right tools (see the previous question) is very important as well. Even something as simple as wearing gloves can make the difference between having a pleasant hike and having to go to the hospital to get stitches if you trip and fall on a lava flow.
Did you have a rock collection when you were my/our age?
Yes! I collected rocks wherever I went. When I was little this meant that I picked up a lot of gravel from people's driveways, but I also bought rock samples from museums and picked up rocks when I went traveling. I still have a very extensive rock collection, although it lives in a couple of different places now (at my office and at home, depending on what I need the rocks for).
How did you get interested in volcanology?
When I was little, I used to go with my parents to the Natural History Museum (part of the Smithsonian in Washington, DC). I thought dinosaurs and crystals and gems were really neat, but I always loved hearing about volcanoes. When I got to college and had a chance to start learning about them in detail, I definitely knew I wanted to be a volcanologist. (And on one field trip, when I got to dip a hammer into an active lava flow in Hawaii and pull out some molten rock, I was hooked for life!)
What advice do you have for someone who wants to get involved in volcanology/geology?
Study hard! Make sure you take lots of math and science courses, even if you don't think you'll do well, because you need a good foundation in a lot of different topics to be a geologist. But don't neglect anything that has to do with writing, because you'll be doing a lot of it! If you can volunteer at a museum or a nature center, do it - I volunteered at the Smithsonian in high school and I'm still in touch with people who I worked with there. If you can go on field trips, do it - your local state/national park/museum/community college/university may run trips that are open to the public, and there's no better way to learn about geology than seeing it in the field.

When you get to high school or college, you should obviously take geology courses, but for volcanology you may want to focus on some things more than others. Mineralogy, petrology, plate tectonics, surface processes and hydrology are all classes that were important for my research, but I also ended up taking things like linear algebra, fluid mechanics, and remote sensing/GIS as well. Don't be afraid to branch out into other departments, particularly math, physics and engineering.

Definitely take a field course if you can, either through your school or another. There are a couple of volcanology-specific ones: the University of Hawaii at Hilo runs a field camp through the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes (CSAV), which I have taken and which is excellent; and the University of Alaska Fairbanks runs an International Volcanology Field School in Alaska and on the Kamchatka peninsula. There also seems to be a field camp run by the University of South Dakota that goes to Iceland, although I'm not as familiar with that one. In addition, there are volunteer opportunities at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory (run by the USGS).

Keep your eyes open and talk to people about finding opportunities to get volcanology experience - a lot of the things I've done have come about through word-of-mouth and connections I've made through my advisor and at conferences. (Oh, yes, go to conferences if you can! My first journal article came about as the result of a conversation at a poster I was presenting!) It really is all about who you know, and you'll know so many more people if you put yourself out there. That's true of geology, but it's also true of any science (or, indeed, most jobs!)

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So you want to be a volcanologist? - Magma Cum Laude

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In addition to my blogging and on-again-off-again relationship with Twitter, I like to take my geologizing to places outside the office. Just yesterday, I had the opportunity to talk with a girls' STEM club at my old elementary school about being a volcanologist.

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(Image credit: B. Chouet/USGS.)

A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed by the accumulation of these eruptive products.

Volcanoes have existed for a long time on Earth, likely causing disasters such as the Permian mass extinction about 250 million years ago, the greatest mass extinction in Earth's history, according to a 2015 paper. Volcanoes can and have existed on other worlds as well: although volcanoes on the moon and Mars have long been dormant, volcanoes are still very active on Jupiter's moon Io. Researchers are currently striving to find ways to predict when volcanic eruptions might happen on Earth by analyzing clues such as crystals and gases linked with volcanoes.

Let's take a look at how volcanoes form on Earth:

Earth's crust is 3 to 37 miles (5 to 60 kilometers) thick, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. It is broken up into seven major and 152 smaller pieces called tectonic plates, according to a 2016 paper by Christopher Harrison at the University of Miami. These plates float on a layer of magma - semi-liquid rock and dissolved gases. At the boundaries of these plates - where they move past, are pushed under, or move away from each other - magma, which is lighter than the surrounding solid rock, is often able to force its way up through cracks and fissures. Magma can explode from the vent, or it can flow out of the volcano like an overflowing cup. Magma that has erupted is called lava. [ Related: 50 Amazing Volcano Facts]

Principal types of volcanoes

Cinder cone volcanoes (also called scoria cones) are the most common type of volcano, according to San Diego State University, and are the symmetrical cone-shaped volcanoes we typically think of. They may occur as single volcanoes or as secondary volcanoes known as "parasitic cones" on the sides of stratovolcanoes or shield volcanoes. Airborne fragments of lava, called tephra, are ejected from a single vent. The lava cools rapidly and fall as cinders that build up around the vent, forming a crater at the summit, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Cinder cone volcanoes are fairly small, generally only about 300 feet (91 meters) tall and not rising more than 1,200 feet (366 meters). They can build up over short periods of a few months or years.

Stratovolcanoes are also called composite volcanoes because they are built of layers of alternating lava flow, ash and blocks of unmelted stone, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. They are larger than cinder cones, rising up to 8,000 feet (2,438 meters). Stratovolcanoes result from a conduit system of vents leading from a magma reservoir beneath the surface. When dormant, they typically have steep concave sides that sweep together at the top around a relatively small crater.

Stratovolcanoes can erupt with great violence. Pressure builds in the magma chamber as gases, under immense heat and pressure, are dissolved in the liquid rock. When the magma reaches the conduits the pressure is released and the gases explode, like soda spewing out of a soda can that you shook up and opened suddenly, according to San Diego State University. Because they form in a system of underground conduits, stratovolcanoes may blow out the sides of the cone as well as the summit crater.

Stratovolcanoes are considered the most violent. Mount St. Helens, in Washington state, is a stratovolcano that erupted on May 18, 1980. Approximately 230 square miles (596 square kilometers) of forest was completely obliterated and 57 people were killed. Over the course of the day, winds blew 520 million tons of ash eastward across the United States and caused complete darkness in Spokane, Washington, 250 miles (402 kilometers) from the volcano, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Shield volcanoes are huge, gently sloping volcanoes built of very thin lava spreading out in all directions from a central vent. They have wide bases several miles in diameter with steeper middle slopes and a flatter summit. The gentle convex slopes give them an outline like a medieval knight's shield. Eruptions of these volcanoes are not generally explosive, but are more like liquid overflowing around the edges of a container. The world's largest volcano, Mauna Loa in Hawaii, is a shield volcano, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Mauna Loa is about 55,770 feet (17,000 meters) from its base beneath the ocean to the summit, which is 13,681 feet (4,170 meters) above sea level. It is also one of the Earth's most active volcanoes and is carefully monitored. The most recent eruption was in 1984.

Lava domes are built up when the lava is too viscous to flow, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. A bubble or plug of cooling rock forms over a fissure. This cooler, thick lava usually rises near the end of an explosive eruption and lava domes often form within the craters of stratovolcanoes. Mount St. Helens has several well-defined lava domes inside the crater, according to NASA.

Other volcanic landforms

Besides well-known symmetrical volcanoes such as Mount Fuji in Japan and Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, volcanic activity is responsible for several other distinctive landforms.

Calderas: A caldera is a bowl-shaped depression formed when a volcano collapses into the void left when its magma chamber is emptied. There are three types, according to San Diego State University. The first type is a crater lake caldera. This is the result of a stratovolcano collapsing into its magma chamber during a violent eruption. Basaltic calderas have a concentric ring pattern resulting from a series of gradual collapses rather than a single event. They are often found at the summit of shield volcanoes such as the craters at the tops of Mauna Loa and Kilauea. Resurgent calderas are the largest volcanic structures on Earth. They are the result of catastrophic eruptions that dwarf any eruptions ever recorded by human beings. Yellowstone caldera, sometimes called a "super volcano," is one example.

Volcanic plugs: When magma solidifies in the fissure of a volcano the hard dense rock may form a " neck" that remains when softer surrounding rock has been eroded away, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. This can result in dramatic landmarks such as Ship Rock in New Mexico, and Devil's Tower in Wyoming.

Tuff cones: also known as maars, tuff cones are shallow, flat-floored craters that scientists think formed as a result of a violent expansion of magmatic gas or steam, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Maars range in size from 200 to 6,500 feet (60 to 1,980 meters) across and from 30 to 650 feet (9 to 198 meters) deep, and most are commonly filled with water to form natural lakes. Maars occur geologically young volcanic regions of the world such as the western United States and the Eifel region of Germany.

Lava plateaus: Shield volcanoes may erupt along lines of fissures rather than a central vent spilling liquid lava in successive layers. Over time as these layers form broad plateaus such as the Columbia Plateau, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. These plateaus are often cut by deep canyons that expose the layers of rock.

(Image credit: HVO/USGS)

Volcanoes in history

A.D. 79: One of the most famous volcanoes is Mount Vesuvius, which sits along the Bay of Naples in southern Italy. It has erupted dozens of times in the past 2,000 years, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. The A.D. 79 eruption, which buried Pompeii, made Vesuvius famous, but another eruption in 1631 killed about 3,000 people.

1669: In Sicily, Mount Etna sent a river of lava flooding through Catania, according to Geology.com, killing some 20,000 people there and in the surrounding region, according to NASA. [ Video: Mount Etna's Dramatic New Eruption]

1783: The eruption of Mount Skaptar in Iceland devastated farming and fishing, causing a famine that killed a quarter of the country's people, according to Oregon State University.

1815: Whirlwinds and tsunamis from the eruption of Mount Tambora, on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia, killed at least 10,000 people, according to the Encylopedia Britannica. The volcano sent a cloud ejecta into the atmosphere that was more than four times the amount ejected by Mount Pinatubo in 1991, leading to the " Year Without a Summer" of 1816 in Europe and North America, according to a 2016 paper in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change.

1883: Another Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, erupted in an explosion heard 3,000 miles away. Seventy-pound boulders landed on islands 50 miles away, and a 130-foot tsunami devastated hundreds of villages, including Java and Sumatra, according to San Diego State University. About 36,000 people died. Dust high in the atmosphere caused the moon to appear blue, and sometimes green, for two years, according to NASA.

1902: Mount Pelée, on the island of Martinique, smothered the town of Saint-Pierre in deadly gas and hot ash, killing 29,933, according to the Los Angeles Times.

1980: Mount St. Helens in Washington state blew 1,300 feet off its top, killing 57 people and causing a midday darkness in towns 85 miles away.

1991: After 600 years of dormancy, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines rumbled for days before erupting and killing more than 840 people, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The cataclysmic ejected more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic kilometers) of material and buried a U.S. air base 15 miles away, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Nearly every bridge within 18 miles (30 km) of Mount Pinatubo was destroyed, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Pinatubo's cloud of sulfuric acid, some 20 million tons of it, climbed to more than 12 miles in the stratosphere. Over the next several weeks, the cloud encircled the equator and spread to the poles, covering the entire planet. The particles reflected sunlight and cooled the Earth by nearly a full degree Fahrenheit.

Other significant U.S. volcanoes

Lassen Peak, California: Erupted between 1914 and 1917, causing no deaths, according to the National Park Service. Lassen is considered one of the most likely in the Cascade Range to erupt again.

Long Valley, California: The Long Valley Caldera is a 10-by 20-mile (16-by-32 kilometer) depression in the Sierra Nevada Mountains caused by an eruption 700,000 years ago, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. A tremendous explosion spit out molten rock from 4 miles under the surface; afterward, the whole mess settled more than a mile down into the depression where the magma had been.

Magma still feeds hot springs in the caldera. Earthquakes in 1980 marked the beginning of new activity that has included shifts in the position of hot springs and swarms of other small earthquakes. Geologists say it probably indicates that magma is again rising from below, and they suspect the area will erupt again.

Mount Shasta, California: Last known eruption was in 1786. It is believed to erupt every 600 to 800 years, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The mountain is significant as the incredibly dominant visual element in the Northern California landscape.

Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Each tends to erupt every two or three years; eruptions are non-explosive, allowing these two volcanoes to be among the most studied active volcanoes in the world, according to the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Hawaii.
Additional reporting by Charles Q. Choi, Live Science contributor. Additional resources

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A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed by the accumulation of these eruptive products.

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What Does a Volcanologist Wear to Be Protected From the Volcano?

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The work of a volcanologist, or volcano researcher, naturally involves periods of field work in volcano zones. Because of the inherently dangerous nature of active volcanoes, volcanologists have to ...

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Volcanologists are among science's most adventurous researchers, travelling to some of the planet's more remote places to try to better understand one of nature's most powerful and destructive forces - the volcano.

When Lorraine Field stood and watched a bright red fire fountain shooting violently out from the Nyamuragira volcano, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, she said the noise and the heat of the eruption were "like an assault on her senses".

To see the eruption she had flown to Rwanda, before driving 180km (111 miles) to the politically unstable DR Congo , and then trekking 8km (five miles) through a hot and humid rainforest.

Her life now couldn't be more different from a decade before, when she was working in a desk-bound job in England.

"I used to be contracts manager for a mobile telecoms infrastructure company," she explained.

Find out more

Professor Iain Stewart and Kate Humble present Volcano Live - starting on BBC Two on Monday 9 July at 20:00 BST

Watch volcanoes erupting

Discover how volcanoes are created

Have a question for Iain Stewart or Volcano Live's experts? Email volcanolive@bbc.co.uk

Read Dr Lorraine Field's blog

Read about the making of Volcano Live

"About 10 years ago I started studying geology with the Open University. I was actually made redundant, so I decided that this was an opportunity and went back to university to study full time."

What was originally intended to be a career break developed into her dream career. After getting a bachelors degree in geology from Durham University, she recently completed a PhD at Bristol University, aged 47.

She now works for the British Geological Survey.

"Studying volcanoes has completely changed my life. I've got a better understanding of the Earth that we live on for a start," she said.

"I can't wait to get up in the morning and come in to work now, whereas 10 years ago Monday morning had that Monday morning feeling - I didn't want to go in to work.

"I get excited about everything that I do now - it has completely changed my life."

The trip to DR Congo was intended to be a holiday to celebrate finishing her PhD, and typified why she loves being a volcanologist out in the field.

Dangers

"Normally when you see geology it has happened over hundreds, thousands and millions of years, but this was geology in action; this was live, this was rocks being born right in front of us, so that was absolutely incredible. You don't often get a chance to experience that."

Dr Field says she was inspired to become a volcanologist after becoming "fascinated with the internal workings of a volcano and how a single crystal can give you an insight into an entire volcanic system".

A passion to see volcanoes up close is not without its dangers, as was proved by an incident in 1993 when six volcanologists were killed when a Colombian volcano, called Galeras, erupted.

Dr Field said that volcanologists have a healthy respect for the dangers volcanoes pose because they understand how they work.

Even so, she had her own scrape with an erupting volcano when she travelled to the Afar region of Ethiopia to study the Erta Ale volcano.

"When we got there it was actually erupting and overflowing which we hadn't expected and we were standing rather too close to the lava and we did have to run out of the way," she said.

I think it's the closest I could imagine to being an astronaut and going to Mars or somewhere very exotic
Dr Clive Oppenheimer, Volcanologist

But for her, having the opportunity to gain a better understanding of volcanoes by travelling to remote corners of the globe outweighs the risks.

Harsh environment

It's a sense of adventure shared with fellow volcanologist, Dr Clive Oppenheimer of Cambridge University.

He braves the hostile climate in Antarctica - where temperatures are typically -30C (-22F) - for one month every year to study the Mount Erebus volcano.

"I've been going to Erebus every year for the last nine years now, and in many ways it's a nuts place to go because it's so far away," he said.

"There are plenty of other volcanoes all around the world that I could go to, but Erebus is very special not just for its activity but you also live in this very harsh environment for a month.

"I think it's the closest I could imagine to being an astronaut and going to Mars or somewhere very exotic. I'd like to go to lo, Jupiter's moon, which has got fantastic volcanoes, but the Antarctic is the next best thing - you have all kinds of space suit gear to cope with the extreme weather."

Dr Oppenheimer analyses the composition of the gases coming out of volcanoes to try to diagnose why some volcanoes erupt explosively, whilst others erupt peacefully and why the same volcanoes sometimes switch very dramatically.

He said in the UK most people's interest in volcanoes had only really been aroused by the volcanic eruption in Iceland which grounded flights across Europe in May 2011.

"I think everyone needs to maybe not care about volcanoes, but certainly be interested in them," he said.

"Obviously some people are directly threatened by volcanism in many parts of the world, and in the UK we discovered volcanology a bit more recently.
Professor Iain Stewart and Kate Humble present Volcano Live, from Kilauea on Hawaii, the world's most active volcano. Starting on BBC Two on Monday 9 July at 20:00 BST.
"All the disruption to aviation, it's very much a technological kind of hazard, but I think volcanoes actually affect who we are in the bigger picture."

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Volcanologists are among science's most adventurous researchers, travelling to some of the planet's more remote places to try to better understand one of nature's most powerful and destructive forces - the volcano.

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I don't know what you mean by "climate effectness"